US3746425A - Reflective road marking means and aggregate - Google Patents

Reflective road marking means and aggregate Download PDF

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Publication number
US3746425A
US3746425A US00129921A US3746425DA US3746425A US 3746425 A US3746425 A US 3746425A US 00129921 A US00129921 A US 00129921A US 3746425D A US3746425D A US 3746425DA US 3746425 A US3746425 A US 3746425A
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spheres
diameters
percent
marker
total volume
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US00129921A
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L Eigenmann
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3M Co
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Assigned to MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY reassignment MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: EIGENMANN, LUDWIG
Assigned to MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY reassignment MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: EIGENMANN, LUDWIG
Assigned to MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY reassignment MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: EIGENMANN, LUDWIG
Assigned to MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY reassignment MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: EIGENMANN, LUDWIG
Assigned to MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY reassignment MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: EIGENMANN, LUDWIG
Assigned to MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY reassignment MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: EIGENMANN, LUDWIG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/12—Reflex reflectors
    • G02B5/126—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface
    • G02B5/128—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface transparent spheres being embedded in matrix
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/506—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users characterised by the road surface marking material, e.g. comprising additives for improving friction or reflectivity; Methods of forming, installing or applying markings in, on or to road surfaces
    • E01F9/524—Reflecting elements specially adapted for incorporation in or application to road surface markings

Definitions

  • Such multiplicity comprises a first plurality of spheres of given essentially uniform diameter and at least a second plurality of much smaller spheres arranged in the interspaces between the first spheres, to improve the population and the exposure of reflective spheres in and at the exposed surface of the traffic: aid.
  • This invention relates to the art of road marking and more particularly of providing on a road surface and more specifically on the surface of a strip material laid upon and firmly secured toa roadsurface aplurality of properly arranged and spaced elements eachtcapable of brilliantly reflecting light striking the same elements, regardless of the angle of incidence of that light, the said elements consisting individually of a heterogeneous composition, or aggregate, comprising a multiplicity of light reflecting spheres, such as the glass spheres known asiBallottinhand a suitable binder,-gen
  • Such elements consist of moulded pads ,permeated by said spheres, which constitute the major partof the weight of each pad.
  • each element or pad is a function of the *ratiobetween the exposed area of the pad and that provided by the sum of the actually exposed areasof the glassspheresrSuch aggregate elements consist of a multiplicity of spheres incorporated in a matrix of plastic material, and the glass spheres adjacent to the upper orexposed surface of the element or partprotrude more orless-and canbe impinged by light. Therefore, it is desirable to incorporate as many glass spheres in the plastic matrix as is consistent with obtaining a satisfyingly strong and not easily crumbled device.
  • the prior art see forexample the British Pat. No. 688,3l0,to R. S.
  • the total reflectivity of elements of the type referred to above is therefore, more precisely, a function of the actual ratio of the volume totalled by the spheres to the volume of the heterogeneous mass consisting of the spherestand of the matrix. On the other part, a mass prejudice of the resistance to crumbling and weather.
  • the invention comprises providing a first plurality of first reflective spheres of substantially uniform given diameter and adapted? to be essentially orderly arranged .in a given volume, forming voids or spaces therebetween, providing at least a secondplurality of second reflective spheres of diameter less one 'fifthof-said given diameter, the amount ofsaid second spheres being such that substantially all said second spheres can be located in the said voids or spacesbetween said first spheres, and 'a matrix-forming material in such amount to fill .all voids or spaces resulting be tween said first and second spheres thus arranged in said givenvolume, forming a heterogeneous aggregate consisting of said first spheres, said second spheres and said matrix-forming material in the said volumetrically determined amounts, and producing highly reflective elements onpads from said aggregate, said elements or pads being heterogeneous but coherent and essentially freeof voids and thus capable to withstand weatherand heavy traffic
  • FIG. 1 illustrates, diagrammatically, partly in elevation and partly in sectional view, the theoretical rarrangement in the space of the lesser number of spheres of two different diameters, necessary for forming a three-dimensional arrangement
  • FIG. 2 fragmentarily illustrates, in enlarged scale, an aggregate produced according to the invention, in a cross-sectional view taken in the plane indicated at Illl in FIG. 4, the spheres being shown in side view;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates diagrammatically and fragmentarily, the exposed surface of a heterogeneous mass consisting of the aggregate of FIG. 2, as viewed in the direction indicated by arrow III in FIG. 4 wherein a layer adjacent to said surface is shown, in still more enlarged cross-sectional view, taken in the plane indicated at IV-IV in FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 5 is a graph which visualized the relationships between the volumes of heterogeneous mass and of spheres of given different diameters which can be present in said mass;
  • FIG. 6 is another graph which approximately visualized the improvement of the invention, in term of the area of reflective components exposed to light.
  • the centers of spheres 10 in each group of three adjacent spheres define the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
  • the said surface will be completely covered by a multiplicity of such triangles.
  • a cavity will be formed within the spherical surface of said spheres.
  • each sphere of the second layer wil seat into one of such cavities and the spheres will be similarly arranged to define, with their centers, similar equilateral triangles, the vertices of which will be located over the centers of the triangles formed by the centers of the spheres of the underlying layer, and so on until complete filling of the three-dimensional space available.
  • this arrangement is the one which ensures that the maximum possible number of spherical bodies can be contained in a space very great relative to the individual volumes of the spheres.
  • the centers of any group of adjacent spheres 10 of uniform diameter D define the vertices of a tetrahedron.
  • This remaining volume (V,) is however formed by the sum of the complex shaped spaces defined by the convex tangentially abutting surfaces of the adjacent spheres 10 of greater diameter D.
  • the degree of volumetric occupation of the spaces confined between the bigger spheres 10 of diameter D is a function of the mean diameter d of the smaller spheres 12. The mathematical analysis of such degree is not only extremely complicated but also improper in view of the unavoidable variations of the actual diameters D and d and of the actual arrangement of the bigger and smaller spheres, these parameters causing that only statistical considerations are valid.
  • the graph of FIG. 5 indicates, in percent, the volumetric occupation of a given volume in actually practicing the invention.
  • the value of percentage is indicated by whole numbers along the ordinate at left, the level 100 corresponding to the entire volume V, of the aggregate. On the ordinate at right there is indicated the remaining volume V to be occupied by the matrix.
  • the percentages are indicated as a function of the value of ratio d/D, indicated on the abscissa.
  • the nearly horizontal curve V, at 60 percent about indicates that the bigger spheres of diameter D take up the 60 percent about, thus leaving a remaining volume V,- of 40 percent about, available for the smaller spheres and for the matrix.
  • an agglomerate according to the invention can be provided by mixing 100 parts, by weight, of reflective spheres consisting of 95 parts, by weight, of glass spheres of from 6 to0.08 mm. and preferably from 1.2 to 0.2 mm. diameter, and 5 parts, by weight, of glass spheres of from 0.8 to and 0.01 mm. and preferably from 0.2 and 0.03 mm.
  • the ratio d/D between the diameters of smaller and respectively of bigger spheres is comprised between 0.2 and 0.05 and preferably between 0.17 and 0.08, and that (b) at least 80 percent and preferably 90 percent of the bigger spheres have diameters differing not more than plus 10 percent or minus 10 percent from the selected avarage diameter D thereof.
  • the ingredients bigger and smaller spheres and the matrix forming compounds
  • the suitably selected matrixforming components must be made use of in amounts calculated in terms of the actual volume which will be occupied by the matrix, when set, on the basis of the remaining volume V unoccupied by the spheres.
  • a suitable excess, such as of 2 to 3 percent by volume, of said matrixfoming components, is preferably added to prevent any even minor void in the agglomerate'.
  • the exposed surface of a traffic aid comprising even theoretically perfectly matched and arranged spheres, will appear as shown in FIG. 3, where the exposed spherical bowls 10a of spheres l0 jointly cover not more than 40 percent or less of the said exposed surface.
  • the curve A, of FIG. 6 indicates the sum of the exposed. areas of the spheres in terms of percent of the total area of the exposed surface of the traffic aid (percent A,), as a function of the ratio S/r between the actual projection of the spheresv from the matrix and the radius of each sphere, such curve tending to level at 91 percent about, for S/r 1.
  • the actual areal exposure of reflective components steps up to about twice the above indicated values.
  • the curve A, of FIG. 6 illustrates how suchexposure increases as a function of the projection of the spherical bowls of both smaller and bigger spheres.
  • Such increment which is particularly important when S/r is relatively small, is explained by the fact that when the bigger spheres are deeply embedded in the matrix, some of the smaller spheres are located and exposed above the concealed portions of the bigger spheres, that is in the annular areas about the exposed spherical bowls 10a of FIG.
  • the brightness of the improved reflective pads produced according to the invention is well over twice that of conventional ones, of like exposed surface and shape, because the smaller spheres average a projection proportionately greater than that of the bigger spheres.
  • agglomerates from which pads and similar traffic aids having a surprisingly high reflective property and brightness can be produced can comprise, for example, 60 percent about, by volume, of glass spheres of essentially uniform diameter of 3 mm. about, 22 percent about, by volume, of glass spheres of essentially uniform diameter of 0.3 mm.
  • a marker particularly for use on roadways to provide reflectivity when impinged by light, comprising a plurality of first spheres having substantially equal first diameters, said first spheres being arranged adjacent to each other and together occupying not less than approximately 60 percent of the total volume of the marker; a plurality of second spheres having substantially equal second diameters, said second diameters being at most equal to one-fifth of said first diameters, said second spheres being arranged in the spaces between said first spheres and substantially filling these spaces, and said second spheres together occupying not less than approximately 20 percent of said total volume; and binder material connecting said first and second spheres to each other and at least in part filling any remaining spaces between said spheres.
  • a marker as definedin claim 1 wherein the largest of said second diameters at most approaches oneseventh of the smallest of said first diameters.
  • a marker as defined in claim 5 said first spheres together occupying approximately 60 percent of said total volume, said second spheres together occupying approximately 22 percent of said total volume, said third spheres together occupying approximately 10 percent of said total volume, and said binder material occupying the remainder of said total volume.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)
  • Adornments (AREA)
US00129921A 1970-04-07 1971-03-31 Reflective road marking means and aggregate Expired - Lifetime US3746425A (en)

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IT2300170 1970-04-07

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DE (1) DE2117765A1 (pt)
FR (1) FR2085900B1 (pt)
GB (1) GB1343192A (pt)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3900605A (en) * 1973-09-05 1975-08-19 Jr Robert W Norris Method of forming traffic markers having short track-free times
US3935365A (en) * 1973-01-22 1976-01-27 Ludwig Eigenmann Anti-skid and wear-resisting road marking tape material
US4146635A (en) * 1976-04-15 1979-03-27 Ludwig Eigenmann Anti-skid, wear- and stress-resisting road marking tape material
USRE31669E (en) * 1976-04-15 1984-09-11 Anti-skid, wear- and stress-resisting road marking tape material
US4681480A (en) * 1985-07-23 1987-07-21 Ludwig Eigenmann Method for forming roadway-marking means whereby individual retroreflecting elements are gathered and grouped together
US4751140A (en) * 1984-10-22 1988-06-14 Seibu Polymer Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha High-brightness pavement marking sheet material
EP0322671A2 (en) * 1987-12-24 1989-07-05 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composite roughening and retroreflecting element consisting of a cluster, for horizontal road markings
US4856931A (en) * 1987-02-27 1989-08-15 Plastiroute S.A. Process and device for producing or renewing a horizontal marking on roads and horizontal marking produced in accordance with the process
DE19521847A1 (de) * 1995-06-16 1996-12-19 Gerhard Cammann Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Herstellung von lichtreflektierenden Bausteinen, von lichtreflektierenden Flächen wie Straßenmarkierungen, Randstreifen, Mittelstreifen oder dergleichen
US5835271A (en) * 1995-06-29 1998-11-10 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Encased retroreflective elements and method for making
US6303058B1 (en) 1996-06-27 2001-10-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making profiled retroreflective marking material
US6451408B1 (en) * 1995-06-29 2002-09-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Retroreflective article
US6632506B1 (en) 1998-04-23 2003-10-14 Consumer Care Products Inc. High-visibility traction tape having embedded particle traction surface
US6703108B1 (en) 1995-06-29 2004-03-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Wet retroreflective marking material
US20060062965A1 (en) * 2004-09-21 2006-03-23 Durant Ian I Retroflective device and method of manufacture thereof
US20080291539A1 (en) * 2007-05-01 2008-11-27 Dennis Moore Light reflective panel appliques
US20090181213A1 (en) * 2003-06-11 2009-07-16 Prismo Limited Method And Apparatus For Manufacturing A Retroflective Device
US20140008545A1 (en) * 2012-07-06 2014-01-09 Stephen George Opuszynski Methods, apparatus and compositions for diffusing and mitigating laser energy, infrared energy and electron beams

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1001490B (it) * 1972-05-24 1976-04-20 Eigenmann Ludwig Perfezionamento ai materiali per segnaletica stradale orizzontale e relativi materiali perfezionati ad alta visibilita aderenza e resi stenza all usura
JPS62211403A (ja) * 1986-03-11 1987-09-17 アトム化学塗料株式会社 全天候型路面標示用シ−ト材
US5750191A (en) * 1994-05-20 1998-05-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Retroreflective elements

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2294930A (en) * 1941-04-07 1942-09-08 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Reflex light reflector
US2330843A (en) * 1939-05-19 1943-10-05 Rodli Gilbert Marker and method
US3030870A (en) * 1957-04-09 1962-04-24 Karl W Flocks Marker

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2330843A (en) * 1939-05-19 1943-10-05 Rodli Gilbert Marker and method
US2294930A (en) * 1941-04-07 1942-09-08 Minnesota Mining & Mfg Reflex light reflector
US3030870A (en) * 1957-04-09 1962-04-24 Karl W Flocks Marker

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3935365A (en) * 1973-01-22 1976-01-27 Ludwig Eigenmann Anti-skid and wear-resisting road marking tape material
US3900605A (en) * 1973-09-05 1975-08-19 Jr Robert W Norris Method of forming traffic markers having short track-free times
US4146635A (en) * 1976-04-15 1979-03-27 Ludwig Eigenmann Anti-skid, wear- and stress-resisting road marking tape material
USRE31669E (en) * 1976-04-15 1984-09-11 Anti-skid, wear- and stress-resisting road marking tape material
US4751140A (en) * 1984-10-22 1988-06-14 Seibu Polymer Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha High-brightness pavement marking sheet material
US4681480A (en) * 1985-07-23 1987-07-21 Ludwig Eigenmann Method for forming roadway-marking means whereby individual retroreflecting elements are gathered and grouped together
US4856931A (en) * 1987-02-27 1989-08-15 Plastiroute S.A. Process and device for producing or renewing a horizontal marking on roads and horizontal marking produced in accordance with the process
EP0322671A3 (en) * 1987-12-24 1990-03-14 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composite roughening and retroreflecting element consisting of a cluster, for horizontal road markings
EP0322671A2 (en) * 1987-12-24 1989-07-05 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Composite roughening and retroreflecting element consisting of a cluster, for horizontal road markings
DE19521847A1 (de) * 1995-06-16 1996-12-19 Gerhard Cammann Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Herstellung von lichtreflektierenden Bausteinen, von lichtreflektierenden Flächen wie Straßenmarkierungen, Randstreifen, Mittelstreifen oder dergleichen
US5835271A (en) * 1995-06-29 1998-11-10 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Encased retroreflective elements and method for making
US6451408B1 (en) * 1995-06-29 2002-09-17 3M Innovative Properties Company Retroreflective article
US6703108B1 (en) 1995-06-29 2004-03-09 3M Innovative Properties Company Wet retroreflective marking material
US6303058B1 (en) 1996-06-27 2001-10-16 3M Innovative Properties Company Method of making profiled retroreflective marking material
US6632506B1 (en) 1998-04-23 2003-10-14 Consumer Care Products Inc. High-visibility traction tape having embedded particle traction surface
US20090181213A1 (en) * 2003-06-11 2009-07-16 Prismo Limited Method And Apparatus For Manufacturing A Retroflective Device
US20060062965A1 (en) * 2004-09-21 2006-03-23 Durant Ian I Retroflective device and method of manufacture thereof
US20080291539A1 (en) * 2007-05-01 2008-11-27 Dennis Moore Light reflective panel appliques
US20140008545A1 (en) * 2012-07-06 2014-01-09 Stephen George Opuszynski Methods, apparatus and compositions for diffusing and mitigating laser energy, infrared energy and electron beams

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1343192A (en) 1974-01-10
FR2085900A1 (pt) 1971-12-31
FR2085900B1 (pt) 1977-01-21
DE2117765A1 (pt) 1971-10-21

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