US3689847A - Oscillator for a cyclotron having two dees - Google Patents

Oscillator for a cyclotron having two dees Download PDF

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Publication number
US3689847A
US3689847A US140136A US3689847DA US3689847A US 3689847 A US3689847 A US 3689847A US 140136 A US140136 A US 140136A US 3689847D A US3689847D A US 3689847DA US 3689847 A US3689847 A US 3689847A
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oscillator
mode
push
impedance
cathode
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US140136A
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English (en)
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Nico Frederick Verster
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US Philips Corp
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B5/00—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input
    • H03B5/18—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance
    • H03B5/1817—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance the frequency-determining element being a cavity resonator
    • H03B5/1835—Generation of oscillations using amplifier with regenerative feedback from output to input with frequency-determining element comprising distributed inductance and capacitance the frequency-determining element being a cavity resonator the active element in the amplifier being a vacuum tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
    • H05H7/02—Circuits or systems for supplying or feeding radio-frequency energy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an oscillator for a cyclotron comprising two accelerating electrodes, an envelope surrounding the two accelerating electrodes, two wave tubes each having an inner conductor and an outer conductor which are shortcircuited at one side, of each of which on the other side the inner conductor is connected to one of the accelerating electrodes and the outer conductors of which are connected to the envelope, two coupling impedances for the two wavetubes and an electron tube.
  • the high-frequency voltages at the Dees must have a phase difference of 180 relative to each other if atomic particles in the cyclotron are accelerated by an electric field between the two Dees mutually. In that case the Dees cannot be connected together. If atomic particles are accelerated by an electric field between each of the two Dees and a so-called dummy Dee present between said two Dees, a phase difference of is sometimes necessary between the high-frequency voltages at the dees. It is often desirable not to connect the Dees together, although it would be possible in this case, so as to enable rapid commutation to a phase difference of 180.
  • a Dee with its associated wave tube may be considered as a parallel circuit having an inductance L and a capacitance C.
  • wave tube is to be understood to mean herein a piece of highfrequency conductor of the type which is sometimes termed coaxial, although this does not imply either an exact coaxial state or a constant or a circular cross-section.
  • the system consisting of the two Dees with associated wave tubes may be considered as two identical parallel circuits which are directly connected on one side and are connected together on the other side with the interconnection of a capacitance C which is'small relative to the capacitance C.
  • the capacitance C is the capacity between the two Dees.
  • This first way of the resonating is termed parallel mode and the second way is termed push-pull mode.
  • an oscillator for a cyclotron comprising two accelerating electrodes, an envelope surrounding the two accelerating electrodes, two wave tubes each having an inner conductor and an outer conductor which are shortcircuited at one end, of each of which at the other end the inner conductor is connected to one of the accelerating electrodes, and the outer conductors of which are connected to the envelope, two coupling impedances for the two wave tubes and an electron tube, is constructed so that the oscillator comprises a second electron tube, each electron tube being connected as an oscillator with a wave tube, an accelerating electrode and a coupling impedance, a lowloss impedance being connected between the cathode of the first electron tube and the cathode of the second electron tube, and being proportioned so that the oscillator oscillates with the two accelerating electrodes either in the push-pull mode while excluding the parallel mode or in the parallel mode while excluding the push-pull mode.
  • the invention is based on the recognition of the fact that, if the circuit with the electron tubes oscillates in the parallel mode, the impedance connected between the cathodes passes no current and hence is inactive because in that case there is no voltage difference between the two cathodes. In the push-pull mode on the contrary there is a voltage difference between the cathode and hence the impedance is active.
  • the circuit arrangement is furthermore proportioned so that either the operation of said impedance isnecessary to satisfy the oscillation condition, or the inoperation of the impedance is necessary to satisfy the oscillation condition.
  • a favorable embodiment of an oscillator according to the invention which is to resonate in the push-pull mode is such that the low-loss impedance is capacitive and proportioned so that the operation of the oscillator in the parallel mode is excluded.
  • FIGURE shows an embodiment of an oscillator according to the invention with a capacitive coupling.
  • the Dees and the wave tubes are shown slightly diagrammatically.
  • the oscillator shown as an example is to oscillate in the push-pull mode.
  • two Dees accelerating electrodes) lvand 200 are arranged in an envelope 2 and have an accelerating gap 1 between them.
  • the dee 100 is connected to an inner conductor 101 of a wave tube 104.
  • An outer conductor 102 of the wave tube 104 is connected to the envelope 2.
  • a shortcircuit 103 which is slidable determines the operative length of the wave tube 104.
  • the dee 200 is connected to a wave tube 204 in quite the same manner.
  • High-frequency energy is supplied to the dee 100 via a connection 105 in the wave tube 104 by a part 125 of the oscillator circuit.
  • High-frequency energy is supplied in the same manner to the dee 200 via a connection 205 in the wave tube 204 by a part 225 of the oscillator circuit.
  • the parts 125 and 225 of the oscillator circuit furthermore have a common connection 3 to the envelope 2 which is connected to earth at 5.
  • the part 125 of the oscillator circuit is accommodated in a housing 122 which is connected to earth and comprises as an electron tube a triode 110 having an anode 107, a grid 108 and a cathode 109, furthermore a coupling capacitor 124, a feedback capacitor 1 1 1, a cathode circuit 126 consisting of a coil 1 l2 and a capacitor 113, a grid capacitor 118, a grid resistor 119, a choke coil 116 for an anode supply not shown) which is connected between 120 and earth, a capacitor 114 and a connection 123 which is connected to the housing 122 and is connected to earth with said housing.
  • a filament supply not shown) for the cathode 109 is connected between 121 and earth.
  • the part 225 is connected in quite the same manner and is providedwith reference numerals which are one hundred larger. The proportioning is also the same as that of the part 125.
  • the capacitors 114 and 214 are connected together by means of a connection 4.
  • the parts 125 and 225 of the oscillator circuit are each individually connected as an oscillator.
  • An impedance between the anode 107 and the cathode 109 is constituted by the feedback capacitor 111.
  • An impedance between the grid 108 and the cathode 109 is constituted by the cathode circuit 126; in this connection it is assumed that the grid capacitor 118 forms a shortcircuit for high-frequency currents.
  • An impedance between the grid 108 and the anode 107 is constituted by the input impedance, between the connection 106 and earth, of the wave tube 104 connected in series with the coupling capacitor 124 and a coaxial transmission line between 105 and 106.
  • the coil 112 is manufactured from hollow pipe in the interior of which the connection 115 is provided.
  • the connection 1 15 with the coil 1 l2 constitutes a coaxial choke coil. If this is not done, the connection 115 must be constructed as a separate coil to prevent the cathode 109 from being shortcircuited to earth for high-frequency currents via the filament supply.
  • the grid capacitor 118 and the grid resistor 1 19 together ensure a negative grid voltage and that the choke coil 116 should be proportioned so that the influence of the same can be neglected.
  • the parts and 225 of theo scillab r circuit shown are proportioned in accordance with the invention so that the cathode circuits 126 and 226 each have a resonant frequency which lies slightly above a frequency at which the overall oscillator circuit is to oscillate.
  • the proportioning is so that circuits which are constituted by the circuits 126 and 226 with capacitors 114 and 214, respectively, connected parallel thereto, so if the connection 4 would be connected to earth) each have a resonant frequency which lies slightly below the frequency at which the total oscillator circuit is to oscillate.
  • the impedance between the anode and the grid earth must be inductive.
  • said two resonant frequencies lie between the two resonant frequencies mentioned in the preceding paragraph.
  • the total oscillator circuit can oscillate only in the push-pull mode.
  • the connection 4 has earth potential
  • the capacitor 114 is parallel to the capacitor 113, and a capacitive impedance is present between the cathode and the grid of the triodes 1 10 and 210, which is necessary for oscillation.
  • the cathodes 109 and 209 have the same voltage and the capacitors 114 and 214 are inoperative, as a result of which an inductive impedance is present between the cathode and the grid of the triodes 110 and 210 and no oscillation is possible.
  • the capacitors 114 and 214 could be combined to form one capacitor. From a point of view of manufacture and equal construction of the housings 122 and 222, however, it is convenient to use two capacitors. It is to be noted in addition that in the circuit described the triodes 110 and 210 operate with a grid which is earthed for high-frequency currents so that no neutrodynisation is necessary. Of course, the invention is not restricted to this type of circuit.
  • circuits are possible, for example, by using inductive impedances instead of the feedback capacitors 111 and 211, or by using inductive coupling with coupling loops in the wave tubes 104 and 204.
  • Inductive coupling also makes it possible to cause the dees 100 and 200 to resonate in push-pull, while the triodes 110 and 210 operate in the parallel mode.
  • the capacitors 114 and 214 an inductive impedance would have to be used in this case. All these variations fall within the characterizing feature of the invention that the cathodes 109 and 209 are connected by an impedance which is not operative in the parallel mode of the electron tubes) but is operative in the push-pull mode.
  • the transmitter tubes convey an anode voltage( relative to the grid earthed for high-frequency currents) with an effective value of approximately 7 kV and an anode current with an effective value of approximately 10 A.
  • the voltage between the connection 4 and earth can be used as a signalling and, possibly, safety of the correct mode of oscillation. This voltage is zero in the push-pull mode of the triode and equal to the cathode voltage in the parallel mode.
  • An oscillator for a cyclotron comprising two accelerating electrodes, an envelope surrounding the two accelerating electrodes, two wave tubes each having an inner conductor and an outer conductor which are shortcircuited at one side, of each of which on the other side the inner conductor is connected to one of the accelerating electrodes and the outer conductors of which are connected to the envelope, two coupling impedances for the two wave tubes and an electron tube, characterized in that the oscillator comprises a second electron tube, each electron tube being connected as an oscillator with a wave tube, an accelerating electrode and a coupling impedance, a low-loss impedance being connected between the cathode of the first electron tube and the cathode of the second electron tube, and being proportioned so that the oscillator oscillates with the two accelerating electrodes either in the pushpull mode while excluding the parallel mode or in the parallel mode while excluding the push-pull mode.
  • oscillator as claimed in claim 1 characterized in t at t e low-los im e ance is c acitiv e a d roport ione so that t e O Cl labr oscill tes with lie t wo accelerating electrodes in the push-pull mode while excluding the parallel mode.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Inductance-Capacitance Distribution Constants And Capacitance-Resistance Oscillators (AREA)
US140136A 1970-05-29 1971-05-04 Oscillator for a cyclotron having two dees Expired - Lifetime US3689847A (en)

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NL7007871A NL7007871A (enExample) 1970-05-29 1970-05-29

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US3689847A true US3689847A (en) 1972-09-05

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US (1) US3689847A (enExample)
CH (1) CH530749A (enExample)
DE (1) DE2121907A1 (enExample)
FR (1) FR2093884A5 (enExample)
GB (1) GB1332244A (enExample)
NL (1) NL7007871A (enExample)

Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060164026A1 (en) * 2005-01-27 2006-07-27 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Cyclotron with beam phase selector
US20060279122A1 (en) * 2005-05-02 2006-12-14 Felicity Huffman Maternity pillow
US20070001128A1 (en) * 2004-07-21 2007-01-04 Alan Sliski Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron
US7728311B2 (en) 2005-11-18 2010-06-01 Still River Systems Incorporated Charged particle radiation therapy
US8003964B2 (en) 2007-10-11 2011-08-23 Still River Systems Incorporated Applying a particle beam to a patient
US8581523B2 (en) 2007-11-30 2013-11-12 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Interrupted particle source
US8791656B1 (en) 2013-05-31 2014-07-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Active return system
US8927950B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-01-06 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam
US8933650B2 (en) 2007-11-30 2015-01-13 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Matching a resonant frequency of a resonant cavity to a frequency of an input voltage
US9155186B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-10-06 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam using magnetic field flutter
US9185789B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-11-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic shims to alter magnetic fields
US9301384B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2016-03-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adjusting energy of a particle beam
US9545528B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-01-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling particle therapy
US9622335B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-04-11 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic field regenerator
US9661736B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2017-05-23 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Scanning system for a particle therapy system
US9681531B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-06-13 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Control system for a particle accelerator
US9723705B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-08-01 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling intensity of a particle beam
US9730308B2 (en) 2013-06-12 2017-08-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle accelerator that produces charged particles having variable energies
US9950194B2 (en) 2014-09-09 2018-04-24 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Patient positioning system
US9962560B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2018-05-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader
US10254739B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2019-04-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Coil positioning system
US10258810B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2019-04-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle beam scanning
US10646728B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-05-12 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10653892B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2020-05-19 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Configurable collimator controlled using linear motors
US10675487B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2020-06-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Energy degrader enabling high-speed energy switching
US10925147B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2021-02-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Treatment planning
US11103730B2 (en) 2017-02-23 2021-08-31 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Automated treatment in particle therapy
US11291861B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2022-04-05 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Delivery of radiation by column and generating a treatment plan therefor

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2701304A (en) * 1951-05-31 1955-02-01 Gen Electric Cyclotron

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2701304A (en) * 1951-05-31 1955-02-01 Gen Electric Cyclotron

Cited By (59)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8952634B2 (en) 2004-07-21 2015-02-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron
US20070001128A1 (en) * 2004-07-21 2007-01-04 Alan Sliski Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron
US7402963B2 (en) * 2004-07-21 2008-07-22 Still River Systems, Inc. Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron
US20080218102A1 (en) * 2004-07-21 2008-09-11 Alan Sliski Programmable radio frequency waveform generatior for a synchrocyclotron
US20100045213A1 (en) 2004-07-21 2010-02-25 Still River Systems, Inc. Programmable Radio Frequency Waveform Generator for a Synchrocyclotron
USRE48047E1 (en) 2004-07-21 2020-06-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron
US7626347B2 (en) 2004-07-21 2009-12-01 Still River Systems, Inc. Programmable radio frequency waveform generator for a synchrocyclotron
US7315140B2 (en) * 2005-01-27 2008-01-01 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Cyclotron with beam phase selector
US20060164026A1 (en) * 2005-01-27 2006-07-27 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Cyclotron with beam phase selector
US20060279122A1 (en) * 2005-05-02 2006-12-14 Felicity Huffman Maternity pillow
US8907311B2 (en) 2005-11-18 2014-12-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Charged particle radiation therapy
US9452301B2 (en) 2005-11-18 2016-09-27 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Inner gantry
US7728311B2 (en) 2005-11-18 2010-06-01 Still River Systems Incorporated Charged particle radiation therapy
US8916843B2 (en) 2005-11-18 2014-12-23 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Inner gantry
US10722735B2 (en) 2005-11-18 2020-07-28 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Inner gantry
US9925395B2 (en) 2005-11-18 2018-03-27 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Inner gantry
US8344340B2 (en) 2005-11-18 2013-01-01 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Inner gantry
US10279199B2 (en) 2005-11-18 2019-05-07 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Inner gantry
US8003964B2 (en) 2007-10-11 2011-08-23 Still River Systems Incorporated Applying a particle beam to a patient
US8941083B2 (en) 2007-10-11 2015-01-27 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Applying a particle beam to a patient
US8581523B2 (en) 2007-11-30 2013-11-12 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Interrupted particle source
US8970137B2 (en) 2007-11-30 2015-03-03 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Interrupted particle source
USRE48317E1 (en) 2007-11-30 2020-11-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Interrupted particle source
US8933650B2 (en) 2007-11-30 2015-01-13 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Matching a resonant frequency of a resonant cavity to a frequency of an input voltage
US9706636B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-07-11 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adjusting energy of a particle beam
US9185789B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-11-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic shims to alter magnetic fields
US8927950B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-01-06 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam
US9681531B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-06-13 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Control system for a particle accelerator
US9545528B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-01-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling particle therapy
US9723705B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-08-01 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling intensity of a particle beam
US9301384B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2016-03-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adjusting energy of a particle beam
US9155186B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2015-10-06 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Focusing a particle beam using magnetic field flutter
US9622335B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2017-04-11 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic field regenerator
US10155124B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2018-12-18 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Controlling particle therapy
US10254739B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2019-04-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Coil positioning system
US10368429B2 (en) 2012-09-28 2019-07-30 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Magnetic field regenerator
US8791656B1 (en) 2013-05-31 2014-07-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Active return system
US9730308B2 (en) 2013-06-12 2017-08-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle accelerator that produces charged particles having variable energies
US10258810B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2019-04-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle beam scanning
US10456591B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2019-10-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Particle beam scanning
US9962560B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2018-05-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader
US10675487B2 (en) 2013-12-20 2020-06-09 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Energy degrader enabling high-speed energy switching
US10434331B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2019-10-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Scanning system
US11717700B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2023-08-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Scanning system
US9661736B2 (en) 2014-02-20 2017-05-23 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Scanning system for a particle therapy system
US9950194B2 (en) 2014-09-09 2018-04-24 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Patient positioning system
US10646728B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-05-12 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10786689B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2020-09-29 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US11213697B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2022-01-04 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US11786754B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2023-10-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Adaptive aperture
US10925147B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2021-02-16 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Treatment planning
US12150235B2 (en) 2016-07-08 2024-11-19 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Treatment planning
US11103730B2 (en) 2017-02-23 2021-08-31 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Automated treatment in particle therapy
US10653892B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2020-05-19 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Configurable collimator controlled using linear motors
US11291861B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2022-04-05 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Delivery of radiation by column and generating a treatment plan therefor
US11311746B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2022-04-26 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader for a particle therapy system
US11717703B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2023-08-08 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Delivery of radiation by column and generating a treatment plan therefor
US12161885B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2024-12-10 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Delivery of radiation by column and generating a treatment plan therefor
US12168147B2 (en) 2019-03-08 2024-12-17 Mevion Medical Systems, Inc. Collimator and energy degrader for a particle therapy system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL7007871A (enExample) 1971-12-01
FR2093884A5 (enExample) 1972-01-28
DE2121907A1 (de) 1971-12-09
CH530749A (de) 1972-11-15
GB1332244A (en) 1973-10-03

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