US3746425A - Reflective road marking means and aggregate - Google Patents
Reflective road marking means and aggregate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3746425A US3746425A US00129921A US3746425DA US3746425A US 3746425 A US3746425 A US 3746425A US 00129921 A US00129921 A US 00129921A US 3746425D A US3746425D A US 3746425DA US 3746425 A US3746425 A US 3746425A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- spheres
- diameters
- percent
- marker
- total volume
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- QXJJQWWVWRCVQT-UHFFFAOYSA-K calcium;sodium;phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QXJJQWWVWRCVQT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 101150072835 MPST gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/12—Reflex reflectors
- G02B5/126—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface
- G02B5/128—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface transparent spheres being embedded in matrix
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
- E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
- E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
- E01F9/506—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users characterised by the road surface marking material, e.g. comprising additives for improving friction or reflectivity; Methods of forming, installing or applying markings in, on or to road surfaces
- E01F9/524—Reflecting elements specially adapted for incorporation in or application to road surface markings
Definitions
- Such multiplicity comprises a first plurality of spheres of given essentially uniform diameter and at least a second plurality of much smaller spheres arranged in the interspaces between the first spheres, to improve the population and the exposure of reflective spheres in and at the exposed surface of the traffic: aid.
- This invention relates to the art of road marking and more particularly of providing on a road surface and more specifically on the surface of a strip material laid upon and firmly secured toa roadsurface aplurality of properly arranged and spaced elements eachtcapable of brilliantly reflecting light striking the same elements, regardless of the angle of incidence of that light, the said elements consisting individually of a heterogeneous composition, or aggregate, comprising a multiplicity of light reflecting spheres, such as the glass spheres known asiBallottinhand a suitable binder,-gen
- Such elements consist of moulded pads ,permeated by said spheres, which constitute the major partof the weight of each pad.
- each element or pad is a function of the *ratiobetween the exposed area of the pad and that provided by the sum of the actually exposed areasof the glassspheresrSuch aggregate elements consist of a multiplicity of spheres incorporated in a matrix of plastic material, and the glass spheres adjacent to the upper orexposed surface of the element or partprotrude more orless-and canbe impinged by light. Therefore, it is desirable to incorporate as many glass spheres in the plastic matrix as is consistent with obtaining a satisfyingly strong and not easily crumbled device.
- the prior art see forexample the British Pat. No. 688,3l0,to R. S.
- the total reflectivity of elements of the type referred to above is therefore, more precisely, a function of the actual ratio of the volume totalled by the spheres to the volume of the heterogeneous mass consisting of the spherestand of the matrix. On the other part, a mass prejudice of the resistance to crumbling and weather.
- the invention comprises providing a first plurality of first reflective spheres of substantially uniform given diameter and adapted? to be essentially orderly arranged .in a given volume, forming voids or spaces therebetween, providing at least a secondplurality of second reflective spheres of diameter less one 'fifthof-said given diameter, the amount ofsaid second spheres being such that substantially all said second spheres can be located in the said voids or spacesbetween said first spheres, and 'a matrix-forming material in such amount to fill .all voids or spaces resulting be tween said first and second spheres thus arranged in said givenvolume, forming a heterogeneous aggregate consisting of said first spheres, said second spheres and said matrix-forming material in the said volumetrically determined amounts, and producing highly reflective elements onpads from said aggregate, said elements or pads being heterogeneous but coherent and essentially freeof voids and thus capable to withstand weatherand heavy traffic
- FIG. 1 illustrates, diagrammatically, partly in elevation and partly in sectional view, the theoretical rarrangement in the space of the lesser number of spheres of two different diameters, necessary for forming a three-dimensional arrangement
- FIG. 2 fragmentarily illustrates, in enlarged scale, an aggregate produced according to the invention, in a cross-sectional view taken in the plane indicated at Illl in FIG. 4, the spheres being shown in side view;
- FIG. 3 illustrates diagrammatically and fragmentarily, the exposed surface of a heterogeneous mass consisting of the aggregate of FIG. 2, as viewed in the direction indicated by arrow III in FIG. 4 wherein a layer adjacent to said surface is shown, in still more enlarged cross-sectional view, taken in the plane indicated at IV-IV in FIG. 2;
- FIG. 5 is a graph which visualized the relationships between the volumes of heterogeneous mass and of spheres of given different diameters which can be present in said mass;
- FIG. 6 is another graph which approximately visualized the improvement of the invention, in term of the area of reflective components exposed to light.
- the centers of spheres 10 in each group of three adjacent spheres define the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
- the said surface will be completely covered by a multiplicity of such triangles.
- a cavity will be formed within the spherical surface of said spheres.
- each sphere of the second layer wil seat into one of such cavities and the spheres will be similarly arranged to define, with their centers, similar equilateral triangles, the vertices of which will be located over the centers of the triangles formed by the centers of the spheres of the underlying layer, and so on until complete filling of the three-dimensional space available.
- this arrangement is the one which ensures that the maximum possible number of spherical bodies can be contained in a space very great relative to the individual volumes of the spheres.
- the centers of any group of adjacent spheres 10 of uniform diameter D define the vertices of a tetrahedron.
- This remaining volume (V,) is however formed by the sum of the complex shaped spaces defined by the convex tangentially abutting surfaces of the adjacent spheres 10 of greater diameter D.
- the degree of volumetric occupation of the spaces confined between the bigger spheres 10 of diameter D is a function of the mean diameter d of the smaller spheres 12. The mathematical analysis of such degree is not only extremely complicated but also improper in view of the unavoidable variations of the actual diameters D and d and of the actual arrangement of the bigger and smaller spheres, these parameters causing that only statistical considerations are valid.
- the graph of FIG. 5 indicates, in percent, the volumetric occupation of a given volume in actually practicing the invention.
- the value of percentage is indicated by whole numbers along the ordinate at left, the level 100 corresponding to the entire volume V, of the aggregate. On the ordinate at right there is indicated the remaining volume V to be occupied by the matrix.
- the percentages are indicated as a function of the value of ratio d/D, indicated on the abscissa.
- the nearly horizontal curve V, at 60 percent about indicates that the bigger spheres of diameter D take up the 60 percent about, thus leaving a remaining volume V,- of 40 percent about, available for the smaller spheres and for the matrix.
- an agglomerate according to the invention can be provided by mixing 100 parts, by weight, of reflective spheres consisting of 95 parts, by weight, of glass spheres of from 6 to0.08 mm. and preferably from 1.2 to 0.2 mm. diameter, and 5 parts, by weight, of glass spheres of from 0.8 to and 0.01 mm. and preferably from 0.2 and 0.03 mm.
- the ratio d/D between the diameters of smaller and respectively of bigger spheres is comprised between 0.2 and 0.05 and preferably between 0.17 and 0.08, and that (b) at least 80 percent and preferably 90 percent of the bigger spheres have diameters differing not more than plus 10 percent or minus 10 percent from the selected avarage diameter D thereof.
- the ingredients bigger and smaller spheres and the matrix forming compounds
- the suitably selected matrixforming components must be made use of in amounts calculated in terms of the actual volume which will be occupied by the matrix, when set, on the basis of the remaining volume V unoccupied by the spheres.
- a suitable excess, such as of 2 to 3 percent by volume, of said matrixfoming components, is preferably added to prevent any even minor void in the agglomerate'.
- the exposed surface of a traffic aid comprising even theoretically perfectly matched and arranged spheres, will appear as shown in FIG. 3, where the exposed spherical bowls 10a of spheres l0 jointly cover not more than 40 percent or less of the said exposed surface.
- the curve A, of FIG. 6 indicates the sum of the exposed. areas of the spheres in terms of percent of the total area of the exposed surface of the traffic aid (percent A,), as a function of the ratio S/r between the actual projection of the spheresv from the matrix and the radius of each sphere, such curve tending to level at 91 percent about, for S/r 1.
- the actual areal exposure of reflective components steps up to about twice the above indicated values.
- the curve A, of FIG. 6 illustrates how suchexposure increases as a function of the projection of the spherical bowls of both smaller and bigger spheres.
- Such increment which is particularly important when S/r is relatively small, is explained by the fact that when the bigger spheres are deeply embedded in the matrix, some of the smaller spheres are located and exposed above the concealed portions of the bigger spheres, that is in the annular areas about the exposed spherical bowls 10a of FIG.
- the brightness of the improved reflective pads produced according to the invention is well over twice that of conventional ones, of like exposed surface and shape, because the smaller spheres average a projection proportionately greater than that of the bigger spheres.
- agglomerates from which pads and similar traffic aids having a surprisingly high reflective property and brightness can be produced can comprise, for example, 60 percent about, by volume, of glass spheres of essentially uniform diameter of 3 mm. about, 22 percent about, by volume, of glass spheres of essentially uniform diameter of 0.3 mm.
- a marker particularly for use on roadways to provide reflectivity when impinged by light, comprising a plurality of first spheres having substantially equal first diameters, said first spheres being arranged adjacent to each other and together occupying not less than approximately 60 percent of the total volume of the marker; a plurality of second spheres having substantially equal second diameters, said second diameters being at most equal to one-fifth of said first diameters, said second spheres being arranged in the spaces between said first spheres and substantially filling these spaces, and said second spheres together occupying not less than approximately 20 percent of said total volume; and binder material connecting said first and second spheres to each other and at least in part filling any remaining spaces between said spheres.
- a marker as definedin claim 1 wherein the largest of said second diameters at most approaches oneseventh of the smallest of said first diameters.
- a marker as defined in claim 5 said first spheres together occupying approximately 60 percent of said total volume, said second spheres together occupying approximately 22 percent of said total volume, said third spheres together occupying approximately 10 percent of said total volume, and said binder material occupying the remainder of said total volume.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
- Adornments (AREA)
- Illuminated Signs And Luminous Advertising (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT2300170 | 1970-04-07 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3746425A true US3746425A (en) | 1973-07-17 |
Family
ID=11202722
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US00129921A Expired - Lifetime US3746425A (en) | 1970-04-07 | 1971-03-31 | Reflective road marking means and aggregate |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3746425A (de) |
DE (1) | DE2117765A1 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2085900B1 (de) |
GB (1) | GB1343192A (de) |
Cited By (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3900605A (en) * | 1973-09-05 | 1975-08-19 | Jr Robert W Norris | Method of forming traffic markers having short track-free times |
US3935365A (en) * | 1973-01-22 | 1976-01-27 | Ludwig Eigenmann | Anti-skid and wear-resisting road marking tape material |
US4146635A (en) * | 1976-04-15 | 1979-03-27 | Ludwig Eigenmann | Anti-skid, wear- and stress-resisting road marking tape material |
USRE31669E (en) * | 1976-04-15 | 1984-09-11 | Anti-skid, wear- and stress-resisting road marking tape material | |
US4681480A (en) * | 1985-07-23 | 1987-07-21 | Ludwig Eigenmann | Method for forming roadway-marking means whereby individual retroreflecting elements are gathered and grouped together |
US4751140A (en) * | 1984-10-22 | 1988-06-14 | Seibu Polymer Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha | High-brightness pavement marking sheet material |
EP0322671A2 (de) * | 1987-12-24 | 1989-07-05 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Zusammengesetztes, aufrauhendes und rückstrahlendes, aus einer Zusammenballung bestehendes Element für Wegoberflächenmarkierungen |
US4856931A (en) * | 1987-02-27 | 1989-08-15 | Plastiroute S.A. | Process and device for producing or renewing a horizontal marking on roads and horizontal marking produced in accordance with the process |
DE19521847A1 (de) * | 1995-06-16 | 1996-12-19 | Gerhard Cammann | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Herstellung von lichtreflektierenden Bausteinen, von lichtreflektierenden Flächen wie Straßenmarkierungen, Randstreifen, Mittelstreifen oder dergleichen |
US5835271A (en) * | 1995-06-29 | 1998-11-10 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Encased retroreflective elements and method for making |
US6303058B1 (en) | 1996-06-27 | 2001-10-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method of making profiled retroreflective marking material |
US6451408B1 (en) * | 1995-06-29 | 2002-09-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Retroreflective article |
US6632506B1 (en) | 1998-04-23 | 2003-10-14 | Consumer Care Products Inc. | High-visibility traction tape having embedded particle traction surface |
US6703108B1 (en) | 1995-06-29 | 2004-03-09 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Wet retroreflective marking material |
US20060062965A1 (en) * | 2004-09-21 | 2006-03-23 | Durant Ian I | Retroflective device and method of manufacture thereof |
US20080291539A1 (en) * | 2007-05-01 | 2008-11-27 | Dennis Moore | Light reflective panel appliques |
US20090181213A1 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2009-07-16 | Prismo Limited | Method And Apparatus For Manufacturing A Retroflective Device |
US20140008545A1 (en) * | 2012-07-06 | 2014-01-09 | Stephen George Opuszynski | Methods, apparatus and compositions for diffusing and mitigating laser energy, infrared energy and electron beams |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT1001490B (it) * | 1972-05-24 | 1976-04-20 | Eigenmann Ludwig | Perfezionamento ai materiali per segnaletica stradale orizzontale e relativi materiali perfezionati ad alta visibilita aderenza e resi stenza all usura |
JPS62211403A (ja) * | 1986-03-11 | 1987-09-17 | アトム化学塗料株式会社 | 全天候型路面標示用シ−ト材 |
US5750191A (en) * | 1994-05-20 | 1998-05-12 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Retroreflective elements |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2294930A (en) * | 1941-04-07 | 1942-09-08 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Reflex light reflector |
US2330843A (en) * | 1939-05-19 | 1943-10-05 | Rodli Gilbert | Marker and method |
US3030870A (en) * | 1957-04-09 | 1962-04-24 | Karl W Flocks | Marker |
-
1971
- 1971-03-31 US US00129921A patent/US3746425A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1971-04-06 FR FR7112059A patent/FR2085900B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1971-04-07 DE DE19712117765 patent/DE2117765A1/de active Pending
- 1971-04-19 GB GB2615871*A patent/GB1343192A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2330843A (en) * | 1939-05-19 | 1943-10-05 | Rodli Gilbert | Marker and method |
US2294930A (en) * | 1941-04-07 | 1942-09-08 | Minnesota Mining & Mfg | Reflex light reflector |
US3030870A (en) * | 1957-04-09 | 1962-04-24 | Karl W Flocks | Marker |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3935365A (en) * | 1973-01-22 | 1976-01-27 | Ludwig Eigenmann | Anti-skid and wear-resisting road marking tape material |
US3900605A (en) * | 1973-09-05 | 1975-08-19 | Jr Robert W Norris | Method of forming traffic markers having short track-free times |
US4146635A (en) * | 1976-04-15 | 1979-03-27 | Ludwig Eigenmann | Anti-skid, wear- and stress-resisting road marking tape material |
USRE31669E (en) * | 1976-04-15 | 1984-09-11 | Anti-skid, wear- and stress-resisting road marking tape material | |
US4751140A (en) * | 1984-10-22 | 1988-06-14 | Seibu Polymer Kasei Kabushiki Kaisha | High-brightness pavement marking sheet material |
US4681480A (en) * | 1985-07-23 | 1987-07-21 | Ludwig Eigenmann | Method for forming roadway-marking means whereby individual retroreflecting elements are gathered and grouped together |
US4856931A (en) * | 1987-02-27 | 1989-08-15 | Plastiroute S.A. | Process and device for producing or renewing a horizontal marking on roads and horizontal marking produced in accordance with the process |
EP0322671A3 (de) * | 1987-12-24 | 1990-03-14 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Zusammengesetztes, aufrauhendes und rückstrahlendes, aus einer Zusammenballung bestehendes Element für Wegoberflächenmarkierungen |
EP0322671A2 (de) * | 1987-12-24 | 1989-07-05 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Zusammengesetztes, aufrauhendes und rückstrahlendes, aus einer Zusammenballung bestehendes Element für Wegoberflächenmarkierungen |
DE19521847A1 (de) * | 1995-06-16 | 1996-12-19 | Gerhard Cammann | Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Herstellung von lichtreflektierenden Bausteinen, von lichtreflektierenden Flächen wie Straßenmarkierungen, Randstreifen, Mittelstreifen oder dergleichen |
US5835271A (en) * | 1995-06-29 | 1998-11-10 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Encased retroreflective elements and method for making |
US6451408B1 (en) * | 1995-06-29 | 2002-09-17 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Retroreflective article |
US6703108B1 (en) | 1995-06-29 | 2004-03-09 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Wet retroreflective marking material |
US6303058B1 (en) | 1996-06-27 | 2001-10-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Method of making profiled retroreflective marking material |
US6632506B1 (en) | 1998-04-23 | 2003-10-14 | Consumer Care Products Inc. | High-visibility traction tape having embedded particle traction surface |
US20090181213A1 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2009-07-16 | Prismo Limited | Method And Apparatus For Manufacturing A Retroflective Device |
US20060062965A1 (en) * | 2004-09-21 | 2006-03-23 | Durant Ian I | Retroflective device and method of manufacture thereof |
US20080291539A1 (en) * | 2007-05-01 | 2008-11-27 | Dennis Moore | Light reflective panel appliques |
US20140008545A1 (en) * | 2012-07-06 | 2014-01-09 | Stephen George Opuszynski | Methods, apparatus and compositions for diffusing and mitigating laser energy, infrared energy and electron beams |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB1343192A (en) | 1974-01-10 |
FR2085900A1 (de) | 1971-12-31 |
DE2117765A1 (de) | 1971-10-21 |
FR2085900B1 (de) | 1977-01-21 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MINNES Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:EIGENMANN, LUDWIG;REEL/FRAME:005179/0681 Effective date: 19890731 Owner name: MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MINNES Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:EIGENMANN, LUDWIG;REEL/FRAME:005179/0674 Effective date: 19890731 Owner name: MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MINNES Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:EIGENMANN, LUDWIG;REEL/FRAME:005138/0910 Effective date: 19890731 Owner name: MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MINNES Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:EIGENMANN, LUDWIG;REEL/FRAME:005140/0135 Effective date: 19890731 Owner name: MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MINNES Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:EIGENMANN, LUDWIG;REEL/FRAME:005179/0667 Effective date: 19890731 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: MINNESOTA MINING AND MANUFACTURING COMPANY, MINNES Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:EIGENMANN, LUDWIG;REEL/FRAME:005152/0337 Effective date: 19890731 |