US3753909A - Xerographic toner composition - Google Patents

Xerographic toner composition Download PDF

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Publication number
US3753909A
US3753909A US00194696A US3753909DA US3753909A US 3753909 A US3753909 A US 3753909A US 00194696 A US00194696 A US 00194696A US 3753909D A US3753909D A US 3753909DA US 3753909 A US3753909 A US 3753909A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
weight
carbon black
parts
particles
toner
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US00194696A
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English (en)
Inventor
L Hulse
W Carlton
E Tanck
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Unisys Corp
Memorex Corp
Original Assignee
Memorex Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Memorex Corp filed Critical Memorex Corp
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3753909A publication Critical patent/US3753909A/en
Assigned to MEMOREX DIC CORPORATION, A CORP. OF CA. reassignment MEMOREX DIC CORPORATION, A CORP. OF CA. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: MEMOREX CORPORATION
Assigned to UNISYS CORPORATION, A DE CORP. reassignment UNISYS CORPORATION, A DE CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: UNISYS PERIPHERALS CORPORATION FMA MEMOREX CORPORATION, A CORP. OF CA
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08702—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08726—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof
    • G03G9/08728—Polymers of esters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08702—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08706—Polymers of alkenyl-aromatic compounds
    • G03G9/08708—Copolymers of styrene
    • G03G9/08711—Copolymers of styrene with esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid

Definitions

  • the resin is prepared by copolymerizing a mixture of two parts by weight of n-butylmethacrylate, l.8-2.2 parts by weight styrene and 0.8-1.2 parts by weight methylmethacrylate.
  • the temperature, time and amount of initiator in the polymerization reaction are adjusted to produce a product having a melt index (ASTM D 1238-65T Condition Cl50 C. and 2.16 'kg.) in the range 9-11, :1 molecular weight in the range about 55,000 to 75,000, a glass transition temperature about 64 C. and a Gardner-Holt viscosity (35% in ethylne dichloride) in the range about 2.20 to 3.35.
  • the resins are free flowing at 6070 C., begin to exhibit tack at about 8090 C. and melt at about 95-105 C.
  • Example The resin is prepared by suspension polymerization characterized by a two-phase system. Polymerization occurs in the organic phase; the aqueous phase acts as a heat-sink and controls the exotherm generated by the polymerization. Suspension polymerization yields a final product in the form of a free flowing bead.
  • the polyvinyl alcohol is the suspending agent and its graphic reproducing machine include imposing a uniform concentration affects the bead size of the resulting poly- Ingredients Type Amount Percent A Deionized water. 740 B Polyvinyl alcohol (DuPont, Elvanol 5042) 0.30 0.075 based on monomer (E, F, G). C Sodium nitrate 0. 12 0.03 based on monomer. D Benzoyl peroxlde 10.0 2.5 based on monomer.
  • Monomers E Styrene 160 40 of monomer F... n-Butyl methacrylate 160 do of total ingredients.
  • the toner composition of this invention meets all of these property requirements and is outstanding in strong adherence to the image surface and resistance to agglomeration during storage.
  • the toner composition of the present invention is a mixture of resinous particles having carbon black uniformly dispersed in the particles.
  • the sodium nitrite inhibits polymerization in the aqueous phase and prevents the formation of insoluble polymer gel.
  • the benzoyl peroxide thermally decomposes to free radicals which initiate polymer chains. It controls the rate of polymerization and the average polymer chain length and melt index. The given monomer ratio yields a polymer with the desired melt properties.
  • the temperature is limited to at atmospheric pressure because of the boiling point of the reaction mixture. The temperature also affects the decomposition rate and the polymer melt index.
  • A, B and C were placed in a two-liter resin kettle fitted with a heating mantle and equipped with a 0100 C. thermometer, mechanical stirrer, Friedrick condenser and nitrogen inlet, which extends to beneath the surface of the water. Nitrogen was bubbled below the surface to eliminate any oxygen, which inhibits polymerization, and the mixture was heated with moderate stirring to C. During the heatup period, D was dissolved in the mixture of E, F and G. The water was cooled to 90 C. and nitrogen injection was changed from below the surface to a nitrogen sweep over the surface. The mixture of D, E, F and G was added to the reaction and the temperature controlled at 90 C. The best method of temperature control is an automatic thermowatch. The stirring speed affects the bead size.
  • Insufiicient stirring can cause the reaction to lump or cause formation of large beads. After four hours at 90 C., the temperature was increased to 95 C. and held for one hour. No reflux occurred. The reaction mix was cooled to room temperature, filtered and the beads constituting the filter cake were washed thoroughly with deionized water to remove the polyvinyl alcohol.
  • the polymer beads were dried for eighteen hours in vacuo at 40 C.
  • the temperature should not exceed 40 or the beads may agglomerate.
  • This reaction gave 400 g. -100% yield) of a freefiowing polymer bead.
  • the polymer had a melt index at 150 C., 2.16 kg. load, of about 11.0. This corresponds to a weight average molecular weight as measured by gel permeation chromatography of 64,600 :10%.
  • a 35% solution of the polymer in ethylene dichloride contains no gel particles.
  • a change in the benzoyl peroxide concentration will change the melt index; to increase the melt index or decrease the molecular weight, increase the benzoyl peroxide; to lower the melt index and raise the molecular Weight, decrease the benzoyl peroxide.
  • the polymer product was then melted and 70 grams of finely divided carbon black (Regal 400-R supplied by Cabot Corp.) were intimately mixed with the molten polymer. The resulting mixture was cooled until it solidified and then jet pulverized to produce particles having, by Weight percent, an average maximum dimension in the range 10 to 20 microns.
  • finely divided carbon black (Regal 400-R supplied by Cabot Corp.)
  • the pulverized particles were then passed through a classifier to remove both fine and large particles.
  • the final product contained less than 3% by weight of particles below 5 microns and less than 1% 40 microns or larger.
  • Carbon black is the preferred colorant but other colorants may be dispersed in the resin if desired in the form of pigments, or dyes may be employed. Such other colorants are well known in the art as illustrated, for example, in US. Pat. 3,577,345.
  • the toner performed excellently in commercial xerographic reproduction machines. It exhibits very strong adherence to the image surface.
  • the toner of the present invention exhibits unusually resistant to thermal agglomeration. This property was measured by placing toner samples in aluminum dishes and exposing them to varying oven temperatures for 18 hour periods.
  • the toner of the present invention can be stored in any ordinary facility and in any climate without experiencing agglomeration loss.
  • a xerographic toner composition consisting essentially of:

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
US00194696A 1971-11-01 1971-11-01 Xerographic toner composition Expired - Lifetime US3753909A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US19469671A 1971-11-01 1971-11-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3753909A true US3753909A (en) 1973-08-21

Family

ID=22718575

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US00194696A Expired - Lifetime US3753909A (en) 1971-11-01 1971-11-01 Xerographic toner composition

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US3753909A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5116151B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA981504A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1348178A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3962197A (en) * 1973-07-18 1976-06-08 Eastman Kodak Company Suspension polymerization process
US4455360A (en) * 1979-06-13 1984-06-19 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Incorporated Electrophotographic toner comprising cinnamic acid
US4486524A (en) * 1974-04-10 1984-12-04 Konishiroku Photo Industry Co., Ltd. Toner for developing electrostatic latent images comprising a resin having specified molecular weight parameters
US4968574A (en) * 1980-05-13 1990-11-06 Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. Toner for electrophotography

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH02103561A (ja) * 1988-10-13 1990-04-16 Tomoegawa Paper Co Ltd 静電荷像現像用トナー

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3962197A (en) * 1973-07-18 1976-06-08 Eastman Kodak Company Suspension polymerization process
US4486524A (en) * 1974-04-10 1984-12-04 Konishiroku Photo Industry Co., Ltd. Toner for developing electrostatic latent images comprising a resin having specified molecular weight parameters
US4455360A (en) * 1979-06-13 1984-06-19 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Incorporated Electrophotographic toner comprising cinnamic acid
US4968574A (en) * 1980-05-13 1990-11-06 Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. Toner for electrophotography

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS5116151B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-05-21
GB1348178A (en) 1974-03-13
JPS4876540A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-10-15
CA981504A (en) 1976-01-13

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: MEMOREX DIC CORPORATION, 1200 MEMOREX DR., SANTA C

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:MEMOREX CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:003833/0592

Effective date: 19810219

AS Assignment

Owner name: UNISYS CORPORATION, A DE CORP., PENNSYLVANIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:UNISYS PERIPHERALS CORPORATION FMA MEMOREX CORPORATION, A CORP. OF CA;REEL/FRAME:005320/0679

Effective date: 19881014