US3649116A - Discontinuous electrode for electrophotography - Google Patents

Discontinuous electrode for electrophotography Download PDF

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Publication number
US3649116A
US3649116A US746192A US3649116DA US3649116A US 3649116 A US3649116 A US 3649116A US 746192 A US746192 A US 746192A US 3649116D A US3649116D A US 3649116DA US 3649116 A US3649116 A US 3649116A
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United States
Prior art keywords
pip
electrode
electrodes
discontinuous
conductive
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Expired - Lifetime
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US746192A
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English (en)
Inventor
Maclin S Hall
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OI Glass Inc
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Owens Illinois Inc
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Assigned to OWENS-ILLINOIS GLASS CONTAINER INC. reassignment OWENS-ILLINOIS GLASS CONTAINER INC. ASSIGNS AS OF APRIL 15, 1987 THE ENTIRE INTEREST Assignors: OWENS-ILLINOIS, INC.
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/024—Photoelectret layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/056—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern using internal polarisation

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT [52] US. Cl. ..355/12, 317/262 A
  • a persistent i l polarization (P1P) electrophotography 1 8 15/02 printing system comprising at least one electrode of a discon- [58] Flew of Search "355/12; 317/262 262 A, 262 AB tinuous configuration, such as a foraminous conductive mesh, 56 R i in combination with a PI! layer such that an electric field may I 1 e and be simultaneously applied to the PIP layer while permitting UNITED STATES PATENTS light radiation to reach the PIP layer.
  • P1P persistent i l polarization
  • the electrode is positioned adjacent to the surface of the PIP 3,005,707 10/1961 Kallmann et al ..96/l layer hi h i t be toned; that is, the top surface. 3,168,022 2/1965 Limberger ...355/12 X 3,335,003 8/ 1967 Snelling ..355/ 12 X 2 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures l2 IO [4- Patented March 14, 1972 III:
  • This invention relates to novel apparatus and process for practicing electrophotographic printing or copying. More particularly, this invention relates to printing apparatus and process utilizing photoconductive insulating materials and the principles of persistent internal polarization.
  • PIP Persistent internal polarization
  • a PIP electrophotography system includes a layer of photoconductive insulating material sandwiched between a pair of field producing electrodes.
  • the phenomenon of PIP can be achieved in any material which exhibits the following characteristics:
  • the material must have a high resistivity in the dark (a low density of free charge carriers), whereby it is a good insulator in the absence of irradiation.
  • the material must be photoconductive. In other words, it must have decreased resistivity when excited with appropriate irradiation.
  • a PIP material is one which will become persistently internally polarized due to the separation of positive and negative charges when it is subjected to irradiation and the action of an electric field.
  • Typical PIP materials contemplated herein comprise binder dispersions of photoconductors and binder free thin films of photoconductors.
  • inorganic photoconductors contemplated in the process of this invention include, not by way of limitation, appropriately activated zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenide, cadmium selenide, cadmium oxide, zinc-cadmium selenides, and zinc-cadmium sulfides.
  • organic photoconductors include anthracene, chrysene, and poly (vinylcarbazole).
  • resin binders contemplated herein include not by way of limitation, cellulose acetate, cellulose ether, cellulose ester, silicones, vinyl resins, alkyds, and/or epoxy resins.
  • the PIP material When it is desired to form a latent electrostatic image in the PIP material, it is flooded with radiation and an electric field is applied so as to polarize the PIP layer. After termination of the flooding radiation, the polarity of the electric field across the PIP material is reversed and the PIP materials exposed to an image or other pattern of activating radiation. The reversal of the electric field will cause rapid depolarization of that portion (s) of the PIP material rendered photoconductive under the influence of the image-wise radiation.
  • the irradiated area of the PIP layer will repolarize and assume a polarization opposite to that of the non-irradiated or dark portion of the PIP layer.
  • the image is simulated by an internal latent electrostatic image or pattern detectable at the surface of the PIP material.
  • This latent electrostatic image is subsequently developed with charged or dipolar toner particles so as to produce a visible reproduction of the image which is capable of being viewed, photographed, or transferred, utilizing known methods in the electrophotography printing or copying art.
  • the latent electrostatic image produced in the PIP material will typically remain fixed such that a finite number of reproductions can be made.
  • the image can be erased by overall irradiation with or without an electric field, thereby returning the PIP material to a prepolarized or neutral condition capable of being used for the formation of a new electrostatic image.
  • the irradiation of the PIP material can be accomplished by means of any form of electromagnetic or particulate radiation or energy, visible or invisible, which will excite the PIP material so as to permit charge separation in an electric field.
  • electromagnetic or particulate radiation or energy includes not by way of limitation visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, X- rays gamma rays, and beta rays.
  • the typical radiation is light in the visible range.
  • this invention provides a discontinuous electrode which may be in the form of a conductive (e.g., metal or metal coated) mesh which is extremely easy to handle and conforms readily to the surface of the PIP material.
  • a removable discontinuous electrode is positioned adjacent to the top surface of the layer of PIP material such that the electrode can be removed from the surface for toning and transfer.
  • this invention features the placement of a thin mesh grid electrode on the top surface of a PIP layer and a second electrode on the bottom of the layer.
  • the second electrode is a permanent, non-removable electrode which is sufficient to support the PIP material.
  • the second electrode may be discontinuous or con tinuous, the latter is usually preferred.
  • an electric field is applied between the base electrode and the screen mesh electrode and the radiation is impinged upon the PIP layer through the interstices of the mesh.
  • the use of the top mesh electrode directly overcomes the spectral absorption limitations of the coated glass electrodes by providing sufficient electric field and light intensity in the PIP material so as to generate adequate PIP for printing purposes.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a PIP system having a removable discontinuous electrode. 1
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the PIP system of FIG. 1 upon the formation of a latent electrostatic image.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a discontinuous electrode in the form of a flat screen mesh.
  • the numeral 10 refers to a body or layer of PIP material as previously defined.
  • the PIP body 10 is sandwiched between a pair of electrodes 12 and 14 which are connected to a DC source E.
  • the electrode I2 is connected to the positive terminal of the DC source E and, accordingly, the electrode 14 is connected to the negative terminal of the DC source E.
  • the electrode 14 is located between the sources of light and the PIP body 10, this electrode 14 is of a discontinuous structure, e.g., foraminous, so as to allow the impingement ofthe light into the PIP body 10.
  • the electrode 14 is constructed of a discontinuous conductive material and may take the form of a screen mesh or like structure such as is shown in FIG. 3.
  • One possible such mesh material would be an electroformed nickel mesh which can be obtained commercially as fine as 2,000 lines per inch.
  • the light transmission property of the mesh electrode can be varied by controlling the space and the metal dimensions. Typical transmission in the rang of 60 to 90 percent is readily available.
  • Typical transmission in the rang of 60 to 90 percent is readily available.
  • FIG. 1 To initially polarize the PIP body 10, the system is flooded with light as shown in FIG. 1. Under the combined action of the light and the DC source E, it is shown schematic schematically (in FIG. 1) that negative charges are effectively conducted toward the edge of the PIP body 10, which is adjacent to the electrode 12 connected to the positive terminal of the DC source E and, conversely, positive charges in the PIP body are conducted toward the edge of the PIP body 10, which is adjacent to the electrode 14 connected to the negative terminal of the DC source E. Such charges remain trapped upon termination of irradiation.
  • FIG. 2 it is seen that only those areas of the PIP body subjected to the image-wise radiation undergo internal polarization under the force of the field produced by the reversed polarity of source E.
  • the system has thus produced a latent electrostatic image (as represented schematically by the four negative charges on the right side of the PIP body 10 adjacent to mesh electrode 14 in FIG. 2) which is capable of being toned and transferred through the use of charged electroscopic particles (not shown).
  • the discontinuous electrode 14 is removed for toning of the latent electrostatic PIP image.
  • a discontinuous electrode such as the mesh electrode 14 in this embodiment provides a rather effective and efficient electrode for use with a PIP electrophotographic printing or copying system.
  • a discontinuous electrode being simple in structure and light in weight, is suitably adapted to be used as to top electrode in a PIP system as it is sufficiently transparent for the passage of light both for polarization and for image formation within the PIP material. It is further well suited to be used as the top electrode as it will provide easy removal for the purposes of toning the electrostatic image for reproduction of the image.
  • An additional advantage of a discontinuous electrode, such as a screen mesh electrode is that the mesh is flat and mechanically rugged and flexible. Thus, such mesh is easy to handle and conforms readily to the surface of the PIP material.
  • the invention as described herein provides a discontinuous electrode which is well suited for allowing the transmission of light and is removable for printing purposes as used in conjunction with a PIP electrostatic image forming system. It should be noted that although this invention has been described in connection with a planar system, it is well suited to be used in conjunction with a rotary drum system.
  • said one of said electrodes is removable for electrostatic latent image toning purposes and comprises a discontinuous conductive electroformed nickel mesh having formed therein a plurality of openings constituting about 60% to about of the surface of said conductive mesh.
  • a discontinuous conductive electrode for use with a printing or copying system wherein a persistent electrostatic latent image is formed in a photoconductive body exhibiting persistent internal polarization when sandwiched between two conductive electrodes wherein an electric field exists between said electrodes and through the photoconductive body when an image is impressed on said photoconductive body through said discontinuous conductive electrode, said discontinuous conductive electrode being removable for elec,rostatic latent image toning purposes and comprising a substantially transparent, mechanically discontinuous conductive metal electroformed nickel mesh having formed therein a plurality of openings constituting between 60 to 90 percent of the surface of said conductive mesh.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Non-Silver Salt Photosensitive Materials And Non-Silver Salt Photography (AREA)
US746192A 1968-07-19 1968-07-19 Discontinuous electrode for electrophotography Expired - Lifetime US3649116A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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US74619268A 1968-07-19 1968-07-19

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US3649116A true US3649116A (en) 1972-03-14

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US (1) US3649116A (de)
DE (1) DE1936338A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2013302A1 (de)
GB (1) GB1274705A (de)
NL (1) NL6911109A (de)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4052208A (en) * 1973-05-04 1977-10-04 Martinelli Michael A Image recording medium employing photoconductive granules and a heat disintegrable layer
US4199229A (en) * 1976-08-31 1980-04-22 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Solid state display device
US4242433A (en) * 1977-11-16 1980-12-30 Coulter Systems Corp. High speed electrophotographic medium
US4272597A (en) * 1977-06-24 1981-06-09 Masaji Nishikawa Electrophotographic sensitizing screen
US4582770A (en) * 1980-06-25 1986-04-15 Shunpei Yamazaki Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US4673628A (en) * 1979-03-26 1987-06-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming member for electrophotography
US4889783A (en) * 1980-06-25 1989-12-26 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5070364A (en) * 1980-06-25 1991-12-03 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5103262A (en) * 1980-06-25 1992-04-07 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5144367A (en) * 1980-06-25 1992-09-01 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5143808A (en) * 1980-06-25 1992-09-01 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
USRE35198E (en) * 1978-03-03 1996-04-02 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming member for electrophotography
US5545503A (en) * 1980-06-25 1996-08-13 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Method of making printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5666603A (en) * 1995-01-26 1997-09-09 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Image-forming apparatus using X-ray for charging and cleaning a photosensitive member

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2825814A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-03-04 Haloid Co Xerographic image formation
US2833930A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-05-06 Haloid Co Electrostatic charging method and apparatus
US3005707A (en) * 1956-04-16 1961-10-24 Leonard E Ravich Devices exhibiting persistent internal polarization and methods of utilizing the same
US3168022A (en) * 1956-03-08 1965-02-02 Zindler Lumoprint Kg Apparatus for producing photocopies
US3268331A (en) * 1962-05-24 1966-08-23 Itek Corp Persistent internal polarization systems
US3335003A (en) * 1963-10-09 1967-08-08 Xerox Corp Reflex xerographic process

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2825814A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-03-04 Haloid Co Xerographic image formation
US2833930A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-05-06 Haloid Co Electrostatic charging method and apparatus
US3168022A (en) * 1956-03-08 1965-02-02 Zindler Lumoprint Kg Apparatus for producing photocopies
US3005707A (en) * 1956-04-16 1961-10-24 Leonard E Ravich Devices exhibiting persistent internal polarization and methods of utilizing the same
US3268331A (en) * 1962-05-24 1966-08-23 Itek Corp Persistent internal polarization systems
US3335003A (en) * 1963-10-09 1967-08-08 Xerox Corp Reflex xerographic process

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4052208A (en) * 1973-05-04 1977-10-04 Martinelli Michael A Image recording medium employing photoconductive granules and a heat disintegrable layer
US4199229A (en) * 1976-08-31 1980-04-22 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Solid state display device
US4272597A (en) * 1977-06-24 1981-06-09 Masaji Nishikawa Electrophotographic sensitizing screen
US4242433A (en) * 1977-11-16 1980-12-30 Coulter Systems Corp. High speed electrophotographic medium
USRE35198E (en) * 1978-03-03 1996-04-02 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming member for electrophotography
US4701394A (en) * 1979-03-26 1987-10-20 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming member for elecrophotography
US4877709A (en) * 1979-03-26 1989-10-31 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming member for electrophotography
US4737428A (en) * 1979-03-26 1988-04-12 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming process for electrophotography
US4673628A (en) * 1979-03-26 1987-06-16 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Image forming member for electrophotography
US4587187A (en) * 1980-06-25 1986-05-06 Shunpei Yamazaki Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US4600670A (en) * 1980-06-25 1986-07-15 Shunpei Yamazaki Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US4598031A (en) * 1980-06-25 1986-07-01 Shunpei Yamazaki Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US4889783A (en) * 1980-06-25 1989-12-26 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5070364A (en) * 1980-06-25 1991-12-03 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5103262A (en) * 1980-06-25 1992-04-07 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5144367A (en) * 1980-06-25 1992-09-01 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5143808A (en) * 1980-06-25 1992-09-01 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5303007A (en) * 1980-06-25 1994-04-12 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Printing apparatus for electrostatic photocopying
US4582770A (en) * 1980-06-25 1986-04-15 Shunpei Yamazaki Printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5545503A (en) * 1980-06-25 1996-08-13 Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. Method of making printing member for electrostatic photocopying
US5666603A (en) * 1995-01-26 1997-09-09 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Image-forming apparatus using X-ray for charging and cleaning a photosensitive member

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2013302A1 (de) 1970-03-27
GB1274705A (en) 1972-05-17
DE1936338A1 (de) 1970-01-22
NL6911109A (de) 1970-01-21

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Owner name: OWENS-ILLINOIS GLASS CONTAINER INC.,OHIO

Free format text: ASSIGNS AS OF APRIL 15, 1987 THE ENTIRE INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:OWENS-ILLINOIS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004869/0922

Effective date: 19870323

Owner name: OWENS-ILLINOIS GLASS CONTAINER INC., ONE SEAGATE,

Free format text: ASSIGNS AS OF APRIL 15, 1987 THE ENTIRE INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:OWENS-ILLINOIS, INC.;REEL/FRAME:004869/0922

Effective date: 19870323