US3640517A - Method and apparatus for processing vitreous melt - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for processing vitreous melt Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3640517A
US3640517A US25103A US3640517DA US3640517A US 3640517 A US3640517 A US 3640517A US 25103 A US25103 A US 25103A US 3640517D A US3640517D A US 3640517DA US 3640517 A US3640517 A US 3640517A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
crucible
heat
melt
conduit
exchange
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US25103A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Alfred Sendt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hermann Heye KG
Original Assignee
Hermann Heye KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19691917450 external-priority patent/DE1917450B2/de
Priority claimed from DE19691937124 external-priority patent/DE1937124B2/de
Application filed by Hermann Heye KG filed Critical Hermann Heye KG
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3640517A publication Critical patent/US3640517A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B7/00—Distributors for the molten glass; Means for taking-off charges of molten glass; Producing the gob, e.g. controlling the gob shape, weight or delivery tact
    • C03B7/02—Forehearths, i.e. feeder channels
    • C03B7/06—Means for thermal conditioning or controlling the temperature of the glass
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B5/00—Melting in furnaces; Furnaces so far as specially adapted for glass manufacture
    • C03B5/16—Special features of the melting process; Auxiliary means specially adapted for glass-melting furnaces
    • C03B5/235—Heating the glass
    • C03B5/2356—Submerged heating, e.g. by using heat pipes, hot gas or submerged combustion burners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D15/00—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies
    • F28D15/02—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes
    • F28D15/0233—Heat-exchange apparatus with the intermediate heat-transfer medium in closed tubes passing into or through the conduit walls ; Heat-exchange apparatus employing intermediate heat-transfer medium or bodies in which the medium condenses and evaporates, e.g. heat pipes the conduits having a particular shape, e.g. non-circular cross-section, annular

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the treatment of a melt of vitreous material, such as glass, with respect to its temperature. More particularly the invention relates to the controlling of the temperature of a vitreous melt under various circumstances.
  • the melting effectiveness in crucibles is a function of the heat exchange between the melting flame and the glass in the crucible.
  • metallic inserts for instance of molybdenum sheet metal
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide apparatus affording such temperature control.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide for such temperature control of the melt that the glass articles manufactured from the melt have a quality which is at least equal to that obtained with glass melt whose temperature is controlled in accordance with the prior art, and which is preferably superior.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide as homogenous as possible temperature conditions in a body of melt, and to avoid devitrification of portions of the melt due to the presence of local cool areas in the body of melt. At the same time, the formation of local "hot spots as a result of excessive flame heating during temperature increase of the body of the melt is also to be avoided.
  • a concomitant object of the invention is to provide for maximum possible thermal homogenization of the vitreous melt in feed or supply channels which convey the melt away from the crucible to other processing stations.
  • Another object is to provide not only for thermal homogenization of the melt in such supply channels both in longitudinal and transverse direction of the same, but also for a rapid but gentle variation in the melt temperature in case of a change in the melt throughput quantity for a feed channel.
  • An additional object of the invention is to provide for a reduction in the necessary heat or supply channel length.
  • Still a further object of the invention is to provide apparatus which guarantees that any individual quantity of melt is of homogenous temperature, that successive quantities of melt are of identical temperature.
  • Yet an additional object of the invention is to provide for homogenization of thermal conditions in a melt in a melting crucible.
  • one feature of the invention resides in a method of controlling the temperature of a melt of vitreous material, according to which the temperature of a vitreous melt is controlled by heat exchange between the melt and heat exchange means in form of a heat tube constituting a closed circulatory system which accommodates a liquid vaporizable heat exchange substance and a capillary structure for conveying or at least facilitating transportation of condensed heat exchange substance within the system to a region in which the substance is subject to renewed vaporization.
  • FIG. 1 is a section through a melt-containing crucible taken on the line II of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 2 is a section taken on the line II-II of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a section analogous to that of FIG. 1 through a further crucible
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a feed conduit according to the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross section through a feed conduit similar to FIG. 4 but according to a further embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a sectional view of a connection between several heat tubes in a system of such heat tubes
  • FIG. 7 is a fragmentary longitudinal section through a heat tube provided with several types of protective means against corrosion damage
  • FIG. 8 is a section on line VllI-VIII of FIG. 9 through a further feed conduit according to the invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a section taken on line IX-IX of FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 10 is a cross section through a further feed conduit according to another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. I! is a fragmentary section through a heat tube partially projecting from the body of melt with which it is to effect heat exchange;
  • FIG. 12 is a section on line XII-XII of FIG. 13, showing an extrusion head according to the present invention
  • FIG. 13 is a section on line XIII-XIII of FIG. 12;
  • FIG. 14 is a section on line XIVXIV of FIG. 13;
  • FIG. 15 is a section, on an enlarged scale, through the feed tube concentric with the outlet opening of the device shown in FIG. 12;
  • FIG. 16 is a view analogous to FIG. 12 but showing a further embodiment
  • FIG. 17 is a view similar to FIG. 16 showing still another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 18 is a section taken on line XVIIIXVIII of FIG. 17',
  • FIG. 19 is a section taken on the line XIXXIX of FIG. 18;
  • FIG. 20 is a cross section through an extrusion ring according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 21 is a view similar to FIG. 20 but illustrating a different extrusion ring
  • FIG. 22 is a diagrammatic longitudinal section through a melting crucible embodying the invention.
  • FIG. 23 is a section taken on line XXIIIXXIII of FIG. 22.
  • FIG. 24 is a section on an enlarged scale taken on line XXIV-XXIV of FIG. 22.
  • the new heat pipe circulates a liquid vaporizable heat-exchange medium in a tube constituting a closed circulatory system, independently of gravitational influence and solely as a function of the presence of a tempera ture differential. It is based on the capillary principle and the principle of surface tensions of liquids.
  • a pipe is used containing a capillary structure which is saturated with the heatexchange medium, with the latter being expelled from the capillary structure as a result of heating to the point where the heat-exchange medium becomes vaporized.
  • the vapor flows in the direction of the temperature decrease and then condenses, yielding heat of condensation.
  • the capillary structure serves to return the condensed heat exchange medium or substance to that area of the pipe where vaporization takes place.
  • one or more heat pipes may be incorporated in a vessel adapted to contain the vitreous melt, and such pipes may extend from a higher or upper to a lower strata of melt in the vessel.
  • the superior heat-exchange capability afforded by the heat pipe assures that, if for instance the heat pipe is heated by the heat of the melting flame acting upon the upper or higher strata of the melt, such heat is rapidly and substantially without temperature losses transmitted to all such portions of the heat pipe as are initially cooler than the portion which has just been subjected to the heating.
  • the result of such heat conducting efficiency is that the pipe will have everywhere substantially the same temperature at identical wall thickness, independently of the geometric configuration of the pipe.
  • the pipe may be arranged vertically or substantially vertically. Furthermore, two or more heat pipes may be axially aligned and may but need not be exteriorly connected with one another. In this manner it is possible to use heat pipes of identical length-thereby simplifying manufacturing and stocking problems-for bridging distances of different lengths greater than the unit length of the individual pipes.
  • two vertically or substantially vertically arranged pipes which are axially consecutive may overlap one another, that is the lower end portion of the upper pipe may overlap the upper portion of the lower pipe to some extent in the zone in which they overlap, heat energy can be transmitted from one to the other of the pipes.
  • One or more of the pipes arranged in this manner in a vessel accommodating a vitreous melt may have their lower portions extending at an angle to their upper portions in such a manner that the lower portions extend in parallelism or substantial parallelism with the bottom wall of the vessel. These lower portions may be located in the proximity of the bottom wall, or in contact with the same. In this manner a particularly intensive transport of thermal energy is guaranteed to those portions or areas of the vessel which are least likely to receive thermal energy from the flame acting upon the upper stratum of the melt.
  • one or more of the heat pipes may have their upper portions so bent that they extend in parallelism with and proximal to the upper level of the melt in the vessel. This makes it possible to have the heat pipe or pipes absorb heat energy for transmission predominantly at such areas of this,
  • the invention makes it possible in particular to provide a crucible which is especially suitable for the production of special vitreous melts, for instance melts for optical glass, in which the melting capacity is increased and the reduction of quality of the melt due to local overheating or cold spots with subsequent devitrification is prevented.
  • the supply vessel which receives melt from the crucible and passes it on to further processing stations, in effect constitutes an intermediate storage location for the melt. Its purpose is to provide a thermal calming" and a thermal homogenization as well as a reduction in the temperature of the melt.
  • Known storage or supply vessels of this type are provided with top heating by means of gas or oil burners.
  • the invention provides for a sufficient prehomogenization of the temperature of the melt in the storage vessel, and avoids cold spots" where devitrification can occur as well as locally overheated spots.
  • the invention therefore proposes a storage vessel containing one or several three-dimensional heat pipe systems. These can be so conflgurated that in effect the temperature in every area within the storage vessel can be regulated as desired. Thus, heat is transported by these heat pipe systems from overheated areas to those which are underheated, to thereby produce a uniform temperature in the melt.
  • the arrangement of the system or systems of heat pipes can be such that it extends throughout or substantially throughout the entire body of melt which is accommodated in the storage vessel.
  • only a single heat pipe arranged and conflgurated in desired manner can be utilized, or several individual heat pipes can be used which for heat exchange purposes locally approach one another or are locally connected with one another.
  • the connection can be such that only the outer surfaces of the tubes or pipes, or their inner surfaces and capillary structures are connected with one another. In the latter case it will be appreciated, of course, that the temperature of the thus-connected pipes will be substantially uniform throughout.
  • each such above-mentioned system is composed of a grid of straight heat pipes. If the system is completely immersed within the body of melt and no heat pipes extend through the walls of the storage vessel, then it is at most possible to influence the temperature of the system from the exterior by indirect means, for instance through the direction and radiation of the flame of a burner acting upon the melt.
  • a control arrangement may be provided which is preferably located exteriorly of the body of melt and which may be controllable or regulatable, such as a blower or a water jacket, in which case at least one heat pipe of the system or systems may for instance extend upwardly through the upper level of the body of melt and be coupled with the tempering device.
  • a control arrangement may be provided which is preferably located exteriorly of the body of melt and which may be controllable or regulatable, such as a blower or a water jacket, in which case at least one heat pipe of the system or systems may for instance extend upwardly through the upper level of the body of melt and be coupled with the tempering device.
  • anticorrosion means for instance by encircling it with a platinum ring. This prevents corrosion of the material of the pipe which otherwise would take place.
  • the problems which the present invention seeks to overcome are particularly bothersome in the feed or supply conduits.
  • the machines receiving the melt for further processing require for maximum performance that each individual quantity of melt received be thermally homogenous, i.e., be of uniform temperature, and that the temperature of successive quantities of melt be as near identical as possible. Temperature variations between individual quantities of melt may for instance influence the weight of the quantity of melt, its form with respect to length, cross section and straightness of its axis, and they may influence the operating circumstances of the machine, for instance by adversely influencing the operation of the machine which is set in consideration of a particular melt temperature.
  • a further problem encountered in this context are the temperature changes of the melt which are necessary when for instance the weight of the individual quantity of melt supplied to the machine is to be changed, because of the limited heat conductivity throughout the melt and the occasional special temperature sensitivity of certain types of melt.
  • Each of such heat pipe systems in the melt supply conduit may be constructed analogously to the details mentioned above with respect to their use in the supply vessel.
  • Several heat pipes may extend in parallelism with the direction of flow of melt through the conduit proximal to the bottom wall of the latter, and they may each have at least one end portion which extends upwardly.
  • Those portions which extend in parallelism with the flow of the melt provide for a continuous temperature of the melt flowing through the supply conduit, while the upwardly extending end portions provide for a transverse heat exchange between different strata of the melt flowing through the conduit, that isheat exchange transversely to the direction of movement of the melt.
  • the heat pipe system may use several straight longitudinally extending heat pipes which extend in parallelism with the direction of flow of the melt, substantially in a common plane, and which may or may not be connected transversely with one another by one or more additional heat pipes.
  • One end of the supply conduit in known manner is a so-called supply head having an outlet opening and a nozzle ring connected therewith. To assure proper and uniform formation of drops or gobs of melt or parisons or individual quantities of melt at the nozzle ring, it is necessary that within the region of the headthe melt be either maintained at uniform temperature, or be given uniform temperature if it does not already have it.
  • the present invention overcomes these problems by locating in the region in question, that is in the melt in the supply head, one or more heat; pipe systems.
  • the thus-constructed supply head may of course be supplied with melt by a supply conduit which itself is constructed according to the present invention. In this manner regulation of the temperature of the melt can be carried out over a relatively long distance at lower specific stresses upon the melt.
  • the wall of the outlet opening in the supply head may itself be configurated as a heat pipe in accordance with the invention. in certain applications this alone without the provision of additional heat pipes will be. sufficient for obtaining the necessary thermal uniformity of the melt.
  • the wall may have a cylindrical inner surface and an outer surface which is coaxial with and outwardly spaced from the inner surface and fluid tightly connected therewith, with the juxtaposed sides of the same being provided with capillary structure.
  • the wall having the outer surface may either be cylindrical itself, or if it is desired to increase its wall surface area, it may be outwardly bowed.
  • the outer side of the wall having the outermost surface may also be provided with a temperature regulating device, or connected therewith for heat exchange purposes in the sense described earlier.
  • one or several rings or sections or rings composed of heat pipe may be provided coaxially with the outlet opening of the supply head.
  • This provides a concentric temperature regulation of the glass melt, adapted to the flow conditions of the glass melt.
  • one or several of the rings or sections of rings may be providedwith projections or extensions of heat pipe which extend in the direction of the advancing melt, that is oppositely to the direction of advancement of the same. It is also possible to arrange coaxially with the outlet opening of the supply head a helically convoluted heat pipe which also circularly influences the flowing melt.
  • one or several plates may be provided each of which is provided with an embedded net of heatexchange pipes. These plates prevent direct contact between the melt and heat-exchange pipes and at the same time serve as a heat-storing and thermally damping medium interposed between the melt and the heat pipes.
  • the outline of each plate may for instance correspond to the free cross section of the supply head.
  • Each plate may also extend substantially in parallelism with the direction of flow of the melt. It is particularly advantageous if such a plate is arranged on or in the bottom wall of the supply head.
  • One or more additional such plates may be arranged above this first plate and supported either by supports of heat pipe or simply by supports of material which is not subject to destruction by contact with the melt.
  • the plates may consist of metal which is either noncoloring or provided with a noncoloring layer, for instance of a ceramic material. According to an embodiment of the invention at least one such plate extends into the supply conduit, and it will be appreciated that if desired or necessary the entire supply conduit may be provided with one or several of such plates itself.
  • the nozzle ring from which drops of melt issue after passing through the outlet opening of the supply head may also be provided interiorly with a heat pipe structure.
  • a heat pipe structure Such an arrangement in particular avoids the thermal difficulties which exist in known multiple-drop nozzle rings at the space between the individual drop outlets. These portions of the ring which define such spaces heretofore are cooled only with air and in insufficient manner, so that quite frequently undesired form changes of the issuing drops occur as a result of the differential temperature conditions at the circumference of the issuing drops. It is also possible, however, in accordance with the present invention to surround each drop outlet of the ring externally with a heat pipe structure. In this case the latter is subjected to lower temperatures, but as in the preceding embodiments a temperature is obtained and enforced for the issuing drop or quantity of melt or parison, which is even over the entire circumference of the same.
  • At least those surfaces of the pipe which come in contact with the melt consist of material which is inert and resistant to the melt, for instance ceramic, certain metals or a cover of ceramic or such metals. n the one hand this avoids deleterious influences of the heat pipe on the melt, for instance color changes of the melt through the intrusion of oxides and on the other hand it avoids damage to the heat pipe itself.
  • at least those surface portions of the heat pipe which are located outside the melt are provided with a coating of corrosion resistant material, for instance ceramic, which surrounds the heat pipe with spacing, with the space being fillable with melt.
  • melts and particularly specialty glass melts, in melting crucibles.
  • the latter of course are known and are predominantly used for melting of special glasses which are usually expected to be of exceptionally high quality.
  • the final quality largely depends upon the temperature conditions within the melt contained in the melting crucible and many attempts have therefore been made to provide for optimum temperature conditions under the circumstances. However, they have not been as successful as desirable.
  • the present invention can overcome or at least alleviate these problems by utilizing in such melting crucibles the same arrangement of heat pipes as has been set forth with respect to other types of vessels.
  • the sidewalls and/or the bottom wall of such a melting crucible may be of double-walled configuration and the space between the inner and outer wall may be constructed as a heat pipe.
  • control of the temperature of the outer surface or outer wall of the melting crucible and thereby of the melt itself can be carried out at any desired points of the outer surface of the crucible in any desired manner, for instance by gas heating or by means of electrical resistance heating.
  • Theoretically control of the temperature of a very small area of the outer wall of the crucible would be sufficient to obtain an excellent thermal homogenization of the melt accommodated in the melting crucible.
  • the sidewall and/or the bottom wall of such a melting crucible may also be provided with several recesses into which inserts can be placed which are configurated as heat pipes.
  • inserts may be solder connected or otherwise connected with the crucible to further the heat exchange between insert and crucible.
  • Such inserts can be locally introduced at points of the crucible which require special tempering treatment.
  • Another advantage is the fact that the inserts can be reused even if the crucible itself has become damaged beyond repair and must be replaced.
  • a single set of such inserts may serve to effect control of the temperature of the melt in several melting crucibles either sequentially or simultaneously, assuming in the latter case that not all inserts are needed at any one time for tempering a single crucible.
  • the inserts in unison can be connected with one another by heat pipe sections. It is also possible to have one or several heat pipes extend into the melt, the purpose being to guarantee the desired thermal conditioning of the melt even if the influencing of the melt temperature for instance in the case of very large crucibles-from the inner wall of the crucible alone is not possible.
  • the crucible is of the type utilizing a double wall which is itself constructed as a heat pipe. In such latter type of construction the additional heat pipes extending from exteriorly into the body of melt in the crucible may be connected with temperature control devices located exteriorly of the melt.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 it will be seen that in these Figures l have illustrated a melting crucible 30 which is filled with a body of vitreous melt 32 to a level 31.
  • supply conduits 33 and 34 for combustible fuel, such as gas, oil or the like, and air supply conduits 37 and 38 which communicate with the laterally located regenerating chambers 39 and 40.
  • heat-exchange means in form of heat pipes 43-46 which are arranged vertically or substantially vertically in the melt 32, being maintained in their desired position by nonillustrated suitable means, such as ceramic stands, ceramic holders or the like.
  • suitable means such as ceramic stands, ceramic holders or the like.
  • the cross-sectional configuration of these heat pipes 43-46 may be selected, for instance, in accordance with the considerations discussed subsequently in connection with the embodiments of FIGS. 7 and 14.
  • At least one of the heat pipes namely the one identified with reference numeral 43, has an upper portion 47 which extends below the level 31 in at least substantial parallelism therewith.
  • the heat pipe 43 is further provided with a lower portion 49 which extends in parallelism with the bottom wall 50 of the crucible 30, being spaced from but proximal to the bottom wall 50.
  • the portion 49 can also be in contact with the bottom wall 50. It will be appreciated, of course, it is equally possible for portions analogous to those identified with reference numerals 47 and 49 to be provided on one of the other heat pipes instead of the heat pipe 43, or to provide more than one of the heat pipes with such portions.
  • the heat pipe 45 consists of two axially arrayed discrete heat pipes 53 and 54 which are in axial alignment and which at their point of connection 55 are belled for facilitating heat exchange between the two conduits 53 and 54.
  • pipe 46 which is composed of two discrete conduits 57 and 58 each of which is of course sealed by itself and which have adjacent end portions so arranged that in vertical direction-with respect to the crucible 30-they overlap to some extent as illustrated, to thereby provide for heat exchange between the overlapping portions.
  • FIG. 2 shows that additional heat pipes 60 and 61 can be arranged so as to be immersed in the melt, and these correspond to the heat pipe 43.
  • a melting crucible is again identified with reference numeral 30 and provided with heat pipes 63-65 the lower end portions of which are angled with respect to the remainder of the respective pipe and extend in parallelism with the bottom wall 50.
  • the remainder of each of the pipes is arranged in a vertical plane. It is advantageous to provide several sets of such pipes 63-65 which are located in different planes in the respective vessel, that is here the melting crucible 30.
  • FIG. 4 shows a supply conduit which supplies vitreous melt from the crucible 30 via a supply vessel to a processing station.
  • the supply conduit is identified with reference numeral 70 and essentially it comprises a bottom wall 71, sidewails 72 and 73 and a cover 74 as shown in FIG. 5. It is emphasized that in essence the basic construction of the conduit 70 corresponds to that of a supply vessel, except for the different configuration and for the fact that in the supply vessel the melt is accommodated for withdrawal into the conduit 70, whereas in the conduit 70 the melt moves along the latter. It will be remembered that the supply vessel is interposed between the melting crucible 30 and the conduit 70, with the latter receiving the melt from the supply vessel rather than directly from the melting crucible.
  • the supply conduit 70 is provided with two sets or systems of heat pipes, with each set being identified with reference numeral 75 and 76, respectively.
  • the direction of flow of the melt through the conduit 70 is identified with the arrow 77, and the two sets 75 and 76 are arranged spaced from one another in the direction '77.
  • Each of the sets 75 and 76 is composed of a three-dimensional grid of straight heat pipes 80-82.
  • the heat pipes 80 and 81 are so connected as to define with one another a planar vertically oriented grid.
  • the two grids of the sets 75 and 76 are then connected by the longitudinally extending heat pipes 82.
  • the various heat pipes 80-82 may be placed into engagement with one another at their respective crossing points, and may be connected only at such crossing points, or that they may be inserted into a connecting block 85 provided at the crossing points and serving to maintain the heat pipes in their respective positions as well as to facilitate heat exchange between them.
  • FIG. 5 further shows the provision of an additional three-dimensional grid composed of heat pipes 91-93, which grid differs from those identified with reference numerals 75 and 76 and is located below the upper level 89 of the melt 90 with the lower crosswise-extending pipes 92 being directly supported on the bottom wall 71 of the feed or supply conduit 70
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a connecting element 95 corresponding to the previously discussed block 85.
  • the heat pipes 80-82 are each sealtightly connected with a housing 97 the interior of which is provided with capillary structure 98 which is in contact with the capillary structure 99-101 accommodated in the heat pipes 80-82, via openings provided in the housing 97.
  • capillary structure 98 which is in contact with the capillary structure 99-101 accommodated in the heat pipes 80-82, via openings provided in the housing 97.
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view through a heat pipe 137 provided on its inner side with capillary structure 138.
  • the exterior can either be coated with the corrosion-resistant or corrosion-free layer 139 of a suitable material, such as ceramic, or the exterior of the heat pipe 137 may be surrounded with spacing by a jacket 140 of such corrosion-resistant or corrosion-free material. It is particularly advantageous to fill the space between the he at pipe 137 and the jacket 140 with vitreous melt and to prevent the circulation thereof, if at all possible, because this guarantees that no substantial quantities of oxygen can be carried to the outer side of the heat pipe 137 so that the danger of corrosion is eliminated.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a supply conduit which terminates in a supply head 107 having an outlet opening 108 and a tumable tube 109 arranged thereabove.
  • the conduit 105 and the head 107 are provided with covering means 110 and containing vitreous melt 111 to an upper level 112, with the melt issuing from the head 107 in the direction of the arrow 113.
  • a plunger mechanism for expressing quantities of the melt from the outlet nozzles; because this does not form a part of the present invention and for the sake of clarity of illustration, such mechanism has been omitted here.
  • FIG. 8 shows clearly, a plurality of longitudinally extending heat pipes 117-119 is arranged proximal to the bottom wall 116 of the supply conduit 105, extending in the flow direction 115 of the melt 111.
  • these heat pipes 117-119 are provided with an upwardly angled section, such as the one identified with reference numeral 121, which extends, upwardly through the cover 110 and is surrounded with spacing by a jacket 123 of corrosion-resistant material, such as ceramic, in the manner discussed above with reference to FIG. 7.
  • the space defined between the respective section and the jacket 123 may be filled with vitreous melt, not only for corrosion protective purposes but also for facilitating heat-exchange characteristics. If the wall of the heat pipes, or at least of the sections extending upwardly above the level 112 of the melt 111, consists of noncorroding material or is coated with such, the jacket 123 may be omitted.
  • the temperature of a portion of the outer surface of the jacket 123 is controlled by a temperature control device 125 through which a heat-exchange medium such as air, flows in the direction of the arrows 126.
  • transversely extending heat pipe 130-134 immersed in the melt 111 and extending to differential depths with respect to the upper level 112. They are substantially U- shaped in outline and the heat-exchange pipe 130 is completely immersed below the level 112 and thus not subject to corrosion-causing influences above this level. It is supported on the bottom wall 116 of the conduit 105 by means of ceramic holders 145 and 146.
  • the heat pipes 131-134 are secured to the cover 110 and may, if desired or necessary, be further supported on the bottom wall 116 by means of ceramic holders or stands. Those portions of the heat pipes 131-134 which extend out of the melt 111 may be connected with temperature control devices 1 corresponding with or analogous to the device 125 previously discussed. It is clear from FIG. 9 in particular that substantially the entire cross section of the supply conduit 105 is subject to the influence of heat pipes in the embodiment of FIGS. 8 and 9.
  • FIG. shows, if the melt 147 flowing in a supply conduit 148 is of relatively small depth, it is sufficient to use several straight longitudinally extending heat pipes 149-152 for influencing and controlling temperature conditions in the melt 147.
  • the pipes are located in a plane of the melt which extends in parallelism with the flow direction of the latter; if desired or necessary a cross-connection 154 may be provided for the pipes 149-152, also consisting of heat pipe.
  • a temperature control device 53 is shown for that portion of a heat pipe 156 which projects upwardly out of the upper level 155 of a vitreous melt.
  • the heat pipe 156 is for instance provided as a molybdenum pipe 157 provided at the upper end with an enlargement 157 and carrying on its inner surface capillary structure 159.
  • a corrosion-protection platinum ring 161 which is to prevent erosion of the material of the heat pipe 158 in the region of the level. Ifthe material of the pipe 158 or the enlargement 157 is in danger of corrosion, it may be provided at least in the region coming in contact with the medium 163 with a corrosion-resistant coating 164, for instance of gold.
  • FIG. 12 A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 12.
  • a supply conduit 167 is illustrated which terminates in a supply head 168.
  • heat pipes 173-175 Arranged below the level 170 of the melt 171 in the conduit 167 there are provided heat pipes 173-175; in the supply head 168 there is provided a stack of heat pipes 177-180.
  • the latter heat pipes are substantially coaxial with an outlet opening 183 of the supply head 167, and with a turnable tube 185 located above the outlet opening and passing through a cover 184; the heat pipes 177-180 are supported on ceramic supports 187-189, except for the lowermost heat pipe which is directly supported on the bottom wall 191 of the supply head 168.
  • the configuration of the heat pipes 177-180 is substantially ring shaped in outline and open-although this is not necessaryin the direction of the melt arriving from the supply conduit 167.
  • This opening is identified with reference numeral 191 in FIG. 13 with reference to the heat pipe 168.
  • the corresponding opening has the outline of a semicircle.
  • a circularly configurated heat pipe'197 is inserted into the outlet opening 183 of the supply head 168 and has a cylindrical inner wall 198 and a cylindrical outer wall 199 which are connected sealtightly at the ends and whose inner surfaces are covered with cohesive capillary structure 200.
  • nozzle ring 203 Downwardly of the outlet opening 183 there is a nozzle ring 203 which cooperates with the outlet opening and which further cooperates with a nonillustrated conventional plunger.
  • FIG. 14 is a cross section through a heat pipe which can be used generally in the various embodiments according to the present invention, including the embodiment in FIGS. 12 and 13.
  • the wall of the pipe is identified with reference numeral 205 and consists of a metal or ceramic, or other material which is inert and resistant with reference to the activity of the melt.
  • the material of the wall 205 must not corrode and form oxides which would tend to color the melt. If this material itself is not corrosion resistant, then its outer sur face may be provided with a coating 206 of such corrosion-resistant material.
  • FIG. 15 is an enlarged view illustrating the cylindrical heat pipe 197 incorporated in the outlet opening 183 of the supply head 168.
  • the supply head 168 corresponding to that shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 utilizes-in place of or in addition to the other heat-exchange pipes-a helically convoluted heat pipe 210 which is arranged coaxially with the outlet opening 183. It is pointed out that because of the excellent thermal homogenization afforded by the heat pipe arrangements according to the various discussed embodiments, it is possible to entirely omit the turnable tube 185.
  • FIGS. 17 and 18 shows a supply conduit 213 with an associated supply head 214 of substantially rectangular cross section.
  • Metallic plates 216 and 217 are provided of which the lower plate 216 is accommodated in a corresponding depression 219 in the bottom wall 220 of the construction.
  • Each of the plates 216 and 217 is formed with an internal network 221 and 222, respectively, of heat pipes which are of course provided internally with capillary structure and vaporizable heat-exchange liquid. If the material of which the plates 216 and 217 are made is not corrosion resistant the necessary protection may be afforded by a coating 223, for instance of ceramic material, as shown in FIG. 19.
  • the lower plate 216 will usually be adequate for effecting the desired control of the temperature of the melt.
  • the upper plate 217 may be provided in addition where particular requirements exist, and will be supported (see FIG. 17) on supports 225 which may themselves consist of heat pipes or may be composed of material resistant to the vitreous melt.
  • FIG. 20 I have illustrated a double drop nozzle ring 230 with two nozzles or outlets 231 and 232.
  • a housing 235 consists of ceramic material in the illustrated embodiment, and into this housing there is inserted a bowl-shaped heat pipe structure 236 which covers the entire inner surface of the nozzle ring 230 circumferentially thereof. It will be seen that at the left-hand side of FIG. 20 the structure 236 is sealtightly inserted into the housing 235 and is adapted to be tempered at the outer side by a channel 238 which is also provided in the housing 235 and through which a heat-exchange medium flows in the direction indicated by the arrow and in contact with the outer side of the structure 236. At the right-hand side of FIG.
  • the structure 236 is supported on projections 240 which assure the presence of a hollow space 241 between the housing 235 and the outer surface of the structure 236.
  • the possibility illustrated in the left-hand side of FIG. 20 and the possibility illustrated in the right-hand side of FIG. 20 can both be utilized in one and the same construction, or that they can each be utilized separately. If the possibility shown at the right-hand side of FIG. 20 is utilized separately, or in conjunction with that shown in the left-hand side, glass melt will enter into the space 241 in the direction of the arrows 242, and will fillbecause of an air escape opening 245 provided in the structure 236-the space surrounding the center section 247 of housing 235.
  • This melt which in effect constitutes a protective jacket, significantly reduces the danger of corrosion of the outer side of the structure 236 which would otherwise be present due to the contact with air which can enter by diffusion through the porous ceramic material of the housing 235 from the outer side of the ring 230 into contact with the outer side of the structure 236.
  • FIG. 21 I have illustrated a single-drop nozzle ring 250 having a ceramic housing 251 which is exteriorly surrounded with a downwardly open cup-shaped heat pipe structure 252.
  • this embodiment is analogous to the preceding one.
  • a temperature control device 254 may be associated with the outer side of the structure 252, and in the present embodiment this device 254 is configurated in ringshaped form with heat-exchange medium flowing in the direction of the arrow through its interior 255.
  • FIG. 22 l have illustrated a melting crucible 310 which is of the type used when a vitreous melt of a particular characteristic, for instance for high-quality glass, it to be produced.
  • the crucible 310 has an outer surface 313 and an inner surface 315 which is partially in contact with a body of vitreous melt 314.
  • the surfaces 313 and 315 are provided on a sidewall 317 which, together with the bottom wall 318, outlines and surrounds the interior space of the crucible 310'.
  • the left-hand side of FIG. 22 shows that both the sidewall 317 and the bottom wall 318 have inserted in them inserts 320 and 321 constructed as heat pipes and covered in their interior with capillary structure 323 and 324, respectively.
  • the outer surface 313 at the left-hand side of FIG. 22 is surrounded by electrically heated conductors 325 concentric with the crucible 310 and provided with a continuous protective housing 327. Heating of the bottom wall 318 is effected by means of a gas burner 330 to which gas is supplied in the direction of the arrow 331 in controllable and regulatable manner through a valve 333.
  • the entire crucible 310 can be constructed in the manner illustrated in the left-hand side of FIG. 3. However, only onehalf can be so constructed and the other half can be constructed in the manner illustrated at the right-hand side, or the entire crucible can be constructed exclusively in the manner illustrated at the right-hand side.
  • the sidewall 317 and the bottom wall 318 are of double-walled construction, so that the inner and outer wall each define with one another a circumferntially extending continuous connected hollow space 335 which is covered on its interior surfaces with capillary structure 337. In this case heating is effected by means of electrical resistance heating conductors 339 embedded in the bottom wall 318.
  • the purpose of the heat pipe 342 is to provide for a vertical homogenization of the temperature of the melt 314, that is to provide heat exchange between the inherently hotter and cooler vertically spaced strata of the melt, in order to make the temperature throughout the melt as uniform as possible. This may be necessary in certain circumstances, for instance if the size of the crucible 310 is such that the necessary and desired uniformity of temperature throughout the melt cannot be achieved only by the action of the heat pipe associated with the bottom and sidewalls. Exteriorly of the cover 340 a sleeve 345 surrounds the heat pipe 342 and heat exchange fluid can be passed throughthe sleeve in the direction of the arrows 346 and 347. Of course, other possibilities also exist.
  • FIG. 23 shows in addition to the insert 320 further axially I EXAMPLES are intended to be illustrative, rather than limitative, with reference to the construction and operation of various embodiments of the invention.
  • the wall thickness of the heat pipe may be relatively small, because Li has only a low vapor pressure in the operating temperature ranges according to (l c.
  • the material for the capillary structure should be the same as the material of the pipe.
  • Second generation heat pipes i.e., arterial heat pipes or in particular annular gap heat pipes, which render a relatively great rise of the heat-exchange liquid in other than-horizontal orientatiom
  • Thedepth of melt in conventional crucibles is between approximately and cm., and such rises are attainable with the heat pipes.
  • the heat pipes are able to transport greatheat quantities with very small temperature loss; having Li as heat-exchange medium at a temperature of for instance l,500 C., axial heat flow of up to 15 kw./cm. is attainable.
  • Operating temperature range e.g., for the glasses mentioned under ll 1 is between substantially 1,200-1 ,300 C.
  • the temperature level is, basically speaking, lower than in the melting crucible. Peak temperatures are also lower. This increases the life expectancy of the heat pipes used.
  • Wall thickness of the pipe may be smaller than in l/2/b because the lower operating temperatures reduces both the corrosion danger and the vapor pressure of the heat exchange medium.
  • first generation heat pipes with lower rise capability of the heat exchange medium may be used.
  • outside melt for instance in wall of melting crucible.
  • Melt may have a depth of up to l m.
  • a melting crucible for vitreous material comprising wall means including a bottom wall surrounding and defining a melting chamber adapted to accommodate a body of vitreous melt to a predetermined level above said bottom wall; and heat-exchange means, including sealed conduit means extending from said level towards said bottom wall, capillary means accommodated in said conduit means, and a vaporizable heatexchange liquid in said conduit and circulating lengthwise of the same with alternate conversion from vaporized to liquid state solely due to the presence of a temperature differential at spaced points of said conduit resulting from differential temperature of said melt intermediate said level and said bottom wall.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 1 said conduit means comprising at least two discrete conduits arranged lengthwise and each containing capillary means and vaporizable heatexchange liquid.
  • conduit means comprising a conduit portion extending in at least substantial parallelism with said bottom wall at least proximal to the latter.
  • conduit means comprising a conduit portion extending in at least substantial parallelism with said level proximal to but below the same.
  • a melting crucible for vitreous material comprising wall means, including a plurality of sidewalls and a bottom wall, together surrounding and defining a melting chamber adapted to accommodate a body of vitreous melt", a sealed interior space in at least one of said walls; capillary means in said space; and a body of vaporizable heat-exchange liquid in said space, circulating in the same and alternately vaporizing and condensing solely as a result of the presence of a temperature differential between two spaced points of said space in said one wall.
  • a melting crucible for vitreous material comprising wall means, including a plurality of sidewalls and a bottom wall, together surrounding and defining a melting chamber adapted to contain a body of vitreous melt; a plurality of recesses provided in at least one of said walls; and a plurality of hollow sealed inserts dimensioned to be receivable in the respective recesses, and each accommodating capillary means, and a body of vaporizable heat-exchange liquid which circulates in the interior of the respective insert and alternately vaporizes and condenses solely as a result of the pressure of a temperature differential between two spaced points of said insert.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 15, said structure comprising a plurality of straight additional heat'exchange conduits arranged so as to define with one another a three-dimensional grid.
  • each of said additional heat-exchange conduits accommodating a body of said capillary structure, and wherein the capillary structures in at least some of said additional heat-exchange conduits are in contact with one another.
  • control means comprises a cooling jacket at least in part surrounding said additional conduit means and defining therewith a clearance for circulation of a cooling fluid.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 27, said additional structure comprising a plurality of heat-exchange conduits extending proximal to a bottom wall of said supply conduit lengthwise of the same and at least one of said heat-exchange conduits having at least one end portion extending upwardly away from said bottom wall towards the upper level of melt in said supply conduit.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 28, said additional structure further comprising a plurality of substantially U-shaped heat-exchange conduits extending transversely of said supply conduit and having legs projecting upwardly away from said bottom wall.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 27, said additional structure comprising a plurality of substantially parallel straight heat-exchange conduits located in a plane paralleling the bottom wall of said supply conduit and each extending lengthwise of the latter.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 15 further comprising a supply conduit having one end communicating with said vessel for receiving melt therefrom, and an other end; a supply head having an interior space and being located at said other end in communication therewith for entry of said melt into said interior space; and at least one heat-exchange conduit system accommodated in said interior space for tempering of the melt in the same.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 32, said wall means comprising an inner and an outer circumferential wall fluidtightly connected and defining with one another a sealed annular space accommodating said capillary structure and liquid.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 33 wherein said inner and outer walls are coaxial with one another and have respective interior surfaces facing said annular space and supporting said capillary structure.
  • said at least part-circular heat-exchange conduit comprising a projecting portion projecting into said other end of said supply conduit oppositely the direction of flow of melt from said supply conduit into said interior space.
  • said heat-exchange conduit system comprising at least one plate-shaped element formed with a plurality of interior passages each of which constitutes a heat-exchange conduit.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 38 said interior space having a predetermined cross-sectional area and configuration, and wherein the area and outline of said plate-shaped element correspond at least substantially to said predetermined area and configuration.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 39 said plate-shaped element being arranged in at least substantial parallelism with the flow of said melt.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 38, said plate-shaped element extending in part from said interior space into said other I end of said supply conduit.
  • said heat-exchange conduit means comprising at least one heat-exchange conduit having a circumferential wall at least the outer surface of which is composed of material inert and resistant with respect to said vitreous melt.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 47 said heat-exchange conduit having a portion which is located exteriorly of said melt; and a jacket of corrosion-resistant material surrounding at least said portion and defining therewith an annular clearance for accommodating a quantity of said melt.
  • a crucible as defined in claim 50 said jacket having an outer side; and further comprising tempering means for tempering said outer side and thereby said heat-exchange conduit.
  • a method of making vitreous articles the steps of accommodating a vitreous melt in a container; conveying portions of said melt in a predetermined path from the container to a processing station; and affecting, upstream of said processing station, heat-exchange between said melt and at least one heat-exchange means wherein a vaporizable liquid travels in a closed circuit and alternately vaporizes and con denses solely in response to a temperature differential at spaced points of said circuit.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crucibles And Fluidized-Bed Furnaces (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
US25103A 1969-04-03 1970-04-02 Method and apparatus for processing vitreous melt Expired - Lifetime US3640517A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19691917450 DE1917450B2 (de) 1969-04-03 1969-04-03 Beeinflussung der Temperatur von Glas schmelzen in einer Schmelzwanne
DE19691937124 DE1937124B2 (de) 1969-07-22 1969-07-22 Beeinflussung der temperatur von glasschmelzen in schmelztiegel

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3640517A true US3640517A (en) 1972-02-08

Family

ID=25757237

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US25103A Expired - Lifetime US3640517A (en) 1969-04-03 1970-04-02 Method and apparatus for processing vitreous melt

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3640517A (es)
BE (1) BE748164A (es)
CH (1) CH524546A (es)
ES (1) ES378174A1 (es)
FR (1) FR2038204B1 (es)
LU (1) LU60641A1 (es)
NL (1) NL7004781A (es)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3837311A (en) * 1972-10-05 1974-09-24 Sun Oil Co Apparatus for melting ice
US3965334A (en) * 1972-05-04 1976-06-22 N.V. Philips Corporation Heating device
US4052186A (en) * 1975-01-31 1977-10-04 Pilkington Brothers Limited Method and apparatus for conditioning molten glass
US4064933A (en) * 1975-09-29 1977-12-27 Dietzgen Corporation Developing roller apparatus for reproduction machines
US4092140A (en) * 1976-09-08 1978-05-30 Ppg Industries, Inc. Apparatus and method using heat pipes for manipulating temperature gradients in a glass forming chamber
US4270941A (en) * 1978-03-20 1981-06-02 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Apparatus for processing heat softened mineral material
US4372377A (en) * 1981-03-16 1983-02-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Heat pipes containing alkali metal working fluid
US4660625A (en) * 1983-12-30 1987-04-28 Kms Fusion, Inc. Heat transport system, method and material
US4838346A (en) * 1988-08-29 1989-06-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Reusable high-temperature heat pipes and heat pipe panels
US20070220906A1 (en) * 2006-03-21 2007-09-27 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Method and Device for Rapid Cooling of Work Pieces
US20070256441A1 (en) * 2006-04-06 2007-11-08 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for cooling tubes
CN105066694A (zh) * 2015-08-20 2015-11-18 无锡中强电碳有限公司 一种石墨坩埚盖
US10677533B2 (en) 2015-11-16 2020-06-09 Airbus Defence And Space Sas Heat exchange device for artificial satellite, wall and assembly of walls comprising such a heat exchange device
US20200340746A1 (en) * 2017-12-21 2020-10-29 Saint-Gobain Isover Self-crucible wall submerged burner furnace
US11370685B2 (en) 2016-08-02 2022-06-28 Corning Incorporated Methods for melting reactive glasses and glass-ceramics and melting apparatus for the same

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0001382A3 (en) * 1977-10-11 1979-08-08 Kurt Leczkowski Methods and installations for producing utilisable energy and/or cold from heat
GB2176180A (en) * 1985-06-11 1986-12-17 Donald Charlesworth Glass melting furnace and method
CH681832A5 (es) * 1990-11-30 1993-05-28 Airmotec Ag Analytische Geraet

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2840351A (en) * 1953-09-10 1958-06-24 Air Prcheater Corp Temperature equalizing means for regenerative air preheater structure
US3265485A (en) * 1961-10-16 1966-08-09 Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co Method and apparatus for melting glass
US3495966A (en) * 1967-06-21 1970-02-17 Ford Motor Co Apparatus for producing molten glass with bath material cooling means

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2840351A (en) * 1953-09-10 1958-06-24 Air Prcheater Corp Temperature equalizing means for regenerative air preheater structure
US3265485A (en) * 1961-10-16 1966-08-09 Libbey Owens Ford Glass Co Method and apparatus for melting glass
US3495966A (en) * 1967-06-21 1970-02-17 Ford Motor Co Apparatus for producing molten glass with bath material cooling means

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3965334A (en) * 1972-05-04 1976-06-22 N.V. Philips Corporation Heating device
US4136733A (en) * 1972-05-04 1979-01-30 U.S. Philips Corporation Heating device
US3837311A (en) * 1972-10-05 1974-09-24 Sun Oil Co Apparatus for melting ice
US4052186A (en) * 1975-01-31 1977-10-04 Pilkington Brothers Limited Method and apparatus for conditioning molten glass
US4064933A (en) * 1975-09-29 1977-12-27 Dietzgen Corporation Developing roller apparatus for reproduction machines
US4092140A (en) * 1976-09-08 1978-05-30 Ppg Industries, Inc. Apparatus and method using heat pipes for manipulating temperature gradients in a glass forming chamber
US4270941A (en) * 1978-03-20 1981-06-02 Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Apparatus for processing heat softened mineral material
US4372377A (en) * 1981-03-16 1983-02-08 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Heat pipes containing alkali metal working fluid
US4660625A (en) * 1983-12-30 1987-04-28 Kms Fusion, Inc. Heat transport system, method and material
US4838346A (en) * 1988-08-29 1989-06-13 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Reusable high-temperature heat pipes and heat pipe panels
WO1990002306A1 (en) * 1988-08-29 1990-03-08 United States Government, As Represented By The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Reusable high-temperature heat pipes and heat pipe panels
US20070220906A1 (en) * 2006-03-21 2007-09-27 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Method and Device for Rapid Cooling of Work Pieces
US20070256441A1 (en) * 2006-04-06 2007-11-08 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Method and device for cooling tubes
CN105066694A (zh) * 2015-08-20 2015-11-18 无锡中强电碳有限公司 一种石墨坩埚盖
US10677533B2 (en) 2015-11-16 2020-06-09 Airbus Defence And Space Sas Heat exchange device for artificial satellite, wall and assembly of walls comprising such a heat exchange device
US11370685B2 (en) 2016-08-02 2022-06-28 Corning Incorporated Methods for melting reactive glasses and glass-ceramics and melting apparatus for the same
US11878932B2 (en) 2016-08-02 2024-01-23 Corning Incorporated Methods for melting reactive glasses and glass-ceramics and melting apparatus for the same
US20200340746A1 (en) * 2017-12-21 2020-10-29 Saint-Gobain Isover Self-crucible wall submerged burner furnace
US11747084B2 (en) * 2017-12-21 2023-09-05 Saint-Gobain Isover Self-crucible wall submerged burner furnace

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2038204A1 (es) 1971-01-08
NL7004781A (es) 1970-10-06
ES378174A1 (es) 1973-01-01
CH524546A (de) 1972-06-30
LU60641A1 (es) 1970-06-02
FR2038204B1 (es) 1974-07-12
BE748164A (fr) 1970-08-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3640517A (en) Method and apparatus for processing vitreous melt
US4092140A (en) Apparatus and method using heat pipes for manipulating temperature gradients in a glass forming chamber
EP0120050B1 (en) Molten mass temperature conditioner
KR880001734B1 (ko) 유리 용융용 내화물 침식제어 장치 및 방법
WO1989002420A1 (en) A method of and an apparatus for cooling an optical fibre
NO140182B (no) Fremgangsmaate og anordning for fremstilling av glass
US5267257A (en) Vacuum furnace with convection heating and cooling
KR100590694B1 (ko) 무기화합물, 특히 유리 및 유리 세라믹의 연속 용융 및 정련을 위한 장치 및 그 조작방법
PT87844B (pt) Metodo e aparelho para fundir e refinar material vitreo ou analogo
US3523781A (en) Method and apparatus for heating glass melting forehearths
US4402722A (en) Cooling arrangement and method for forming float glass
KR940011115B1 (ko) 유리 전기용해 방법
CA1207534A (en) Glass melting furnaces
US4344785A (en) Modular molten glass column
JPS6331409B2 (es)
US4351664A (en) Furnace delivery system
US4352687A (en) Furnace delivery system
US3438761A (en) Method and apparatus for manufacturing float glass with internal circulatory bath heat exchange
US3645713A (en) Process for the treatment or production of floating flat glass
US3536470A (en) Glass melting tank with bottom cooling sill
US3652250A (en) Apparatus for the treatment or production of flat glass floating on a liquid
KR100339848B1 (ko) 오스템퍼 구상흑연주철의 열처리설비
IE48270B1 (en) Curving glass
GB2082167A (en) Glass-melting furnace having submerged weir
US3589886A (en) Float glass apparatus with a radiation gate