US3716649A - Grounding rod and coupler therefor - Google Patents

Grounding rod and coupler therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
US3716649A
US3716649A US00124788A US3716649DA US3716649A US 3716649 A US3716649 A US 3716649A US 00124788 A US00124788 A US 00124788A US 3716649D A US3716649D A US 3716649DA US 3716649 A US3716649 A US 3716649A
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Prior art keywords
tubular
conductor
ground
rod
thin
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US00124788A
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R Walker
G Smith
G Boyd
H Stevens
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Allegheny Ludlum Corp
Pittsburgh National Bank
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Allegheny Ludlum Industries Inc
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Assigned to ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION reassignment ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). 8-4-86 Assignors: ALLEGHENY LUDLUM STEEL CORPORATION
Assigned to PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK reassignment PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ALLEGHENY LUDLUM CORPORATION
Assigned to PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK reassignment PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. RECORDED ON REEL 4855 FRAME 0400 Assignors: PITTSBURGH NATIONAL BANK
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R4/00—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation
    • H01R4/58—Electrically-conductive connections between two or more conductive members in direct contact, i.e. touching one another; Means for effecting or maintaining such contact; Electrically-conductive connections having two or more spaced connecting locations for conductors and using contact members penetrating insulation characterised by the form or material of the contacting members
    • H01R4/66—Connections with the terrestrial mass, e.g. earth plate, earth pin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T403/00—Joints and connections
    • Y10T403/57—Distinct end coupler
    • Y10T403/5733—Plural opposed sockets

Definitions

  • an electrical grounding rod comprising a thin-walled tube of a corrosion resistant steel, a conductor tube of aluminum or other suitable electrically conductive material to provide a low resistance path to ground and a core of a plastic-type filler within the inner tube, the core being sufficiently rigid to provide structural support to the thin-walled tube yet resistant enough to allow some bending of the rod to circumvent obstructions encountered in driving the rod into the ground.
  • a driving point is provided to fit over one end of the rod to isolate the aluminum from the earth and to facilitate driving the rod into the ground.
  • an additional steel tube is provided within the conductor tube to form a three-wall or sandwich composite.
  • Grounding rods have been used for many years for the protection of buildings and equipment against electrical discharge, such as lightning and fault currents.
  • a number of designs are currently available, conventionally incorporating a solid type construction and frequently sheathed with a corrosion resistant material, such as copper.
  • Additional types of grounding rods exist of high strength but lower conductivity. They are constructed of iron pipe and often filled with a material designed to cooperate with the ground waters in the location of the rod to promote the electrical contact of the rod since the iron pipe is itself a relatively poor conductor. There are numerous disadvantages suffered by these conventional grounding rods.
  • Solid rods of highly conductive material are expensive. Quite often high conductivity materials are soft and rods of these materials may buckle or mushroom readily if they encounter an obstruction while being driven into the ground.
  • the inclusion of holes in a rod as'is conventionally done to promote dissolution of filler materials with the earth and electrical conductivity between the electrical conductor and the ground, may further weaken the rod and reduce its utility in areas where the earth into which the rod must be driven is fairly hard.
  • a grounding rod exhibiting a high conductivity, strong construction, of low cost material which is easily manufactured, which is substantially non-corrosive in the earth environment and which is able to handle very large current surges such as may be required in utility and industrial power applications but. will not buckle when encountering moderate obstruction in the groundeven when segments are coupled into longer lengths.
  • some prior ground rods such as those described in Australian Pat. No. 250,812, contemplate coupled segments, no consideration is given to protecting the conductor from the surrounding earth or from galvanic cell conditions.
  • the electrically conducted tubular member e.g., aluminum, plain carbon steel, etc.
  • the corrosion resistant steel shield protects the conductive member and substantially prevents establishment of an electrolytic cell which would sacrificially deteriorate the conductive member.
  • the present invention provides an electrical grounding rod in one embodiment comprising a thin-walled, tubular sheath or envelope or corrosion resistant steel, a tubular shaped conductor member and a supporting core of semi-rigid, resilient material nonreactive with the envelope or conductor member and with the environment in which the rod is placed.
  • the core material is put into compression within the tube.
  • the grounding rod comprises a three-wall or sandwich composite additionally including an inner steel tubular supporting member inside the rod sandwiching the conductor tube within the corrosion resistant steel shield. In this em-' bodiment the plastic core may be omitted since the inner supporting member supplies sufficient additional strength. 7
  • a driving point for the rod is provided at one end of the rod to assist in circumventing obstructions while the rod is driven into the earth and to isolate the conductor member from the earth.
  • a removable cap member e.g., driving cap, adaptable to specific driving tools may be provided at the opposite end to distribute the forces of driving to prevent distortion of the rod.
  • a driving point member may be used for a cap to protect the rod interior from the elements.
  • the invention includes a special section-coupler to join grounding rod lengths together, as necessary, to provide the total length desired for any particular application. Two types of section-couplers are useable: one is a tubular unit and the other may include a solid 'cross section. Both types are hereinafter described.
  • FIGS. I and 2 illustrate, by elevational views partly in I section, two preferred embodiments of the grounding rod assembly of the invention.
  • FIG. 3' is a cross-sectional view of an alternative driving point
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are cross-sectional views of section couplers in accordance with the invention.
  • the muIti-component ground rod of the invention utilizes a stainless steel outer layer or tube called'an envelope, sheath or shield, for columnar strength, corrosion resistance and satisfactory conductivity over a long period of time because corrosion products will not build up on the stainless steel ground rod and inhibit conductivity with the earth.
  • the conductor which may mushrooming during the driving of the rod and prevents moisture from accumulating within the rod.
  • An alternative embodiment utilizes an internal thin wall, steel supporting tube in lieu of or in addition to the plastic core to provide added strength for the rod assembly with minimum increase in weight.
  • Galvanic corrosion of ground rods may lead to failure of the ground to adequately serve its original purpose.
  • Such rods for general use because they are more resistant to 4 general corrosion than other rods in common usage.
  • the multi-component rods described above provide the resistance to corrosion, the conductivity, and the drivability required and weigh less than half of bi-metal rods of the same dimension.
  • multi-component electric ground rods described above have the advantages that they will not galvanically attack adjacent steel or iron structures such as tanks, anchor rods, pipe lines or foundation bolts.
  • These multi-component rods can be coupled without threading or other fabrication or modification and are designed to be used with a separate driving point that facilitates driving and seals the conductor tube and plastic from contact with the earth.
  • the driving points can also be used as end caps or closures to seal the upper end from the atmosphere or earth.
  • reference numeral 2 indicates a thin-walled tubular envelope or corrosion resistant steel.
  • the tube in the figure is cylindrical in shape, however, it may have other cross sections including polygonal and the word tubular is intended in its broadest sense.
  • Tube 2 may be a seamless extruded tube, a welded tube or one which is lockseamed or similarly joined.
  • the diameter and length are generally dependent upon the electrical grounding requirements for the installation. A typical size would be a five-eighths inch diameter tube, 8 feet long.
  • Numeral 4 indicates the tubular electrical conductor member which may be of any suitably conductive material considering the current surges anticipated but in the preferred embodiment is plain carbon steel or aluminum or aluminum alloy.
  • the term aluminum as used herein is understood to include aluminum alloys.
  • Two rod segments, A and B, are shown in the drawings connected by a coupler l2, hereinafter described, and
  • the rod in FIG. 1 has a plastic core 6 which is replaced in the rod of FIG. 2 with an inner steel tube 5.
  • thinwalled tubes are used and stainless steel and aluminum tubes through 0.05 inches and carbon steel tubes through 0.065 inches are included in this term.
  • a corrosion resistant steel such as a stainless steel (e.g., AISI Type 304) is used.
  • AISI Type 304 a corrosion resistant steel
  • Grounding rods of our invention may be constructed with very thin tube walls, i.e., less than 0.07 inches. Typical of the practice of our invention is the use of a stainless steel tube havstructures contribute substantially to the objectives of reducing cost and provide a facility to circumvent obstructions when being driven into the ground.
  • the aluminum or carbon steel tubular conductor member may be of any wall thickness capable of providing low impedance to grounding.
  • a common wall thickness is about 0.035 inches.
  • conductor tube 4 is filled with a supporting core 6 nonreactive with the shield 2 and conductor 4 and the earth environment.
  • Materials known as plastics" may be advantageously utilized, however, the material need not be organic.
  • the necessary characteristics of the core material are:
  • the conductive tube 4 may be filled with a fiowable core material such as an epoxy, a polyurethane or an elastomer which is solidified or hardened within the tube.
  • a fiowable core material such as an epoxy, a polyurethane or an elastomer which is solidified or hardened within the tube.
  • the optimum fiowable material would be one which would expand slightly as it solidified. This would eliminate an addi' tional step of placing the core in compression such as by compressing the ends of the core, after solidification to achieve this condition.
  • the grounding rod of the invention has a separate driving point 8 affixed to one end of the tube 2. Such an attachment facilitates driving the rod into the earth with a lesser driving force and prevents direct contact of aluminum conductor with earth which could cause corrosion of the conductor.
  • the driving point 8 may present a rounded aspect, 8A, such as shown in FIG. 3. Such a rounded point encourages the rod to slide slightly to one side or the other in the event an object is encountered below the earth level while driving the rod.
  • the combination of the strong, thin-walled tube, a thin-walled conductor tube and a semi-rigid core permits some flexing of the rod further enhancing the ability of the driven rod to pass an obstruction without collapse of the rod.
  • the higher strength of the corrosion resistant steels inhibits splitting, tearing and collapse of the tube while the thin walls allow some flexing without buckling and the conductive tube enables the rod to handle very large current surges.
  • the semi-rigid core supports the assembly uniformly throughout the inside diameter while also flexing to accomodate a path around ground obstruction.
  • More rigid, less resilient cores, such as compressed wood, concrete, etc., and thicker wall construction add to its weight and restrict flexibility of the rod and its ability to circumvent obstructions and thus encourage buckling.
  • More ductile tube materials such as copper provide insufficient wall strength to retard buckling or protect against splitting and tearing of the rod during the driving.
  • the grounding rod may be constructed with a thin-walled, inner supporting tube which may replace the plastic core and which has certain advantages thereover, such as reducing electrical impedance and withstanding higher temperatures although the plastic core has the important practical advantage of less weight.
  • the supporting tube may be of any steel composition, including plain steel and furnish considerable strength by forming a sandwich wall for driving into the ground, particularly in hard ground and for longer rod lengths.
  • the rod assembly shown in FIG. 2 has the same type of corrosion resistant shield 2 and conductor tube 4 but additionally includes a supporting tube 5, which together with shield 2 sandwiches conductor tube 4. In almost all other respects the rod assembly is the same as that shown in FIG. I.
  • the core 6 is omitted in the FIG. 2 rod assembly, but such a core may be included if found desirable in a given design to provide further columnar strength and integrity.
  • Both the driving point 8 and the cap member may be the same in each embodiment as well as the section couplers, hereinafter described.
  • the rods be manufactured in sections which can be conveniently handled, e.g., nominally 8 feet, and then are connectable in the field.
  • some coupler be provided which does not detract from the rods advantages and which meets the electrical conduction requirements.
  • Couplers are capable of mechanically and electrically joining sections of grounding rods for the purpose of extending said ground rods to depths in the earth greater than the usual eight feet in order to achieve the desired electrical circuit resistance to ground.
  • the couplers as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, comprise a tubular portion or envelope of the same material as the'outer sheath of the ground rod itself,
  • tubular portion of such dimension to provide a force. fit over the rod sections so as to make a good electrical and mechanical connection. It is also possible, however, to use plastic or other corrosion resistant material for the tubular portion.
  • a conductor member of electrically conductive material preferably the same material or similar material to that of the tubular conductive member 4.
  • the conductor member may be hollow or solid and fits tightly within the tubular portion, where it is firmly held at about the midpoint of said tubular portion by either mechanical means such as by rolling a groove as shownin FIG. 4, by one or more indentations or by welding or brazing.
  • the purpose of the conductor member is:
  • ground rod couplings l2 and 12A shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 the slight increase in diameter of the coupling over the diameter of the ground rod provides better ground contact after driving than existing larger outside diameter couplings.
  • the conductor tube 13 in the coupling (FIG. 4) is retained within the shield II by the tight fit thereof, the reduced diameter of the shield tube at both ends and the annular indentation 14.
  • the coupling 112A shown in FIG. 5 is similar but includes a portion 15 which extends across the diameter of the shield 11A, acting as a stop for rod segments A and B.
  • portion 15 is an extension of conductor tube 13A which may be formed by upsetting this tube.
  • separate slugs also can be used which are retained in position by dimpling or rolling an annular indentation as shown in FIG. 4, into the portion.
  • the illustration in FIG. 1 depicts an annular indentation 14 while the rod assembly of FIG. 2 depicts a dimpled indentation 16. Normally, these and other retaining techniques may be used in the alternative.
  • the coupling employs an outer shield, preferably of the same material as the shield 2 of the rod, to protect the conductor tube part of the coupling. Without such protection, the couplings would represent potential weak points in the overall grounding rod assembly, both with respect to driving into hard ground and for corrosion purposes.
  • a composite stainless-aluminum-plastic rod was subjected to 26,600 amps for 5.5 cycles (of 60 hz power) approximately one-tenth sec. with a resulting temperature rise of 500F. No damage to rod and only a very small extrusion of plastic filler was observed.
  • a rod with a 0.043 inch plain carbon steel conductor tube within a stainless sheath also exhibits good properties although the temperature rise for a given current is greater than with an aluminum conductor tube.
  • a temperature rise of between 1,000 1,250F. resulted with inches of plastic filler extruded from one end but there was no smoke or flame.
  • an aluminum or steel inner conducting tube would be satisfactory to handle currents in the order of magnitude of 15,000 amps for 6 cycles (one-tenth sec.).
  • rod type 6105 is the stainless steel-plastic assembly
  • 61358 is the stainless steel-aluminum-plastic assembly
  • 61253 is the stainless steel-carbon steel-plastic assembly
  • 61320 is the three-wall stainless steel-aluminumcarbon steel assembly.
  • the rods tested were 4 foot lengths except for the 61320 rod which was an 8-inch section, fiv eeights inch O.D.
  • FIG. 4 coupling no heating of coupling slight discoloration of rod section.
  • Table 11 summarizes the results of the foregoing and of other tests and gives a clear picture of the relative capabilities. It can be seen that the stainless steelplastic assembly (6105) is limited by parting of joints due to expansion of the plastic and by the core ignition point. The lower resistance types (61358 and 6125B) are limited by the parting of joints. The numbers which appear in Table II are lt (current in amps (squared) times cycles) values. It is apparent that rods and couplings of the invention are vastly superior and can attain an t greater than 1,000 or even 2,000 (times 10) before a polyethylene filler ignites and coupled segments part due to core expansion.
  • the sandwich wall rod (Type 61320) without the core can withstand even greater It values than shown for the 61358 rod in Table 11, since it is not limited by core behavior.
  • An 8 foot section of five-eighths inch O.D. of this rod has an Ohmir resistance of 0.00154 (0.03 inch stainless steel, 0.03 inch aluminum and 0.049 inch carbon steel).
  • the grounding rod may be formed by drawing an aluminum tube over a pliable rod of material such as polyethylene.
  • the diameter of the core may be the same outside diameter as the conductor tube to be drawn over it.
  • the core is put into compression which provides the entire composite with rigidity and serves as an additional force to counteract any tendency for the wall to collapse during driving impact.
  • a further embodiment utilizing a pliable rod 6 such as a polyethylene may be formed by inserting the rod 6 into a slightly larger tube and drawing the filled tubes 4 and 2 through a die shrinking them or reducing them in diameter sufficiently to place the core 6 in compression.
  • a further alternate method of manufacturing a grounding rod of a thinwalled tube having a nonreactive core may be by extrusion.
  • the core 6 may serve as a mandrel over which the tubes 4 and 2 would be pushed. It is to be noted that the core would have to be sufficiently rigid to withstand the push of the tubes over it.
  • one of the above methods may be a more desirable method of manufacture.
  • An electrical grounding rod assembly comprising a thin-walled tubular shield of stainless steel, a thinwalled tubular conductor of aluminum within said tubular shield, a core of semi-rigid material substantially filling said tubular conductor, driving point means at one end of said tubular shield which facilitates penetration into ground and substantially precludes direct contact between said tubular conductor and the ground, said assembly being flexible but sufficientlyrigid to be driven'into the ground.
  • An electrical grounding rod assembly comprising a plurality of rod segments, each segment comprising a thin-walled tubular shield of corrosion resistant steel, a thin-walled tubular conductor of low impedance metal within said tubular shield, a core of semi-rigid material substantially filling said conductor tube, a rod segment coupling means between adjacent segments, said coupling means comprising an outer protective tubular envelope of corrosion resistant material, a thin-walled tubular conductor of low impedance metal within said tubular envelope in substantially fixed relation thereto, the ends of said outer protective envelope extending beyond said tubular conductor and engaging the thinwalled tubular shields of said rod segments so as to completely cover and protect said tubular conductor including the end edges thereof, stop means intermediate the ends of said tubular conductor, the ends of said rod segments to be coupled being disposed within said coupling means such that said tubular conductor overlaps said rod segment ends and forms an electrical connection therewith, said stop means of said coupling serving to substantially delimit the extent to which said rod segments may extend into said coupling; driving
  • stop means is a slug extending across the diameter of said tubular conductor
  • An electrical grounding rod assembly comprising a thin-walled tubular shield of corrosion resistant steel, a thin-walled tubular conductor of low impedance metal within said tubular shield, a thin-walled tubular supporting member within said tubular conductor and forming a three-wall composite with said shield and tubular conductor, driving point means on one end of said tubular shield which facilitates penetration into ground and substantially precludes direct contact between said conductor tube and the ground, said assembly being flexible but sufficiently rigid to be driven into the ground.
  • An electrical grounding'rod assembly according to claim 9 including a plastic core within said tubular supporting member.
  • An electrical grounding rod assembly comprising a plurality of rod segments, each segment comprising a thin-walled tubular shield of corrosion resistant steel, a thin-walled tubular conductor of low impedance metal within said tubular shield, a tubular supporting member within said tubular conductor and forming a three-wall composite with said shield and tubular conductor, rod segment a coupling means between adjacent segments said coupling means comprising an outer protective tubular envelope of corrosion resistant material, a thinwalled tubular conductor of low impedance metal within said tubular envelope in substantially fixed relation thereto, stop means intermediate the ends of said tubular conductor, the ends of said rod segments to be coupled being disposed within said coupling means such that said tubular conductor overlaps said rod segment ends and forms an electrical connection therewith, said stop means of said coupling serving to substantially delimit the extent to which said rod segments may extend into said coupling; driving point means on one end of said tubular shield which facilitates penetration into ground and substantially precludes direct contact between said conductor tube and the ground, said assembly being flexible
  • a coupling device for joining grounding rod segments comprising a hollow, elongated envelope of 19.
  • a coupling device according to claim 18 wherein said stop means is a slug extending across the diameter of said conductor member.
  • a coupling device according to claim 20 wherein said slug is a portion of said conductor member.

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  • Elimination Of Static Electricity (AREA)
  • Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
  • Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)
  • Mutual Connection Of Rods And Tubes (AREA)
US00124788A 1971-03-16 1971-03-16 Grounding rod and coupler therefor Expired - Lifetime US3716649A (en)

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US12478871A 1971-03-16 1971-03-16

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US (1) US3716649A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5232061B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) AT320785B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE780808A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA962742A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH547561A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2212554A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ES (6) ES400856A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2129730A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1356353A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT950229B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL168999C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NO (1) NO135195C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3876819A (en) * 1974-08-22 1975-04-08 Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc Grounding rod
US4087945A (en) * 1977-02-24 1978-05-09 Peter Berntsen Driven-type survey monument
US4502258A (en) * 1981-04-10 1985-03-05 Berntsen, Inc. Driven-type sectionalized survey monument resistant to removal
EP0156538A1 (en) * 1984-03-02 1985-10-02 Erico Products, Inc. Ground rod, coupling and method of making such coupling
US4626330A (en) * 1984-01-25 1986-12-02 Dixie Electrical Manufacturing Company Torsionally installed anode and earth anchor/penetrator
WO2004036694A1 (en) * 2002-10-16 2004-04-29 Andrzej Dominiak Earth rod and a waz to drive it into the ground
US6930239B1 (en) * 2004-05-18 2005-08-16 Kuo-Hsiung Chen Ground bar
US20050199089A1 (en) * 2004-03-15 2005-09-15 Antonio Mangano Handlebar for cycles and motorcycles
US20060126259A1 (en) * 2004-12-10 2006-06-15 E&S Grounding Solutions, A California Corporation Grounding system
US20070056739A1 (en) * 2005-09-14 2007-03-15 Vetco Gray Inc. System, method, and apparatus for a corrosion-resistant sleeve for riser tensioner cylinder rod
US20080078732A1 (en) * 2006-09-28 2008-04-03 Junior Julian Hsu Screwless metal hinge and rack
WO2007136285A3 (en) * 2006-05-24 2008-10-23 Konik Jolanta Vertical grounding
US10262773B2 (en) 2013-08-16 2019-04-16 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Corrosion protection of buried metallic conductors
US10333234B2 (en) * 2017-08-14 2019-06-25 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Corrosion-protective jacket for electrode
US11121482B2 (en) 2017-10-04 2021-09-14 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Electrically-conductive corrosion-protective covering
US11124938B2 (en) * 2018-09-04 2021-09-21 Ojjo, Inc. Expanding foundation components and related systems and methods
US11251595B2 (en) * 2018-07-03 2022-02-15 Erico International Corporation Lightning protection system and method
US11311996B2 (en) * 2020-09-02 2022-04-26 Pine Hill Farm, Llc Self-hammering, copper-bonded steel ground rod tool for locating underground utilities
US11421392B2 (en) 2019-12-18 2022-08-23 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Metallic structure with water impermeable and electrically conductive cementitous surround
US12080939B2 (en) 2021-01-24 2024-09-03 M Towers LLC Manufactured utility apparatus
US12283391B1 (en) * 2023-11-28 2025-04-22 Exeter Chancery LLC Ground conductor with steel core, copper sheath, and width to thickness ratio of at least 11:1

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US4569710A (en) * 1980-12-30 1986-02-11 Societe Anonyme Diamant Boart Process for manufacturing the inner tube element for a double tube coring apparatus
JPS5929020A (ja) * 1982-08-07 1984-02-16 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 排煙装置
RU2342750C1 (ru) * 2007-10-09 2008-12-27 Борис Васильевич Волкодаев Устройство для заземления

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US2013217A (en) * 1934-06-21 1935-09-03 Harvey M Olmstead Method and means for coupling electric conduits
US2838593A (en) * 1950-02-23 1958-06-10 Scesa Olindo Connector for electric wires
US3522359A (en) * 1968-05-22 1970-07-28 David Marshall Earthing electrode
US3566000A (en) * 1969-06-20 1971-02-23 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Grounding rod

Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3876819A (en) * 1974-08-22 1975-04-08 Allegheny Ludlum Ind Inc Grounding rod
US4087945A (en) * 1977-02-24 1978-05-09 Peter Berntsen Driven-type survey monument
US4502258A (en) * 1981-04-10 1985-03-05 Berntsen, Inc. Driven-type sectionalized survey monument resistant to removal
US4626330A (en) * 1984-01-25 1986-12-02 Dixie Electrical Manufacturing Company Torsionally installed anode and earth anchor/penetrator
EP0156538A1 (en) * 1984-03-02 1985-10-02 Erico Products, Inc. Ground rod, coupling and method of making such coupling
US4577053A (en) * 1984-03-02 1986-03-18 Kies Anton M Ground rod
WO2004036694A1 (en) * 2002-10-16 2004-04-29 Andrzej Dominiak Earth rod and a waz to drive it into the ground
US7721623B2 (en) * 2004-03-15 2010-05-25 Hi-Line S.R.L. Handlebar for cycles and motorcycles
US20050199089A1 (en) * 2004-03-15 2005-09-15 Antonio Mangano Handlebar for cycles and motorcycles
US6930239B1 (en) * 2004-05-18 2005-08-16 Kuo-Hsiung Chen Ground bar
US7832088B2 (en) 2004-12-10 2010-11-16 E & S Grounding Solutions, Inc. Method of using grounding system
US20080173461A1 (en) * 2004-12-10 2008-07-24 E&S Grounding Solutions Method of using grounding system
US20060126259A1 (en) * 2004-12-10 2006-06-15 E&S Grounding Solutions, A California Corporation Grounding system
US7282637B2 (en) 2004-12-10 2007-10-16 E&S Grounding Solutions Grounding system
US20070056739A1 (en) * 2005-09-14 2007-03-15 Vetco Gray Inc. System, method, and apparatus for a corrosion-resistant sleeve for riser tensioner cylinder rod
US8141644B2 (en) * 2005-09-14 2012-03-27 Vetco Gray Inc. System, method, and apparatus for a corrosion-resistant sleeve for riser tensioner cylinder rod
WO2007136285A3 (en) * 2006-05-24 2008-10-23 Konik Jolanta Vertical grounding
US20080078732A1 (en) * 2006-09-28 2008-04-03 Junior Julian Hsu Screwless metal hinge and rack
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE7506162L (sv) 1975-05-29
JPS5232061B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-08-19
ES428215A1 (es) 1976-09-01
BE780808A (fr) 1972-09-18
ES428216A1 (es) 1976-09-01
IT950229B (it) 1973-06-20
NL7203451A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-09-19
CH547561A (de) 1974-03-29
GB1356353A (en) 1974-06-12
AT320785B (de) 1975-02-25
CA962742A (en) 1975-02-11
SE401294B (sv) 1978-04-24
ES428218A1 (es) 1976-11-16
DE2212554A1 (de) 1972-10-05
ES400856A1 (es) 1976-04-16
ES428217A1 (es) 1978-03-16
NO135195B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1976-11-15
SE377634B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-07-14
NO135195C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-02-23
FR2129730A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-10-27
NL168999B (nl) 1981-12-16
ES451351A3 (es) 1977-11-01
NL168999C (nl) 1982-05-17

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