US3725951A - Electro-ionic printing - Google Patents

Electro-ionic printing Download PDF

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Publication number
US3725951A
US3725951A US00153718A US3725951DA US3725951A US 3725951 A US3725951 A US 3725951A US 00153718 A US00153718 A US 00153718A US 3725951D A US3725951D A US 3725951DA US 3725951 A US3725951 A US 3725951A
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Prior art keywords
ion
dielectric
dielectric surface
streams
channel
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00153718A
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English (en)
Inventor
Curry R Mc
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/22—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G03G15/32—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise, e.g. by a thermal head
    • G03G15/321—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise, e.g. by a thermal head by charge transfer onto the recording material in accordance with the image
    • G03G15/323—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise, e.g. by a thermal head by charge transfer onto the recording material in accordance with the image by modulating charged particles through holes or a slit

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A method of forming electrostatic images on a dielec- 21 Appl. N0.: 153,718
  • FIG. 2 ION HEAD ASSEMBLY DIELECTRIC MEDIUM CHARACTER PULSING MEANS POWER SUPPLY
  • FIG. 2 ION HEAD ASSEMBLY DIELECTRIC MEDIUM CHARACTER PULSING MEANS POWER SUPPLY
  • control voltage and power are reduced by orders of magnitude compared with other techniques.
  • the invention relates broadly to the control of the ion concentration in a gas stream, and more particularly to the formation of an image on a dielectric surface by directing thereon a controlled concentration of ions borne by the gas stream.
  • the present invention employs a relatively simple means for controlling the ion concentration in a moving gas stream directed upon a dielectric surface to cause the formation of a desired latent image.
  • Another object is to provide a relatively simple and inexpensive method for forming latent images on a dielectric surface.
  • Yet another object is to provide a relatively simple and inexpensive method for forming latent images on an image receiving surface by controlling ion concentration in a moving gas stream directed on said surface.
  • Still another object is to provide electrostatic images of a high quality and resolution on a dielectric surface.
  • the invention has a Any gas can be used in which stable corona can be generated. It is not limited to He or inert gases.
  • Ions are transported primarily by the gas stream hence no erosion or other deterioration effects.
  • Metastable atoms are not required.
  • FIG. I shows an ion head assembly generating a plurality of individual ion streams.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic arrangement of the invention showing 3 channels of the head assembly interconnected between a DC power supply and a character pulsing means.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic arrangement of a printer utilizing the head assembly of FIG. 1.
  • FIGS. 40, 4b, and 40 show schematically the 7 channels of a write head and the pulse patterns for forming images of the alphabetic characters E and H, respectively.
  • FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c show diagramatically how ion concentration is controlled in a channel of the ion head.
  • FIG. 6 shows ion current pulse behavior according theory.
  • each port 3 communicates with an individual channel of which there are 7 such channels namely 4a1-4a7 constituting a head assembly 4.
  • Each channel is constituted of electrical conducting top and bottom wall membersSa, 5b and insulating side walls 6.
  • the head assembly 4 is held together and at tached to the ion chamber by any suitable means not shown. It is thus seen that the head assembly 4 provides a plurality of longitudinal channels insulated from each other to provide a plurality of individual ion streams, each of high ion concentration.
  • each channel may be any suitable configuration, for example, square, rectangular, or any other desired crosssection.
  • Attached to the top and bottom walls Sal-507, 5bl-5b7 are electrical lines 15a-15g, l6a-16g. Lines 16a-16 are connected in common to a DC power supply, while the lines ISa-lSg are individually controlled by differentially timed pulses issued by a character pulsing means, cpm.
  • ion concentration decreases as a result of recombination and neutralization at the channel walls.
  • the ion loss through a conductive wall may be substantially increased by superimposing an electrical field across opposing channel walls, for example, the top and bottom walls. Application of a sufficiently large electrical field will remove substantially percent of the ion concentration in the gas stream. Conversely, the
  • the electrical field is induced by application of an electrical potential through the lines 150-153 connected to the opposing walls of the channels shown in the drawing of FIG. 1.
  • the write state of a channel is attained when a low or zero transverse electrical field is applied, and the off state is attained with the application of a greater biasing electrical field to remove more ions from the gas stream.
  • the variation of the electrical potentials to produce character printing is controlled by the character pulsing means, cpm.
  • FIG. 2 The application of desired electrical fields to a write head 4 is schematically illustrated in FIG. 2
  • the write head 4' partially shown with 3 capacitors, representing 3 channels shown in FIG. 1.
  • the plates Sal, 5bl, of the capacitors correspond to the top and bottom channel walls respectively.
  • Each capacitor is seen connected'between the character pulsing means (cpm) by way of lines a-15g and the DC power supply, the latter being adjusted to a desired potential V to obtain the desired ion output.
  • the character pulsing means, cpm supplies pulses of appropriate polarity and magnitude substantially equal to the potential V of the power supply.
  • the field across the capacitors (the channel) is reduced to enable the ion concentration to attain its maximum concentration and be directed against an image receiving surface for the formation of a desired image configuration.
  • FIG. 3 shows schematically a printer arrangement for forming a latent electrostatic image upon a dielectric medium moving from right to left underneath a precharging unit 21 that precharges the medium 20 with a desired potential with polarity op posite the ion polarity.
  • the precharged dielectric medium moves underneath a write head 4" similar to that described above.
  • the write head communicates with ion generator 1 By controlling the individual channels of the write head with suitable voltage pulses, a latent image of alphabetical characters is formed upon the 'precharged dielectric surface of medium 20.
  • the medium 20 with its latent image passes through a developer 22 and thereafter through a fixer 23, both of which are well known in the art.
  • the latent image After passing through the fixer the latent image is developed and fixed to provide a visible image comprised of two alphabetic characters E and H.
  • the character pulse means as mentioned herein write head channels.
  • the formation of alphabetical characters by means of printer arrangement of FIG. 3 may be described with reference to FIG. 4a, 4b, and 4c.
  • FIG. 4a shows a line arrangement of 7 capacitors representing 7 channels of the write head.
  • the left sides, 5al-5a7 of the capacitors are connected to 15 volt DC supply whereas the right sides, 5b1-5b7 of the capacitors are connected to the character pulsing means, cpm, not shown, that selectively pulses the right sides of these capacitors to cause formation of the desired latent image on the dielectric medium 20.
  • the character pulsing means cpm, not shown
  • FIG. 4b From a further inspection of FIG. 4b it is seen that the upper and lower horizontal lines, as well as the central horizontal line, of the character E are formed during the application of l5v potentials to the channel walls represented respectively by capacitors 4al, 4a4, and 4a7 shown in FIG. 4a for approximately 5 time intervals.
  • the character pulsing means applies zero voltage to channel walls represented by 5b2, 5b3, 5b5, and 5b6. These four walls are maintained at zero potential for the duration of the character formation.
  • the l5v potential on wall SM is maintained on for 4 time intervals. It is understood that the latent image is being formed on the dielectric medium as the latter moves from right to left under the respective channels of the write head.
  • ions of concentration n are distributed uniformly across the entrance to a rectangular crosssection channel head in a uniform electric field and that the velocity of gas through the channel head is V,,.
  • the transmitted ion current is q W-X) 6) Where q is the charge per ion.
  • the ion current density changes from 0 to nq V, at a distance X from the collector electrode. From this point of view the difference between ON and OFF conditions is the cross-sectional area through which ions are transmitted.
  • Typical bias voltage values that work fairly well are 15 volts and it is estimated that ion mobility is 1-2 cm /v-sec. Hence, T -5 to 10 X 10' sec. This value of T represents a factor of 10 smaller than one would expect.
  • T The value of T is expected to be much more reliable, and one may take T as best estimate of the transient on-time some part of which may be a complete delay. An important point here is that this time is approximately equal to the transient time (i.e., a point on the dielectric sheet will traverse the slot width in approximately the same time as the transit time). This should lead to a much sharper edge in one direction than in the other, i.e., gradient of charge density is much larger on one edge than on the other.
  • V is the velocity of the ion profile across the channel width, i.e., V W/T velocity in the forward direction is just V,,, the gas flow velocity.
  • the charge density gradient depends on the direction of relative motion of the dielectric surface, and the polarity of the head that determines which electrode acts as ion collector.
  • the result is a directional nature which can be minimized by minimizing T i.e., this procedure makes W W.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Printers Or Recording Devices Using Electromagnetic And Radiation Means (AREA)
  • Electrophotography Using Other Than Carlson'S Method (AREA)
  • Dot-Matrix Printers And Others (AREA)
  • Other Investigation Or Analysis Of Materials By Electrical Means (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
US00153718A 1971-06-16 1971-06-16 Electro-ionic printing Expired - Lifetime US3725951A (en)

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US15371871A 1971-06-16 1971-06-16

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US3725951A true US3725951A (en) 1973-04-03

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US00153718A Expired - Lifetime US3725951A (en) 1971-06-16 1971-06-16 Electro-ionic printing

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US (1) US3725951A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5529428B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2223628A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2141935B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1357966A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4112437A (en) * 1977-06-27 1978-09-05 Eastman Kodak Company Electrographic mist development apparatus and method
US4357618A (en) * 1978-10-16 1982-11-02 Algographic Associates Electrostatic imaging apparatus
EP0099243A1 (en) * 1982-07-06 1984-01-25 Xerox Corporation Fluid jet assisted electrographic marking apparatus
EP0120621A1 (en) * 1983-03-02 1984-10-03 Xerox Corporation Electrographic marking apparatus and method
EP0122003A1 (en) * 1983-04-01 1984-10-17 Xerox Corporation Electrographic marking apparatus
US4498090A (en) * 1981-02-18 1985-02-05 Sony Corporation Electrostatic printing apparatus
US4734721A (en) * 1985-10-04 1988-03-29 Markem Corporation Electrostatic printer utilizing dehumidified air
US4762997A (en) * 1983-11-30 1988-08-09 Xerox Corporation Fluid jet assisted ion projection charging method
US4772901A (en) * 1986-07-29 1988-09-20 Markem Corporation Electrostatic printing utilizing dehumidified air
US4809027A (en) * 1986-07-29 1989-02-28 Markem Corporation Offset electrostatic printing utilizing a heated air flow
US4809026A (en) * 1986-07-29 1989-02-28 Markem Corporation Electrostatic printing utilizing a heated air flow
US5039598A (en) * 1989-12-29 1991-08-13 Xerox Corporation Ionographic imaging system
US5073434A (en) * 1989-12-29 1991-12-17 Xerox Corporation Ionographic imaging system
US5153618A (en) * 1989-12-29 1992-10-06 Xerox Corporation Ionographic imaging system
US5231428A (en) * 1990-12-11 1993-07-27 Xerox Corporation Imaging device which compensates for fluctuations in the speed of an image receiving surface
US5933177A (en) * 1992-12-07 1999-08-03 Moore Business Forms, Inc. Erase unit for ion deposition web-fed print engine

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS6373719U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1986-10-29 1988-05-17
JPH01135422U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1988-03-07 1989-09-18

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3103582A (en) * 1963-09-10 morgan
US3117022A (en) * 1960-09-06 1964-01-07 Space Technhology Lab Inc Deposition arrangement
US3495269A (en) * 1966-12-19 1970-02-10 Xerox Corp Electrographic recording method and apparatus with inert gaseous discharge ionization and acceleration gaps
US3611422A (en) * 1969-11-17 1971-10-05 Mead Corp Ingesting catchers for noncontacting printing apparatus

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3103582A (en) * 1963-09-10 morgan
US3117022A (en) * 1960-09-06 1964-01-07 Space Technhology Lab Inc Deposition arrangement
US3495269A (en) * 1966-12-19 1970-02-10 Xerox Corp Electrographic recording method and apparatus with inert gaseous discharge ionization and acceleration gaps
US3611422A (en) * 1969-11-17 1971-10-05 Mead Corp Ingesting catchers for noncontacting printing apparatus

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4112437A (en) * 1977-06-27 1978-09-05 Eastman Kodak Company Electrographic mist development apparatus and method
US4357618A (en) * 1978-10-16 1982-11-02 Algographic Associates Electrostatic imaging apparatus
US4498090A (en) * 1981-02-18 1985-02-05 Sony Corporation Electrostatic printing apparatus
EP0099243A1 (en) * 1982-07-06 1984-01-25 Xerox Corporation Fluid jet assisted electrographic marking apparatus
EP0120621A1 (en) * 1983-03-02 1984-10-03 Xerox Corporation Electrographic marking apparatus and method
EP0122003A1 (en) * 1983-04-01 1984-10-17 Xerox Corporation Electrographic marking apparatus
US4524371A (en) * 1983-04-01 1985-06-18 Xerox Corporation Modulation structure for fluid jet assisted ion projection printing apparatus
US4762997A (en) * 1983-11-30 1988-08-09 Xerox Corporation Fluid jet assisted ion projection charging method
US4734721A (en) * 1985-10-04 1988-03-29 Markem Corporation Electrostatic printer utilizing dehumidified air
US4772901A (en) * 1986-07-29 1988-09-20 Markem Corporation Electrostatic printing utilizing dehumidified air
US4809027A (en) * 1986-07-29 1989-02-28 Markem Corporation Offset electrostatic printing utilizing a heated air flow
US4809026A (en) * 1986-07-29 1989-02-28 Markem Corporation Electrostatic printing utilizing a heated air flow
US5039598A (en) * 1989-12-29 1991-08-13 Xerox Corporation Ionographic imaging system
US5073434A (en) * 1989-12-29 1991-12-17 Xerox Corporation Ionographic imaging system
US5153618A (en) * 1989-12-29 1992-10-06 Xerox Corporation Ionographic imaging system
US5231428A (en) * 1990-12-11 1993-07-27 Xerox Corporation Imaging device which compensates for fluctuations in the speed of an image receiving surface
US5933177A (en) * 1992-12-07 1999-08-03 Moore Business Forms, Inc. Erase unit for ion deposition web-fed print engine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2141935B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-12-16
JPS5529428B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1980-08-04
GB1357966A (en) 1974-06-26
FR2141935A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-01-26
DE2223628A1 (de) 1972-12-21

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