US3688507A - Grouting - Google Patents

Grouting Download PDF

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Publication number
US3688507A
US3688507A US19302A US3688507DA US3688507A US 3688507 A US3688507 A US 3688507A US 19302 A US19302 A US 19302A US 3688507D A US3688507D A US 3688507DA US 3688507 A US3688507 A US 3688507A
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Prior art keywords
holes
grout
barrier
fracturing
grouting
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Expired - Lifetime
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US19302A
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English (en)
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Donald Sinclair Muller
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D19/00—Keeping dry foundation sites or other areas in the ground
    • E02D19/06—Restraining of underground water
    • E02D19/12—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water
    • E02D19/16—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water by placing or applying sealing substances
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/12—Consolidating by placing solidifying or pore-filling substances in the soil
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/02—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution against ground humidity or ground water

Definitions

  • Grouting is a well-known technique. Boreholes are drilled in the zone in which the barrier is to be formed. A grouting composition which preferably is a cement grout but could be a chemical grout is injected into the boreholes in order to force the strata fluid out of the natural fissures and pores in the rock and to allow the grout to set and form a permanent seal.
  • a grouting composition which preferably is a cement grout but could be a chemical grout is injected into the boreholes in order to force the strata fluid out of the natural fissures and pores in the rock and to allow the grout to set and form a permanent seal.
  • a method of providing a water-proof barrier in rock strata in which holes are drilled in a zone in which the barrier is to be formed and grout is injected into the holes to form the barrier is characterized by the step of presplitting the stratum or strata in which the barrier is to be formed in the region which the barrier is to occupy.
  • pre-splitting is meant the simultaneous application of fracturing pressures to adjacent holes of a series. in this way directionally controlled fractures are formed which extend between adjacent holes to provide a fracture plane or planes.
  • the grout may be a cement grout or it may be another grouting material.
  • the ground formation will then readily accept a grout such as a cement grout with relatively coarse particles.
  • the preferred method of pre-splitting the ground formation to form cracks is to drill holes in the ground, and then insert blasting charges in the holes to produce, on detonation, the required cracks.
  • the holes can be drilled in a predetermined pattern with precision and the known pre-splitting blasting technique can be used to form a honeycomb of cracks in the desired position in the formation.
  • the pre-splitting blasting technique can be modified for particular purposes in the following way: Explosive charges which have the shape of a slim longitudinal column are formed with hollow grooves at the perimeter in longitudinal direction of the charge. Such explosive charges will detonate with the well-known hollowcharge effect, which focuses the explosives energy into and towards the hollow space during detonation. The longitudinal groove will create a longitudinal hollowcharge effect so that the transmission of the explosive energy is focused into pre-determined directions.
  • the explosive charges have to be placed in the borehole in an oriented manner. This orientation can be achieved in various ways, eg by inserting a profiled recoverable plastic tube during the process of charging the boreholes. The application of a plastic tube can be combined with oriented cushioning of the explosive charge thus partially reducing the transmission of explosive energy towards undesirable directions. Such modifications increase the pre-splitting effect of of explosive charges in a borehole pattern.
  • the initial pre-split could be achieved by means of blasting, after which subsequent high pressure injection of fluids with suitable viscosity containing sized sand could jack-up and keep open the fractures. Thereafter, cement grouting would create bonding and sealing of the impermeable barrier zone.
  • the spacing of the holes and the method of fracturing depend upon the formation conditions encountered and the desired type of barrier to be formed.
  • FlGS. l, 2 and 3 illustrate the formation of waterproof barriers in shaft sinking, eg for mines;
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the formation of waterproof barriers in tunnelling
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the formation of waterproof curtains.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates diagrammatically in section a typical ground formation in which a mine shaft, indicated by dashed lines 10, is to be sunk.
  • a mine shaft indicated by dashed lines 10
  • holes ll are drilled, the holes being in two circles spaced apart and between which a waterproof barrier is formed.
  • controlled pre-splitting using blasting as described above is employed to cause cracks throughout the region 12 where the barrier is required.
  • cement grout is injected into this region via the boreholes.
  • the holes 11 and 14 are fractured over their bottom length only to insure that the fracture zone occurs outside the perimeter of the proposed shaft.
  • Each series of holes is arranged to overlap the previous series to insure that a continuous barrier is formed.
  • the holes which have been used for the pre-splitting are also used for the cement grout injection to economize on drilling costs. However, separate holes may be drilled for grouting purposes if so desired.
  • cement grout is used but if cement-aggressive waters exist in the formations special cements could be used to resist chemical attack. Chemical grout may be used alone or in combination with the cement grout if desired.
  • the zone of controlled fracture grouting however can form the immediate circumference of the area which is to be excavated.
  • the techniques of improving the focusing of the pre-splitting energy into predetermined direction using explosives charges with hollow grooves in oriented arrangement thus creating a linear hollow charge effect could be used.
  • Radial fracturing around the excavation area can in this way be reduced and smooth excavation surfaces can be created.
  • radial fracturing around the pre-splitting zone can be reduced and a reasonably well controlled grout-treatment zone can be formed.
  • Controlled fracture grouting can have the form of circumferential wall treatment eg from the surface through the permeable water bearing strata zone in single stage or in staggered multiple stages finally linking up into impermeable strata; from impermeable strata in the same way through permeable water bearing strata finally. linking up into impermeable strata, and/or could have the form of plug-type treatment e. g. below the bottom of a shaft or for a mine shaft which is to be sunk through extensive permeable strata from circular sub-levels or ahead of the face of tunnels or inclines located in permeable water bearing strata.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the formation, in multiple stages, of a waterproof barrier around a deep shaft.
  • the uppermost layer of the ground strata is impermeable and the shaft is sunk to a level before starting drilling.
  • holes 21 are drilled in directions inclined to the vertical and close together to enable waterproof barriers 22 and 23 to be formed by controlled splitting and grouting. These barriers are of conical form lying outside the periphery of the required shaft.
  • the shaft is then sunk within this barrier to a level indicated by the dashed line 2 3.
  • further holes 25 can be drilled to form further barriers 26, 27. It will be noted that each successive barrier overlaps and is immediately adjacent the preceding barrier so that a continuous waterproof region is extended downwards into the ground. As shown in the drawing, the operation may be repeated until the required depth is reached.
  • the pre-splitting and injection holes can be drilled from sub-levels which are set out at a suitable radial distance around the shaft. Controlled fracture grouting and any subsequent grout ing operations which may be required to achieve complete sealing off in low permeable strata can, with this technique, be carried out simultaneously with shaft sinking. In the event of long term deterioration of the grout seals, such sub-levels will permit additional grouting without interference with shaft operation and shaft mainten n e.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a similar technique applied to tunnelling.
  • a tunnel 30 is being driven horizontally through the ground and it is required to form a waterproof barrier around the region where the tunnel is to pass through a permeable layer 31 of the strata.
  • holes 32. are drilled, at angles off-set from the axis of the tunnel, to pass through this layer 31.
  • the regions 33 between the holes are then pre-split to form cracks, as previously described, and grout is injected to form a continuous waterproof barrier around the required path of the tunnel through the permeable layer 31.
  • Controlled fracture grouting can be applied to form barriers in permeable waterbearing formations or strengthened zones of defined shape in less competent rocks, eg to create underground cut-off walls for dams or to create a foundation pattern in the ground prior to surface constructions.
  • Such a construction is illustrated in FIG. 5 where, before building a darn 40, two cut-off curtains 41, 42 are formed by drilling holes 43, splitting the rock to produce cracks and then injecting grout as previously described.
  • a method of providing a waterproof barrier in rock strata comprising drilling holes in a zone in which the barrier is to be formed, simultaneously applying fracturing pressures to adjacent holes to produce directionally controlled fractures extending between adjacent holes in a region in which the barrier is to be formed, and injecting grout into the holes to form the barrier.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
US19302A 1969-03-13 1970-03-13 Grouting Expired - Lifetime US3688507A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1335069 1969-03-13

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US3688507A true US3688507A (en) 1972-09-05

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US (1) US3688507A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2011823A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1257569A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
ZA (1) ZA701717B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2347526A1 (fr) * 1976-04-07 1977-11-04 Banyaszati Kutato Intezet Procede de protection de cavites souterraines contre les brusques irruptions d'eau
US4065927A (en) * 1975-01-20 1978-01-03 Continental Oil Company Method for blocking gas flow in a coal seam
US4305463A (en) * 1979-10-31 1981-12-15 Oil Trieval Corporation Oil recovery method and apparatus
US4900196A (en) * 1987-11-20 1990-02-13 Iit Research Institute Confinement in porous material by driving out water and substituting sealant
US5542782A (en) * 1991-06-24 1996-08-06 Halliburton Nus Environmental Corp. Method and apparatus for in situ installation of underground containment barriers under contaminated lands
US5765965A (en) * 1991-06-24 1998-06-16 Halliburton Nus Corporation Apparatus for in situ installation of underground containment barriers under contaminated lands
US5957624A (en) * 1991-06-24 1999-09-28 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company Apparatus and method for in Situ installation of underground containment barriers under contaminated lands
EP0990767A1 (en) * 1998-10-02 2000-04-05 ENITECNOLOGIE S.p.a. Process for the preparation of containment barriers impermeable to fluids
CN102767371A (zh) * 2012-06-25 2012-11-07 西安科技大学 一种利用帷幕灌浆技术实现保水采煤的方法
CN102878874A (zh) * 2012-10-09 2013-01-16 北京科技大学 深孔预裂爆破注浆方法
CN104963670A (zh) * 2015-05-18 2015-10-07 太原理工大学 一种用于井下煤层钻孔的孔内体积膨胀增透的方法
US20190040712A1 (en) * 2016-01-29 2019-02-07 Halpa Intellectual Properties B.V. Method for counteracting land subsidence in the vicinity of an underground reservoir
AU2020257049A1 (en) * 2020-07-29 2022-02-17 China University Of Mining And Technology Construction method for forming water-proof grouting curtain in water-rich porous rock stratum by blasting

Families Citing this family (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3407382C2 (de) * 1984-02-29 1994-08-04 Zueblin Ag Verfahren zur Fertigung einer etwa waagrechten Dichtungsschicht und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
DE3501128C3 (de) * 1985-01-15 1998-11-12 Keller Grundbau Gmbh Abdichtung für die Ausführung von Untertagebauwerken
CN102003191B (zh) * 2010-10-15 2012-10-10 河北钢铁集团矿业有限公司 一种矿山帷幕注浆效果判定方法
CN108589735A (zh) * 2018-05-10 2018-09-28 广州地铁设计研究院有限公司 一种涌水处理方法
CN110424434B (zh) * 2019-07-26 2021-09-07 中冶集团武汉勘察研究院有限公司 用于填海深厚块石区的搅拌桩止水帷幕及施工方法
CN112411286A (zh) * 2020-11-09 2021-02-26 安徽省新路建设工程集团有限责任公司 现役公路路堤注浆加固结构及施工方法
CN112855214B (zh) * 2021-02-03 2022-04-08 中煤科工集团西安研究院有限公司 一种深埋松散承压含水层隐蔽式截水帷幕的建造方法
CN113340169B (zh) * 2021-06-11 2022-09-06 中铁十八局集团有限公司 一种节理裂隙围岩光面爆破方法
CN115961648A (zh) * 2023-02-27 2023-04-14 长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司 特殊场地高标准垂直防渗处理方法

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1009159A (en) * 1911-08-14 1911-11-21 Gwylim S Lodwick Method of forming wells.
US1449236A (en) * 1922-09-21 1923-03-20 Adolph W Malone Method of providing anchorages
US2313109A (en) * 1939-12-18 1943-03-09 Louis S Wertz Process of treating porous masses
US2591807A (en) * 1947-08-23 1952-04-08 Haskell M Greene Oil well cementing
US2627169A (en) * 1946-07-15 1953-02-03 Koehring Co Method of producing stabilization in soil masses
US3026096A (en) * 1960-04-12 1962-03-20 Fmc Corp Methods for controlling underground water
US3062294A (en) * 1959-11-13 1962-11-06 Gulf Research Development Co Apparatus for fracturing a formation
US3208525A (en) * 1962-06-25 1965-09-28 Exxon Production Research Co Recompletion of wells
US3289762A (en) * 1963-12-26 1966-12-06 Halliburton Co Multiple fracturing in a well
US3300984A (en) * 1966-07-05 1967-01-31 Arthur L Armentrout Subterranean dam and method of making the same
US3431977A (en) * 1967-07-24 1969-03-11 Pan American Petroleum Corp Forming fractures in the desired direction in earth formations

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1009159A (en) * 1911-08-14 1911-11-21 Gwylim S Lodwick Method of forming wells.
US1449236A (en) * 1922-09-21 1923-03-20 Adolph W Malone Method of providing anchorages
US2313109A (en) * 1939-12-18 1943-03-09 Louis S Wertz Process of treating porous masses
US2627169A (en) * 1946-07-15 1953-02-03 Koehring Co Method of producing stabilization in soil masses
US2591807A (en) * 1947-08-23 1952-04-08 Haskell M Greene Oil well cementing
US3062294A (en) * 1959-11-13 1962-11-06 Gulf Research Development Co Apparatus for fracturing a formation
US3026096A (en) * 1960-04-12 1962-03-20 Fmc Corp Methods for controlling underground water
US3208525A (en) * 1962-06-25 1965-09-28 Exxon Production Research Co Recompletion of wells
US3289762A (en) * 1963-12-26 1966-12-06 Halliburton Co Multiple fracturing in a well
US3300984A (en) * 1966-07-05 1967-01-31 Arthur L Armentrout Subterranean dam and method of making the same
US3431977A (en) * 1967-07-24 1969-03-11 Pan American Petroleum Corp Forming fractures in the desired direction in earth formations

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4065927A (en) * 1975-01-20 1978-01-03 Continental Oil Company Method for blocking gas flow in a coal seam
FR2347526A1 (fr) * 1976-04-07 1977-11-04 Banyaszati Kutato Intezet Procede de protection de cavites souterraines contre les brusques irruptions d'eau
US4305463A (en) * 1979-10-31 1981-12-15 Oil Trieval Corporation Oil recovery method and apparatus
US4900196A (en) * 1987-11-20 1990-02-13 Iit Research Institute Confinement in porous material by driving out water and substituting sealant
US5957624A (en) * 1991-06-24 1999-09-28 Lockheed Martin Idaho Technologies Company Apparatus and method for in Situ installation of underground containment barriers under contaminated lands
US5765965A (en) * 1991-06-24 1998-06-16 Halliburton Nus Corporation Apparatus for in situ installation of underground containment barriers under contaminated lands
US5542782A (en) * 1991-06-24 1996-08-06 Halliburton Nus Environmental Corp. Method and apparatus for in situ installation of underground containment barriers under contaminated lands
EP0990767A1 (en) * 1998-10-02 2000-04-05 ENITECNOLOGIE S.p.a. Process for the preparation of containment barriers impermeable to fluids
CN102767371A (zh) * 2012-06-25 2012-11-07 西安科技大学 一种利用帷幕灌浆技术实现保水采煤的方法
CN102767371B (zh) * 2012-06-25 2015-05-20 西安科技大学 一种利用帷幕灌浆技术实现保水采煤的方法
CN102878874A (zh) * 2012-10-09 2013-01-16 北京科技大学 深孔预裂爆破注浆方法
CN104963670A (zh) * 2015-05-18 2015-10-07 太原理工大学 一种用于井下煤层钻孔的孔内体积膨胀增透的方法
US20190040712A1 (en) * 2016-01-29 2019-02-07 Halpa Intellectual Properties B.V. Method for counteracting land subsidence in the vicinity of an underground reservoir
AU2020257049A1 (en) * 2020-07-29 2022-02-17 China University Of Mining And Technology Construction method for forming water-proof grouting curtain in water-rich porous rock stratum by blasting
AU2020257049B2 (en) * 2020-07-29 2022-06-02 China University Of Mining And Technology Construction method for forming water-proof grouting curtain in water-rich porous rock stratum by blasting

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ZA701717B (en) 1971-04-28
GB1257569A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-12-22
DE2011823A1 (de) 1970-10-08

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