US3644150A - Stabilizing of aqueous solutions of potassium persulphate - Google Patents
Stabilizing of aqueous solutions of potassium persulphate Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3644150A US3644150A US874962A US87496269A US3644150A US 3644150 A US3644150 A US 3644150A US 874962 A US874962 A US 874962A US 87496269 A US87496269 A US 87496269A US 3644150 A US3644150 A US 3644150A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- potassium
- potassium persulphate
- aqueous solution
- stabilizer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium persulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O USHAGKDGDHPEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000004159 Potassium persulphate Substances 0.000 title claims description 14
- 235000019394 potassium persulphate Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 14
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 title description 11
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MIAUJDCQDVWHEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,2-disulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1S(O)(=O)=O MIAUJDCQDVWHEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- MHWVMMHIJHHXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene-1,2,3-trisulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC(S(O)(=O)=O)=C1S(O)(=O)=O MHWVMMHIJHHXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AFAXGSQYZLGZPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanedisulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CCS(O)(=O)=O AFAXGSQYZLGZPG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UCUHCTMMKAMNTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethane-1,1,2-trisulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CC(S(O)(=O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O UCUHCTMMKAMNTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OPUAWDUYWRUIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanedisulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CS(O)(=O)=O OPUAWDUYWRUIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NARPMWPOFWHFDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanetrisulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(S(O)(=O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O NARPMWPOFWHFDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- AMRGMRPRZZHMQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylmethanedisulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(S(O)(=O)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 AMRGMRPRZZHMQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- GKXYNQJGTMGYAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylmethanetrisulfonic acid Chemical compound C(C1=CC=CC=C1)(S(=O)(=O)O)(S(=O)(=O)O)S(=O)(=O)O GKXYNQJGTMGYAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Divinylbenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229960002523 mercuric chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- LWJROJCJINYWOX-UHFFFAOYSA-L mercury dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Hg]Cl LWJROJCJINYWOX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000019612 pigmentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium sulfate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OTYBMLCTZGSZBG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001120 potassium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011151 potassium sulphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
- H01M6/045—Cells with aqueous electrolyte characterised by aqueous electrolyte
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B15/00—Peroxides; Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof; Superoxides; Ozonides
- C01B15/055—Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof
- C01B15/06—Peroxyhydrates; Peroxyacids or salts thereof containing sulfur
- C01B15/08—Peroxysulfates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F1/00—Etching metallic material by chemical means
- C23F1/10—Etching compositions
- C23F1/14—Aqueous compositions
- C23F1/16—Acidic compositions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
Definitions
- the invention relates to stabilized aqueous solutions of potassium persulfate, and particularly to a primary cell in which potassium persulfate is used as a depolarizer.
- potassium persulfate in an aqueous solution is unstable. Such potassium persulfate solutions decompose while releasing oxygen. Attempts have been made to increase the stability of potassium persulfate in aqueous solutions by addition of other potassium salts which are satisfactorily soluble in water such as potassium chloride. Stabilizer effects however of these salts are only minor.
- the invention relates to an aqueous solution of potassium persulfate, and is characterized in that this solution contains a potassium of an organic sulfonic acid whose solubility in water of 25 C. is larger than 1 g. eq./l.
- a salt both in a solid state and in a solution, is referred to in this respect as a stabilizer.
- Suitable stabilizers are especially potassium salts of methane mono sulfonic acid, ethane disulfonic acid, ethane trisulfonic acid, benzene disulfonic acid, benzene trisulfonic acid.
- Aqueous solutions of potassium persulfate are, inter alia, used as oxidants for pigmentation agents, as etchants for metals and as depolarizers in primary cells.
- the invention may advantageously be used. This particularly applies to the use for primary cells in which potassium persulfate is used as a depolarizer.
- the invention therefore particularly relates to a primary cell in which potassium persulphate as a depolarizer and a stabilizer have been used according to the invention.
- An embodiment of a primary cell according to the invention is the one in which the anode consists of zinc, the separator consists of a cation-exchanging diaphragm, and the cathode, also sometimes called depolarizer mass, consists of a compressed mass mainly comprising pulverulent carbon, for example, graphite or carbon felt, and includes a depolarizer and a stabilizer and wherein furthermore a collector, for example, a rod or plate of graphite is used.
- Primary cells according to the invention may be manufactured in manners known for such cells.
- the corrosion resistance of the zinc anode may be enhanced in known manner by treatment with a mercuric chloride solution.
- Cation-exchanging diaphragms which are known per se and consist, for example, of a sulfonated copolymer of styrene and divinyl benzene, may be used as separators. Such diaphragms are also sometimes called negative diaphragms. They prevent the passage of negative ions, but allow the positive ions, the cations, to pass.
- pulverulent graphite may be used, for example, for the carbon to be used in the depolarizer mass.
- Carbon felt is preferred, inter alia, because this can more easily be purified by a pretreatment from substances which promote the decomposition of potassium persulphate; purification may be effected, for example, by etching with a mixture of chromium acid-sulfuric acid-water.
- the starting material may be a mixture of pulverulent carbon or carbon felt and pulverulent potassium persulphate. This mixture may also contain a stabilizer in a pulverulent form.
- the applicant has found by experiments that there is a relationship between the stabilizing action of a stabilizer and the solubility thereof in water. The greater this solubility the greater the stabilizing action.
- the following stabilizers are therefore preferred: potassium salt of benzene disulphonic acid, of benzene trisulphonic acid. and of methane monosulphonic acid. in the given sequence.
- the concentration of stabilizer is to be preferably at least 1.5 g. eq./l. for a satisfactory stabilizing action in the cathode liquid (which is the liquid contained in the cathode space with which liquid also the depolarizer mass is soaked). Furthermore it has been found that when increasing the concentration of stabilizer to more than 2.5 g. eq./1. stabilizing action substantially does not increase any more, or in other words, at a concentration of approximately 2.5 g. eq./l. the stabilizing action is optimum.
- the stabilizing action of a stabilizer may be increased by incorporating in the depolarizer mass a substance acting as a buffer so that the pH in this mass is maintained between 5.5 and 8.5 and preferably between 6 and 8.
- Suitable substances are particularly zinc oxide, aluminum oxide which has not been rendered entirely anhydrous and aluminum hydroxide.
- the experiments were performed in a glass vessel provided with a calibrated tube, in which the evolved gas was collected.
- the amount of evolved gas was determined from day to day.
- the Table below shows in how many days 1 ml. ofgas had been evolved.
- experimental mixture contained: for experiment A: 3.0 g. eq./l. potassium chloride. B: 1.5 g. eq./l. potusxium uulfutc. C: 0.5 g. eq./l. mcthune monopolutisium xulfonute. D: 1.0 g. q./1. melhune monopotussium sulfonulc. E: 1.5 g. eqJl. methane monopotussium sulfonale. F: 3.0 g. eq./l. methane monopotassium sulfunule. G: 0.5 g. eq./l.
- H 1.0 g. eq./l. benzcnelJ'dipotassium sulfonale.
- l 1.5 g. e ./l. benzene-l.3-dipotassium sulfonate.
- K 3.0 g. eq./l. benzene-1,3-dipotassium sulfonate;
- L 3.0 g. eq./l. benzene-l .S-S-tripotassium sulfonutc.
- An aqueous solution of potassium persulphate characterized in that this solution contains as a stabilizer a potassium salt of an organic sulphonic acid whose solubility in water of 25 C. is larger than 1 g. eq-ll.
- An aqueous solution of potassium persulphate as claimed in claim 1. characterized in that a potassium salt of methane monosulphonic acid. methane disulphonic acid. methane trisulphonic acid. ethane disulphonic acid. ethane trisulphonic nun-u in claim 4, characterized in that a substance acting as a buffer is used which maintains the pH of the solution between 5.5 and 8.5 and preferably between 6.0 and 8.0.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL6814635A NL6814635A (enrdf_load_html_response) | 1968-10-12 | 1968-10-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3644150A true US3644150A (en) | 1972-02-22 |
Family
ID=19804913
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US874962A Expired - Lifetime US3644150A (en) | 1968-10-12 | 1969-11-07 | Stabilizing of aqueous solutions of potassium persulphate |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3644150A (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| JP (1) | JPS4816094B1 (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| DE (1) | DE1950030A1 (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| FR (1) | FR2020578A1 (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| GB (1) | GB1237309A (enrdf_load_html_response) |
| NL (1) | NL6814635A (enrdf_load_html_response) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4312929A (en) * | 1979-05-03 | 1982-01-26 | Ebauches S.A. | Polymeric electrolyte for electro-optical device |
| WO2011130622A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2011-10-20 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Method for recycling of obsolete printed circuit boards |
| US9221114B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2015-12-29 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Apparatus and method for stripping solder metals during the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment |
-
1968
- 1968-10-12 NL NL6814635A patent/NL6814635A/xx unknown
-
1969
- 1969-10-03 DE DE19691950030 patent/DE1950030A1/de active Pending
- 1969-10-09 GB GB49689/69A patent/GB1237309A/en not_active Expired
- 1969-10-09 JP JP44080672A patent/JPS4816094B1/ja active Pending
- 1969-10-10 FR FR6934759A patent/FR2020578A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1969-11-07 US US874962A patent/US3644150A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4312929A (en) * | 1979-05-03 | 1982-01-26 | Ebauches S.A. | Polymeric electrolyte for electro-optical device |
| WO2011130622A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2011-10-20 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Method for recycling of obsolete printed circuit boards |
| US9215813B2 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2015-12-15 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Method for recycling of obsolete printed circuit boards |
| US10034387B2 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2018-07-24 | Entegris, Inc. | Method for recycling of obsolete printed circuit boards |
| US9221114B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2015-12-29 | Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. | Apparatus and method for stripping solder metals during the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment |
| US9649712B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2017-05-16 | Entegris, Inc. | Apparatus and method for stripping solder metals during the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment |
| US9731368B2 (en) | 2011-12-15 | 2017-08-15 | Entegris, Inc. | Apparatus and method for stripping solder metals during the recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE1950030A1 (de) | 1970-04-30 |
| JPS4816094B1 (enrdf_load_html_response) | 1973-05-19 |
| GB1237309A (en) | 1971-06-30 |
| FR2020578A1 (enrdf_load_html_response) | 1970-07-17 |
| NL6814635A (enrdf_load_html_response) | 1970-04-14 |
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