US3717911A - Method of making a nipple-electrode joint - Google Patents

Method of making a nipple-electrode joint Download PDF

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Publication number
US3717911A
US3717911A US00113995A US3717911DA US3717911A US 3717911 A US3717911 A US 3717911A US 00113995 A US00113995 A US 00113995A US 3717911D A US3717911D A US 3717911DA US 3717911 A US3717911 A US 3717911A
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Prior art keywords
nipple
electrode
socket
electrode section
threaded
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US00113995A
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English (en)
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I Gazda
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SGL Carbon Corp
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Great Lakes Carbon Corp
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Assigned to MANUFACTURERS HANOVER TRUST COMPANY A NY CORP. reassignment MANUFACTURERS HANOVER TRUST COMPANY A NY CORP. SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GREAT LAKES CARBON CORPORATION, A DE CORP
Assigned to CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, N.A., THE, AS CO-AGENT, MANUFACTURERS HANOVER TRUST COMPANY, AS CO-AGENT reassignment CHASE MANHATTAN BANK, N.A., THE, AS CO-AGENT SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GREAT LAKES CARBON CORPORATION
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B7/00—Heating by electric discharge
    • H05B7/02—Details
    • H05B7/14—Arrangements or methods for connecting successive electrode sections
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10S403/05—Carbon electrode

Definitions

  • These means include the pre-positioning of the nipple in the socket of the electrode section into which the nipple is threaded so as to provide a clearance between the non-load bearing flanks of the threads of said threaded nipple and said threaded electrode socket and the placing within the space between the base of the nipple and the bottom of the socket of the electrode section a hot, non-gaseous fluid, carbonizable material which solidifies upon cooling, thereby preparing a preassembly wherein the nipple is fixed in the electrode section, thereby maintaining the aforedescribed prepositioning and thread clearance and thereby also providing room for thermal expansion of the threads of the connection.
  • the hot, carbonizable material is introduced into the space between the base of the nipple and the bottom of the socket, while in a hot, fluid condition, through a hole in the nipple after the nipple has been threaded into the electrode socket, after which the carbonizable material solidifies.
  • the solidified carbonizable material Upon connection of the projecting end of the nipple into a socket of an electrode section and use in a column of electrodes in an electric arc furnace, the solidified carbonizable material again becomes heated, melts and some of it flows downwardly through the hole into the corresponding space in the socket of the electrode section of the column and then becomes solid and carbonizes due to the heat encountered, thereby locking the nipple in the sockets of both electrode sections joined.
  • the electrode sections are suitably bored and threaded at each 8 end to provide juncture means through a correspondingly shaped and threaded nipple.
  • a new electrode is joined to the one being consumed by inserting a nipple into the bore of either the new or partially consumed electrode section and joining the composite electrode section-nipple assembly to the other electrode section.
  • Such nipples and their corresponding bore holes in the electrode sections may have threaded sides which are parallel to the nipple axis. It is generally more customary and advantageous, however, to taper the nipple so that its largest diameter is at its middle and is also at the plane of contact between the electrode sections.
  • Such a tapered nipple is screwed into place in a correspondingly tapered threaded bore or socket of the electrode section with the small diameter end or nipple base going furthest into the electrodebody'.
  • the thread depth is generally the same whether measured at the small diameter ends or bases or at the large diameter center.
  • lt is also usual that in the assembled joint each thread will possess a loaded flank, which is nearer the geometric center of the nipple, and a non-load bearing or idle flank which is opposite to the loaded flank.
  • the idle flank is the flank nearer the ends of electrode sections to loosen and to become unwound from around the connecting nipples thereby frequently causing high power and/or graphite material losses due to increased electrical resistances at the joints and/or an electrode section becoming completely unthreaded and falling into the metal bath at'the bottom of the furnace.
  • the present invention also relates to and is concerned with a more even distribution of clearance between the threads of the nipple and the electrode sockets and consequent reduction in thermal stresses between a nipple andthe electrode sections into which it is threaded, and also relates to making the connections between the electrode sections and connecting nipples tighter and less able to become unwound, and
  • the invention in a preferred embodiment, comprises the makingof an improved nipple-electrode section pre-assembly, such as described, by:
  • nipple nipple and the in of the electrode section pre-positioning the nipple nipple and the in of the electrode section by threading an end thereof possessing a hole in its end face into the internally threaded socket so as to provide s space between the base of the nipple and the bottom of the electrode section socket and a clearance between the non-load bearing flanks of the threads of said threaded nipple and the opposing faces of the threads of the electrode socket, said non-load bearing flanks of the threads being those nearer to the ends than to the'geornetric center of the nipple;
  • the pre-positioning of the nipple in step b is effected by utilizing a temporary positioning means, such as is described hereinafter, which temporarypositioning means is removed after the hot fluid material has been cooled and become substantially solid, as in step d.
  • a temporary positioning means such as is described hereinafter, which temporarypositioning means is removed after the hot fluid material has been cooled and become substantially solid, as in step d.
  • the invention embraces not only the process of making the connection or pre-assembly but also the nippleelectrode-section pre-assembly itself, and the electrode joint assembly made by coupling a second electrodesection to the improved nipple-electrode section preassembly, and also the process of making said joint as-' sembly.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates auxiliary equipment,viz. a centering jig, which may be used as a temporary positioning means in carrying out the processes of or in making the pre-assemblies of the present invention.
  • auxiliary equipment viz. a centering jig
  • FIG. 3 illustrates in FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d embodiments of four alternate hole orientations or arrangements in the nipple that may be employed in the present invention besides the use simply of a central hole as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the nipple must always possess at least one hole extending in an axial or generally lengthwise direction (c.f. FlGll), but, as is apparent from FIG. 3d, one or more additional holes may also sometimes be employed in conjunction therewith. (This is discussed in more detail hereinafter).
  • the axial or generally lengthwise hole must always start at a point in an end face of one-half of the nipple and terminate at a point in the surface at the other half of the nipple.
  • the lengthwise hole will extend from one end face of the nipple to the other end face, as illustrated in FIGS. 1, 3a, 3b and 3d. Less preferably it may also terminate at a point in the surface of the other half of the nipple which is not in the opposite end face of the nipple.
  • FIG. 30 illustratesv this possible embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate the final assembled joints described in the present invention, (employing the preassembly illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2), FIG. 4 illustrating the condition of the joint when first assembled and FIG. 5 illustrating the condition of the joint thereafter after there has been melting and downward flowing of some of the carbonizable material from the space between the base of the nipple and the bottom of the socket of the electrode section of the pre-assembly.
  • the nipple l which as previously stated is preferably tapered, was threaded into a correspondingly tapered and threaded socket of electrode section 2.
  • the nipple was provided with a central, axial or longitudinal hole 8 which extended lengthwise from one end face 6 of the nipple to the other end face 9.
  • the nipple had a major diameter of 10 74 inches, the diameter of the longitudinal hole was 1 is inch and the diameter of the electrode section 2 was 20 inches.
  • the nipple also had a one-third pitch, i.e.
  • nipple was threaded into the socket until its major diameter, indicated generally at 3, coincided approximately with the plane of the face 4 of the electrode section and until it was hand-tight", i.e. until the threads of both the nipple and electrode socket section were completely engaged.
  • the nipple was then pre-positioned in the electrode section socket by being backed-off a slight amount such as an eighth tum (i.e. 45) so as to provide a clearance between the idle flanks of the threads of said threaded nipple and said threaded electrode socket.
  • a centering jig temporary positioning means was employed during the pre-positioning of the nipple. (More is stated resuch fluid, carbonizable materials and their nature or composition hereinafter). An excess of the hot, fluid, carbonizable material was employed (and this is typical) and this extended partially up the lengthwise or longitudinal hole such as to level 10, which is typically at least midway up the hole 8 and more preferably to a level such as will substantially fill the hole 8 as well as the space 5. As the material cooled to ambient temperature it solidified and substantially or completely filled any void area in the space 5 and also served to fix the nipple in the desired position in the electrode socket.
  • the solidification of the material also maintained the aforediscussed pre-positioning and thread clearance of the nipple, thereby also providing room for thermal expansion of the threads of the connection.
  • the pre-positioning of the nipple also caused the upper faces or load-bearing flanks l1 (viz. the flanks nearer the geometric center of the nipple) to contact the mating faces of the threads of the socket and also caused or created a slight gap or clearance 12 at the idle or nonload bearing flanks or sides 13 of the thread, viz. the
  • FIG. 3a the axis of the hole is parallel with the axis of the nipple.
  • FIG. 3b the hole extends lengthwise from one end face of the nipple to the other end face but the hole is at an angle 7 to the nipple axis.
  • the hole starts at a point in an end face of one-half of the nipple and terminates at a point in the surface of the other half of the nipple (as do also the holes of FIGS. 1, 3a and 3b) but does not fully extend to the other end face of the nipple. In other words it exits on the threaded lateral surface of the nipple. This is not as desirable as exiting from a position on r the end face of the nipple but it does define an operable position for introducing the hot fluid material into the 'hole and is within the scope of the present invention.
  • the point of exit of the hole on the threaded lateral surface is preferably nearer the end than the center of the nipple but is also typically a distance of at least about one-sixth the length of the nipple from the end.
  • FIG. 3d illustrates the use of two lateral or generally transverse holes 8a and 8b which intersect or connect at an angle with the lengthwise hole 8. These holes are typically of smaller diameter than the lengthwise hole 8.
  • FIGS. 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d also show the typical position of the carbonizable material within the clearance space 5 and the holes 8 (and 8a and 8b) of the pre-assembly before the exposed nipple end of the pre-assembly is connected to another electrode section.
  • the invention is intended'to cover pre-positioning of the nipple so as to cause a clearance between the idle flanks of the nipple and the threads of the socket of the electrode section no matter how the pre-positioning of the nipple is effected so long as the other steps of the invention are practiced.
  • an auxiliary device or temporary positioning means such as a centering jig" be used in order to provide optimum pre-positioning of the nipple.
  • the backing-off of 45 of the nipple in the embodiment just described in satisfactory for a nipple having a pitch and taper as set forth.
  • the number of degrees"backed-ofi'" will depend on the pitch and taper of the nipple because the clearance between the threads is a function of these two variables.
  • the number of degrees backed off will typically be a value from about 45 to about 90; for standard nipples having a one-fourth pitch (four threads per inch and a taper of 1 to 6, the number of degrees backed off will typically be a value from about 60 to about 135).
  • such a centering jig is illustrated, and is employed in order to pre-position the nipple in the electrode socket and in order to provide a clearance at the idle flank .of the threads of the nipple and the internal threads of the electrode section into which the nipple is threaded.
  • the centering jig consists of an internally threaded plate 18 which is threaded onto one end of the nipple 1. Casters .19 are coupled through holes in the centering plate to la inch diameter bore air cylinders 17. Three casters and three .air cylinders are typically used, the casters being so spaced as to form an equilateral triangle against the face 4 of the electrode section 2.
  • the arrangement is such that the casters 19 push in one direction against the face of the electrode section while the threaded plate 18 pulls the nipple 1 in the opposite direction, thus applying an axial pressure or force upon the nipple and pre-positioning the nipple in the socket of the electrode section, and thus providing a. clearance between the non-load bearing or idle flanks 13 of the threads of the nipple and the threads of the electrode section. (Axial or lengthwise and transverse or clockwise directions are shown in FIG. 1).
  • the centering jig device was then tumed on" by pressurizing the air cylinders 17 to 200 psi each. (Casters 19 were in contact with the face 4 of the electrode section 2). By doing this an axial force was exerted upon the nipple in a direction away from the electrode section. While this axial force was still being applied, the nipple was backed off 45 thus providing a clearance between the idle flanks 13 of the threads of the nipple and the opposing flanks of the threads of the socket of the electrode section 2 and thus pre-positioning the nipple in the socket of the electrode section. This axial pressure also caused the loadbearing flanks ll.
  • Coal tar pitch having a melting point of C, was heated to 200C and a measured amount of this hot molten fluid was injected through the longitudinal hole 8 and into the cavity or space 5 between the base 6 of the nipple and the base or bottom 7 of the electrode section socket. A sufficient amount of the pitch was employed so as to, immediately upon introduction without undergoing any subsequent expansion, substantially fill the space 5 and extend well up into the longitudinal bore 8, such as to a height as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the nipple-electrode section pre-assembly was maintained in a fixed position until the molten pitch material had cooled to substantially ambient temperature, thereby causing the pitch to become substantially solid, after which the pressure was released and the jig removed. (A typical cooling time is from 5 to 10 minutes).
  • the pitch solidified at a temperature substantially the same as its melting point.
  • the pre-assembly was thus in the desired condition for subsequent employment in an electrode joint by coupling the pre-assembly to a second electrode section.
  • An obvious danger of shipping an electrode-nipple pre-assembly is the possibility of damage while in transit.
  • This can be overcome in the present invention by protecting the entire exposed machined threaded portion and end or face of the nipple (and typically also, the electrode section face as well) with asuitable covering, such as molded polyurethane foamed resin.
  • asuitable covering such as molded polyurethane foamed resin.
  • the opposite socketed end of the electrode section of the pre-assembly, which is internally threaded may also be typically covered, such as with a standard type end protector, viz. cardboard taped to the face.
  • the pre-assembly is coupled to a second electrode section as illustrated schematically in FIG. 4. This is accomplished by threading the projecting end of the nipple into the socket of the second electrode section until the end faces. of the two sections joined by the nipple are in planar contact. It will be noted that in the illustrated condition the joint has just been made and the pre-assembly of the electrode section 2 and nipple 1 are at the top of the joint and the second electrode second 20 to which the pre-assembly is joined is at the bottom of the joint. This relative position of the electrode sections is essential to the success of the joints made according to the present invention.
  • the second electrode section to which the pre-assembly is connected is the upper electrode in the column of electrodes foran electric arc furnace prior to this threading step, after which, of course, the electrode section of the pre-assembly becomes the upper electrode in the column.
  • the making of the joint and the relative positions of the electrode sections applies both to on furnace and off furnace assembling techniques.
  • the material in clearance space and hole 8 in this FIG. 4 is still in its solidified condition and has not yet melted.
  • the joint When the thus assembled joint is then heated up, as it is when it is used in an electrode column of a steel furnace, the joint first reaches a temperature which is sufficiently high so as to melt the pitch and thus cause a downward flowing of a portion thereof from clearance space 5 through hole 8 toward a corresponding clearance space 5a between the other end of the nipple l and the bottom of the socket in electrode section 20. (In the embodiment of FIG. 30 the pitch would still flow toward the lower clearance space, even though the exit end of the hole terminates at the surface threads of the nipple rather than at the other end face of the nipple). When the pitch thus melts in this embodiment most of it flows into clearance space 5a but some of it also stays in clearance space 5, particularly at the peripheral portions thereof. When the joint is then further heated the pitch in both clearance spaces becomes solid and carbonized, thereby locking the nipple in each of the sockets of the joined electrode sections.
  • the material to be used must be one which is a solid at ambient temperatures (and preferably also up to a temperature of at least about 50C), must be one which will readily melt or flow as a non-gaseous fluid when heated (preferably at relatively low temperatures such as between about C and about C), (so that it can be readily utilized in preparing the preassembly and also later in preparing the electrode joint), must be one which will resolidify when cooled to ambient temperatures (and preferably by the time it reaches a temperature of about 80C, must be one which is carbonizable (i.e.
  • the preferred materials contain substantial amounts of pitch, such as all pitch, or pitch-carbon flour combinations, or pitch-mixed with minor amounts of carbon aggregate and plasticizer, for example, a mixture comprised of at least about 50 parts pitch and up to about 50 parts carbon aggregate, preferably flour", the term flour” typically designating a material having a particle sizing such that all of it would pass through a 20 mesh Tyler screen, a maximum of I percent would be retained on a 35 mesh screen, and 50 to 55 percent of it would pass through a 200 mesh screen.
  • the pitch may be either coal tar pitch or petroleum pitch.
  • Carbon aggegate is intended to include such materials as finely ground graphite particles (preferred) finely ground calcined or raw petroleum coke particles, finely ground coal particles and mixtures, the carbon aggregate preferably also all being 10 Tyler mesh.
  • the material may also include a minor percentage of plasticizer, such as up to about 5 percent by weight of the carbonizable material or pitch, in order to produce a less brittle pre-assembly.
  • plasticizers or plasticizing agents include stearic acid, kerosene, tars and pitches of lower melting point, etc.
  • the net efiect, therefore, of centering or balancing the nipple in the joint, is that there are fewer mechanical breakdowns or failures in the operation of the furnace.
  • the same material that is used in the preparation of the pre-assembly acts to lock the joint in a tight position upon its use in the furnace thus further acting to prevent unwinding of the electrode joint and thus carrying out two distinct functions which in prior art practices were only capable -of being performed by two separate and distinct solutions for the two problems of: (a) nipple balancing; and (b) nipple fixing in the sockets of the electrode sections.
  • Such hole or holes may, for example, be within the nipple in one or both ends thereof and connect at an angle or intersect the hole which extends lengthwise in the nipple; or such hole or holes may take the form of a slot or slots at the surface of the nipple and extend in the lengthwise direction of the nipple from point(s) short of the major diameter and extending to one end of the nipple so as to connect with or communicate with the clearance space between the base of the nipple and the bottom of the electrode section socket.
  • Such additional hole or holes or slot(s) may sometimes be desirably resorted to in order to increase the strength of the connection between the nipple and the electrode section(s) to which it is joined, particularly in cases where the requirement to disengage the nipple from either or both of the electrode sections to which it has been joined is not likely to occur.
  • An additional advantage of the present invention is that if for any reason it is desired to unthread one of the electrode sections from the nipple (after carbonization) this may readily or controllably be accomplished with certain of the embodiments by using untorquing pressures of the same order or at levels slightly higher than the joint assembly torque level. This is not possible with many joints of the priorart without causing mechanical damage or destruction of one or more of the joined members.
  • pre-positioning the nipple in the socket of one of the electrode sections by threading an end thereof possessing a hole in its end face into the internally threaded socket so as to provide a space between the base of the nipple and the bottom of the electrode section socket and a clearance between the non-load bearing flanks of the threads of said threaded nipple and the opposing faces of the threads of the electrode socket, said non-load bearing flanks of the threads being those nearer to the ends than to the geometric center of the nipple, the other end of said threaded nipple projecting outwardly from said socket;
  • thermoplastic material consists of pitch mixed with minor amounts of plasticizer and carbon aggregate.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Discharge Heating (AREA)
  • Furnace Details (AREA)
US00113995A 1971-02-09 1971-02-09 Method of making a nipple-electrode joint Expired - Lifetime US3717911A (en)

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US11399571A 1971-02-09 1971-02-09

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US3717911A true US3717911A (en) 1973-02-27

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US00113995A Expired - Lifetime US3717911A (en) 1971-02-09 1971-02-09 Method of making a nipple-electrode joint

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US (1) US3717911A (OSRAM)
JP (1) JPS54535B1 (OSRAM)
AU (1) AU3789772A (OSRAM)
BE (1) BE778769A (OSRAM)
BR (1) BR7200698D0 (OSRAM)
CA (1) CA947052A (OSRAM)
ES (1) ES399438A1 (OSRAM)
FR (1) FR2124392B1 (OSRAM)
GB (1) GB1334627A (OSRAM)
IT (1) IT949660B (OSRAM)
ZA (1) ZA72179B (OSRAM)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040101021A1 (en) * 2001-03-30 2004-05-27 Khloponin Viktor Nikolaevich Method for periodically elongating an electrode for an electric arc furnace
DE102013213248A1 (de) * 2013-07-05 2015-01-08 Sgl Carbon Se Feste Verbindung von verschraubten Elektroden
DE102013216452A1 (de) 2013-08-20 2015-02-26 Sgl Carbon Se Verbesserte Elektroden/Nippel-Verbindung

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2600228B1 (fr) * 1986-06-12 1988-10-21 Holuigue Claude Reperes et marques de controle de l'assemblage d'electrodes nipplees coniques

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2510230A (en) * 1949-01-15 1950-06-06 Union Carbide & Carbon Corp Electrode joint
US3140967A (en) * 1959-04-30 1964-07-14 Siemens Planiawerke Ag Method of producing a cemented carbon electrode joint
US3517954A (en) * 1967-10-23 1970-06-30 Great Lakes Carbon Corp Electrode section-connecting nipple pre-assembly and process of assembling an electrode joint

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2510230A (en) * 1949-01-15 1950-06-06 Union Carbide & Carbon Corp Electrode joint
US3140967A (en) * 1959-04-30 1964-07-14 Siemens Planiawerke Ag Method of producing a cemented carbon electrode joint
US3517954A (en) * 1967-10-23 1970-06-30 Great Lakes Carbon Corp Electrode section-connecting nipple pre-assembly and process of assembling an electrode joint

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040101021A1 (en) * 2001-03-30 2004-05-27 Khloponin Viktor Nikolaevich Method for periodically elongating an electrode for an electric arc furnace
US6873641B2 (en) * 2001-03-30 2005-03-29 Techom Import-Export Gmbh Method for periodically elongating an electrode for an electric arc furnace
DE102013213248A1 (de) * 2013-07-05 2015-01-08 Sgl Carbon Se Feste Verbindung von verschraubten Elektroden
DE102013216452A1 (de) 2013-08-20 2015-02-26 Sgl Carbon Se Verbesserte Elektroden/Nippel-Verbindung
DE102013216452B4 (de) * 2013-08-20 2016-12-01 Sgl Carbon Se Verbesserte Elektroden/Nippel-Verbindung

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BE778769A (fr) 1972-08-01
ES399438A1 (es) 1974-11-01
DE2203226B2 (de) 1975-10-02
CA947052A (en) 1974-05-14
AU3789772A (en) 1973-07-19
ZA72179B (en) 1972-09-27
FR2124392B1 (OSRAM) 1975-02-14
GB1334627A (en) 1973-10-24
DE2203226A1 (de) 1972-08-17
IT949660B (it) 1973-06-11
JPS54535B1 (OSRAM) 1979-01-11
BR7200698D0 (pt) 1973-06-14
FR2124392A1 (OSRAM) 1972-09-22

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