US3617699A - A system for electrically heating a fluid being transported in a pipe - Google Patents
A system for electrically heating a fluid being transported in a pipe Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3617699A US3617699A US3617699DA US3617699A US 3617699 A US3617699 A US 3617699A US 3617699D A US3617699D A US 3617699DA US 3617699 A US3617699 A US 3617699A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- tube
- pipe
- transport
- elongated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 230000002500 effect on skin Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003302 ferromagnetic material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 66
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 33
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 32
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 21
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010292 electrical insulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- FRWYFWZENXDZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-iodoquinoline Chemical group C1=CC=CC2=NC(I)=CC=C21 FRWYFWZENXDZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000011616 HELIX syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000013032 Hydrocarbon resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007990 PIPES buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LTPBRCUWZOMYOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium oxide Inorganic materials O=[Be] LTPBRCUWZOMYOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009172 bursting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014121 butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004210 cathodic protection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019219 chocolate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003020 cross-linked polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004703 cross-linked polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009429 electrical wiring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014593 oils and fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000889 permalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
- F24H1/12—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium
- F24H1/121—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium using electric energy supply
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L53/00—Heating of pipes or pipe systems; Cooling of pipes or pipe systems
- F16L53/30—Heating of pipes or pipe systems
- F16L53/34—Heating of pipes or pipe systems using electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields, e.g. using induction, dielectric or microwave heating
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
- F24H9/40—Arrangements for preventing corrosion
- F24H9/45—Arrangements for preventing corrosion for preventing galvanic corrosion, e.g. cathodic or electrolytic means
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H9/00—Details
- F24H9/40—Arrangements for preventing corrosion
- F24H9/45—Arrangements for preventing corrosion for preventing galvanic corrosion, e.g. cathodic or electrolytic means
- F24H9/455—Arrangements for preventing corrosion for preventing galvanic corrosion, e.g. cathodic or electrolytic means for water heaters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/6416—With heating or cooling of the system
- Y10T137/6606—With electric heating element
Definitions
- a system for heating a fluid being transported in a pipe includes a ferromagnetic heat-tube coextensive with a section of pipe to be heated.
- the heat-tube is secured in heat exchange relation to the pipe and has a substantial part of its wall in common with the wall of the pipe.
- An insulated conductor is disposed within the tube. One end of the conductor is electrically connected to one terminal of an AC source and the other end thereofis electrically connected to an end of the tube. The other end of the tube is electrically connected to the other terminal of the AC source.
- the heat-tube can be formed by welding a concave strip to the outer cylinder surface of the pipe with the conductor disposed therebetween.
- the heat-tube can be integrally formed with the pipe as one channel of a two-channel pipe, the other channel being used to transport the fluid.
- the heat-tube may be helically wound around pipe.
- the heattube is either evacuated or pressurized and means to detect pressure changes indicative of heat-tube leakage is provided.
- This invention relates to the use of the skin-effect of alternating current AC flowing with an adjacent or concentric steel conductor supplying the return or"back" leg of the circuit, thus causing induction and magnetic effects which greatly increase the effective resistance of the steel conductor.
- a hot fluid usually steam
- tracer tube or trace
- This heat-tube has always been substantially axially parallel to the oil-pipe, with an internal insulated copper wire.
- This internal electric wire forms one leg out of the AC circuit; and its other terminal was at the far end of the heattube on the inside thereof. Electric current flows back on the return leg of the circuit on the inside wall of the heat-tube because of the skineffect, with no current flowing on the outside wall, if the steel tube is more than about 0.04-inches thick.
- the other junction to the source of AC is a point at the near end of the inner surface of the heat-tube adjacent the entrance of the insulated copper wire into theheattube to carry the AC to its far end.
- Theheat-tube has always been attached in substantially axially parallel relation with the oil-pipe and along one of its elements by welding to this much larger pipe which carries the fluid. Temperatures of theheat-tube more than a few degrees Fahrenheit higher than that of the oil-pipe could not be tolerated because expansion strains set up cracked off this type of attachment
- the heat-tube again in substantially axially parallel relation has been installed inside of the. oil-pipe supported along the axis by sets of three braces at suitable distances,
- the electro magnetic flux surrounding a wire carrying an AC has been found to extend without practical diminution of its influence on the skin-effect for some distance, if not shielded by another metal. Thus, it has been found possible to use a larger individual heat-tube than before.
- the use of the larger individual heat-tubes allows a much greater elTective conductor-resistor, i.e., the inner skin of the larger heat-tube. Particularly it allows a heavier internal insulated electric wire, which larger size wire is necessary for carrying the high voltage and intensity AC required for heating long distance pipelines. Also, the larger heat-tube allows the use of a poorer conductor for the AC, hence of larger diameter for the same intensity of AC than the usual copper wire.
- R constant x p
- the effective resistance of a conductor having skin-effect is inversely proportional to the effective cross sectional area of the skin conductor. This cross sectional area for a heat-tube is directly proportional to the effective skin depth; thus R is proportional to or, in heat-tubes:
- Variations in this skin-effect are influenced by changes in the resistivity and the magnetic permeability which are caused by the temperature of the conductor.
- the gradation of current density against wall thickness from the inner surface of a small heat-tube is so large that, with the voltage drop experienced with steel tubes in heat-tube service (i.e., usually between 0.05 and 1.0 volts per lineal foot) and at temperatures up to about 400 to 500 F., the effective zero of current flow or availability is reached within a depth somewhat less than approximately onesixteenth inch from the inside tube surface. For most mild steels worked with, this depth has been found to be between 0.025 inch and 0.075 inch. For any particular steel, the effective conductor area is thus the inner perimeter of the heattube times a value of the depth, 5, between 0.025 inch and 0.075 inch.
- the thickness of the tube from the innner to the outer wall should be about twice the skin thickness, or one-eighth inch under the usual intensities of AC flow used. There will then be no measurable voltage or power loss, even when the outside of the heat-tube is grounded or submerged in salt water. Unburied pipelines are grounded at reasonable distances, and pipelines in corrosive conditions may have the conventional sacrificial cathodic protection system with no interference with the skin-effect heating.
- a metal which has properties which give effectively only a thin skin for AC conductance gives the least effective conducting cross-sectional area, and hence the greatest resistance.
- Metals of desired characteristics may be selected from the above-indicated relation of skin thickness as dependo have a relatively pronounced skin-effect, i.e., a thin skin ofconductance for AC under conditions of the present invention are: very pure iron; iron-nickel alloys, as ,l-lipernikythose with a small amount of manganese, called Permalloys; and
- steel is used herein to described ,the material .of construction of thewheat-tube, it may. be -..understood that this term formildor-ordinary carbon steel is used only as an example; and other metals, bothferrousand nonferrous, may also be used. Usually they have a less-desira ble skin-effect, or are more expensive. In some particular instances other physical or chemical properties ofother metallic conductors makethemworthy of consideration; but carbon steel is preferred for its cheapne ss, workability, and availability in many forms. Thus, the word steeli isused as, anexample without being a limitation of the material-of construction-of the heat-tubes of this invention.
- com- .mercial fluids transported by pipe include molasses, other food syrups or melts-such as butter, other oils and fats, chocolate, etc-strongsulfuric.acid, tar, bitumen and many others.
- Some materials are frozen solid at some, ambient temperatures; in particular, there may-be noted water and aqueous solutions, sulfur, also benzene, acetic acid, etc. These-mustbe kept heated to prevent congealing or freezing if the ambient temperature is below the respective solidification temperature and sufficient heat above the freezing point cannot beadded before the fluid entersthe cold. length of pipe.
- the pipe With acetic acid, the pipe may be of aluminum, ;stainless, steel, or copper-because of corrosion of carbon steel.
- the heat-tube would be of steel and particularcare would be taken that'its thickness be at least twice that of the skinor penetration depth of the AC. Most desirable would be a stainless steel; in other cases, it may be that ice and snow, with or without liquid water being present, fall within the classification of fluids to .be heated or melted, because of their being adjacent to the heattube.
- Tem- ,peratures as high or-higher than400" to 500 F. may be reached in an "oil-pipe.
- the heat-tube may be of a shape. other than cylindrical and have varied configurations in respect to the oil-pipe or other structuretobe heated; or it may be an integral part thereof. However, it is referred to here simply as the heat-tube" regardlessof its cross-sectional shape-.or convolutions, whether it ism'ade of several sections formed together longitudinally,
- the electricconductor' for the one side of the AC circuit ifcarried inside of'the heat-tube in whatever configuration-that may take, may be a copperwire in most cases-orjof other commercial metals or alloys. it may be of single or multi- -ple strands-of any desired arrangement-or cross'section. It is referred to usually simply as the electric-wire.”
- Theelectric wire may bemade of other than usual metals.
- Electrodesodium may be-used as the conductor.
- a lining tube and hence is utilized in heating the adjacent materials, ,e.g.,' if attached to anoil-pipeto the oil therein.
- the electric wire is of copper, steel, or other metal of. greater resistivity
- the additional heat which it givesup due to thelarger-line loss willall be utilized in the fundamental heatingpperation.
- a relatively inexpensive steel conductor or wire may be used in place of the more expensive but standard copperrllowever, theheatso generated within the wire willhave to pass through the electrical insulation,thence materials.
- THe electric wire will usually have, a somewhat higher temperaturev than that of'theheat tube;. and thisnmust be considered in specifying insulation .lnsulation for the electric wire-may. be of anyv suitable material whichwill maintain its physical, electrical, and chemicalgcharacteristics as the temperature of the heat-tube.
- Polyvinyl chloride is satisfactoryup to about 180 F., polyethylene up to about. 215 F., and specially cross-linked polyethylene I up,to about 260203".
- Silicon resin materials are available to be used from 350-400 F. Higher temperatures up to 500 F. or
- the electric wire may operate at higher temperatures; and ceramic and other special inorganic insulations may be used in powder, cement, or bead form for these higher temperatures.
- Special inorganic powders have been found to be useful for this purpose, particularly the oxides of the alkaline earth metals such as Beryllium, Magnesium, and Calcium. These oxides, such as magnesia, may be incorporated as an insulator inside the heat-tube and around the electric wire if of copper or particularly if of iron or other material of greater resistivity than copper. This powder must be firmly packed with the wire correctly aligned in the center of the tube in a factory operation. To compact adequately the insulation powder so that its heat conductivity will be improved, the assembled heat-tube, insulation, and wire may be passed hot or cold through rolls to reduce the size of the heat-tube slightly.
- the alkaline earth metals such as Beryllium, Magnesium, and Calcium.
- a notable one of these oxides in powder form is beryllium oxide, which has excellent electrical insulation properties, while being a good heat conductor. it, like magnesium oxide, or calcium oxide, may be used in the upper limit of effectiveness of heat-tubes of the high heat fluxes of the present invention, but is too expensive for most uses.
- the heat tube preformed with the electric wire and its heatproof insulation may then be brazed or welded into the oil-pipe in the shop or in the field by one of the several designs of this invention.
- Thermal losses are minimized by application of conventional insulation materials in the usual manner to pipelines heated by this or other methods.
- Such insulation is not shown in the Figures as it is not a part of this invention, by itself.
- one of the major objects of this invention as applied to the heating of pipelines is the improvement of the ease and economy of application of insulation, because the rough contours of a small heat-tube (or several or more such) on the periphery of the large oil-pipe have been largely eliminated. insulation is a very substantial part of the cost of a large pipeline.
- the angle of contact of the oil-pipe with the heattube is 0, i.e., they are tangent to each other. Because of the poor contact, only low-heat fluxes per unit length or per foot of internal perimeter of the oil may be used without excessive temperatures of the heat-tube. These high temperatures mean higher thermal losses, particularly since effective insulation is difficult.
- the oil-pipe to be heated may be of any desired size; and those to be considered in practice range from 1 to 48 inches in diameter.
- the size of the heat-tube made of the steel used for conventional pipelines depends on several conditions, principally: heat input required to attain or maintain the desired temperature of the contents of the oil-pipe of given size and flow, the AC voltage available, and the length.
- the wall should be at least %-inch thick for electrical, mechanical, and corrosion considerations.
- the size of the heat-tube to be used in all practical cases where the diameters are greater than about 4 times A, the depth of the effective conducting skin has been found thus to depend on its internal perimeter, not on its internal cross section, as it would be if carrying a fluid-and not on its wall cross section as it would be if carrying a DC current as a conventional electric conductor.
- the essential criterion of the inside perimeter or inside surface per unit length is not always attained most advantageously by the circular tube which is usually most readily available and at the lowest cost.
- the surface of the oil-pipe may, in some cases, be used as part of the inner surface of the heat-tube, and this saves total weight of metal used. Furthermore, if the heat-tube is thus made an integral part of the wall of the oil-pipe, a part of the effective wall of the heat-tube is in contact with the oil being transported. Such considerations as good thermal contact and ease of insulation have been found to be important factors of optimum design, to allow good heat transfer.
- the ratio of the inside perimeter of the heat-tube (or sums of perimeters if more than one heat-tube) to the outside perimeter of the oil-pipe indicates roughly the ratio of the surface of electrical resistance heat input to the surface of heat output to the surroundings; i.e., heat losses of the system under conditions of constant temperature of the oil.
- the ratios as indicated by FIGS. 1 to 4 are not the optimum for any particular design conditions, since the figures are drawn without scale. in the past art, this ratio of the inside perimeter of the heat-tube (or the sum of the inside perimeters of all of the heat-tubes, if more than one is used,) to the outside perimeter of the oil-pipe has been in the range of about one-half to onefifth for moderate heat duties.
- this ratio may be reduced to 1/7 to 1/10 or even 1/20 under comparable moderate heating conditions. This is of considerable importance under such circumstances as require to 200 watts or more of heat per foot of oil-pipe length, e.g., a 48- inch line under -50 F. ambient temperature.
- the electrical heat input supplied from the AC ofthe prior art was about 10 to 15 watts per lineal foot of the heat-tube.
- Higher heat inputs to the tube now increase greatly the temperature difference between the electric wire and the wall of the oil-pipe above the 3 to 4 F. regarded as a desirable maximum-usual operation desired was in the 2 to 3 F. range of temperature difference between the two walls.
- Higher temperatures of the heat-tubes now possible because of improved designs, including their integration into the oilpipe and the higher heat flux allow temperature differences between electric wire and oil-pipe wall of over 100 F. and the operation of large pipelines under severe winter conditions.
- heat-tubes to be described have been found to improve greatly the heat flow from tube to pipe, and to minimize the temperature difference between them. They are useful under low heat flux conditions for their many advantages, but particularly, they make possible much higher heat fluxes. Thus, in oil-pipes up to 30 inches in diameter, only one such heat-tube parallel to the axis is necessary usually instead of thetwo to six of the prior art, not more than two are needed in sizes up to 48 inches, usually not more than three in sizes over 48 inches.
- FIG. 1 shows a made-in-place heat-tube 2, having the cross section of a lune. It is constructed by welding, 5, along its two edges a strip of one-eighth inch or thicker steel against two elements of the cylindrical oilpile, l.
- the steel strip is preformed as a trough with a radius of curvature substantially less than that of the outer surface of the heat-tube.
- the outer surface of the oil-pipe itself, between the two elements, becomes an effective part of the heat-tube and carries part of the AC by the skin-effect conduction on this part of its outer surface. Its skin resistance to the AC gives heat directly to the oil-pipe.
- the weight added to the pipeline by the heat-tube is less for the same internal perimeter. As much as 40 to 45 percent of the heat-tube is thus made up of the oil-pipe surface, which surface performs a dual service.
- the built-up heattube section again approaches an angle of 180, with the surface of the oil-pipe.
- the electric wire, 3, is indicated inside the heat-tube, 2, of FIG. I. as of special flattened cross section. Alternately, one, two, or more conventional insulated wires may be used to conduct the necessary AC. 1
- FIG. 2(a) is shown a modification of the system of FIG. 1, which has a better shape for accommodating a large circular electric wire, 3, with normal insulation, 4.
- the closer conformance of the shaped strip, 2, to the periphery of the oilpipe, 1, allows better heat transfer and some advantage in welding.
- FIG. 2(b) Another design of heat-tube is shown in FIG. 2(b), as if applied to the same oil-pipe, l.
- a special groove, 31, is formed by rolling or otherwise in the wall of l, and this is covered by a strip 2, of steel at least one-eighth inch thick, welded in place along both edges.
- This provides a heat-tube having an even larger part of its inner periphery made by the outer surface of the oil-pipe and with excellent heat transfer relation to the fluid inside, and an outer surface of the combination hardly disturbed from the circular. Thus, it is readily insulated.
- the groove, 31, is shown deep enough to include entirely the electric wire, 3, a shallower groove and a concave formed cover strip may also be used.
- FIG. 2(c) Still another variation of the oil-pipe, somewhat easier to roll, is shown in FIG. 2(c) with a narrow flattened longitudinal section, 21, of the oil-pipe wall specially rolled during the production of the tube, and a formed strip 2 welded over it throughout the length, with the welded metal forming beams 5 on either side of 2.
- the usual conductor 3 has suitable insulation 4.
- the applied section approaches an angle of 180, with the outer surface of the oilpipe.
- FIG. 3 shows the cross section of an oilpipe, l, with a heattube, 2, built into it in the seamless drawing and forming of the pipe.
- Such dual duct pipes are available in small pipe sizes, usually in aluminum, which may not be used for this purpose.
- the common wall, 41, of the heat-tube and the oil-pipe allows excellent heat transfer and the unbroken cylindrical outer surface simplifies insulation.
- the critical angle is 180", since the common wall intersects the surface element to which may be drawn a tangent.
- FIG. 3 Another variation of the manufacture of the type of dualchannel tube of FIG. 3 is made with rolled pipe, wherein a larger pipe, at or above the welding temperature, and a small tube, at a somewhat lower temperature, are run through forming rolls which ultimately discharges a section not unlike that of FIG. 3, except that the common wall 41 is somewhat thicker than the outer wall of the oil-pipe.
- a much smaller tube, 2, in relation to the oil-pipe, 1, might be used than that shown in FIG. 3.
- This two-channel pipe is probably the optimum design for those smaller sizes of oil-pipe which may be so made, but suffcient lengths of pipe of a fixed size would have to be ordered to justify a pipe mill to set up for the special rolling or other forming operations.
- mild steel will be the desirable material of construction of this type of heat tube, as one channel with the oil-pipe as the other.
- FIG. 4(a) A preferred design to give the advantages of the system of FIG. 3 for larger pipe sizes, 12 inches and above, and particularly larger than 24 inches, is shown in FIG. 4(a), wherein the heat-tube, 2, is integrally welded into the wall of the oil-pipe,
- the oil-pipe, 1, is formed of skelp which is pressed and/or rolled into a pipe which is not closed and has a slit left as an opening between the adjacent edges of the skelp.
- the heattube is inserted in this opening between the edges of the skelp.
- the heat-tube, 2 of FIG. 4(b) has been welded in the same way as was heat-tube, 2, of FIG. 4(a) except that it is supported during welding so that its outer element is flush with the surface of the oil-pipe, with the weld-head, 5, filling the space to give a surface which may be ground as a true cylinder if desired.
- Much of the heat-tube is thus inside the oil-pipe;
- the outer surface of the heat-tube so constructed has an angle above 90, usually approaching or equaling [80 with the outer wall of the oil-pipe, it has excellent thermal relationship with the wall of the pipe; and it, in itself, is also in immediate contact with the fluid being transported.
- Such heattubes pass high heat fluxes, and offer little nuisance in application of insulation.
- each piece of skelp would then make up 120 of the finished pipe wall; and, as always, there would be the same number of seams and of heat-tubes as of pieces of skelp.
- the integration of the heat-tube into the wall of the oil-pipe makes possible the use of very high thermal fluxes; but other advantages of this system warrant its use even with lower thermal duties.
- a multiplicity of heat-tubes in substantially axial parallel relation has been used to attempt to minimize these disadvantages and the distance which heat will have to be transferred either through the pipe wall or through the fluid, so that a more or less uniform minimum temperature is reached.
- the oil flowing next the inner wall may be at a distance over 8 inches away from a heat-tube; and at least some part of the oil at such distances from a source of heat will never be adequately heated and will be in viscous flow. If there is adequate heat input to heat all of the oil, some oil is therefore heated to a higher temperature than necessary, which thus wastes electric heat.
- the helix of the heat-tube has a pitch (distance along the pipe between two turns) equal to the diameter D, its length is the hypotenuse of the right triangle, one side being D, along the element, and the other rri), the circumference.
- this spiral winding may be applied in a double helix; and a triple helix allows the use of three phases of a standard alternator.
- the oil-pipe of FIG. has a spirally wound heat-tube which may be applied in any one of several ways to its external surface as shown in FIGS. 1 to 4. Oil flowing near the surface crosses all of the paths of the turn pipe the helix of the heattube and thus is uniformly heated all around; its viscosity is reduced; and it flows with a minimum of friction. Since it will be uniformly heated around the tube, all of friction, interior oil, found more at start-up, will flow as a cylinder or plug" surrounded by this uniformly less viscous layer, which greases" the flow of the inner plug of cold oil. It has been found that even before ambient bulk of the oil in the center has been heated up to the temperature of that of the balance of the oil, the amount of oil pumped for a given pressure drop of the pipeline is not substantially less than after the oil is thoroughly heated throughout.
- the flow capacity of the oil-pipe with a spiral heat-tube is always appreciably greater because of this same uniform reduction of the viscosity of the oil near the inner wall. This is with the same pressure exerted by the pump and the same heat input from the AC.
- the excellent transfer of heat by the crossflow of oil over the area of the oil-pipe immediately adjacent the heat-tube allows an unusually large heatflux to be generated and usedeffectively by this system.
- this spiral construction may also be used.
- Spiral heat-tubes may be placed on a double or triple thread helix, by any of these methods, as may be necessary or advantageous to secure the desired heat effect simultaneously; and three such heat-tubes allow the balancing of the electrical circuitry with a three-phase alternator.
- the pitch, or distance apart of the turns of the helix is equal to twice the diameter of the pipe.
- the spiral heat-tube, 2 is formed in the yvelding between the edges of the skelp, as indicated in FIG. 3(3) for a heat-tube, 2, along an element of the oil-pipe.
- the outer surface of the heat-tube is approxilight dashed lines. After welding, any part of the heat-tube which protrudes above the surface may be flattened to the outer wall of the oil-pipe.
- the heat-tube may be welded into the pipe wall with its center at the midpoint, comparable to FIG. 4(a), tube 2, to reduce friction of the fluid flow; or it may be welded with its inner surface flush with the inner surface of the pipe, so that the disturbance to fluid flow is removed.
- This last construction is not detailed in the figures, but is obvious therefrom; and it is a preferred system.
- the helical heat-tube With the helical pitch equal to the diameter of the oil-pipe, the helical heat-tube will have about 3.3 feet of heat-tube per running foot of oil-pipe. With a double spiral, it will be twice this. Because of the greater efficiency of heat transfer, a single helix spaced on an even greater pitch than the length of the diameter may usually be used on any size oil-pipe up to at least 48 inches diameter; and on all sizes of oil-pipes, a lower power consumption for pumping may be achieved for the reasons indicated, than with heat-tubes in axial parallel relation to the oil-pipe. This is particularly true when the heat-tube is constructed with its inner surface flush with the inner surface of the oil-pipe.
- DIMENSIONS OF SOHEDU1I;IEII 130 U.S. STANDARD STEEL The choice of the size of the heat-tube depends on the length, the size electric wire to be used, and its insulation If the length of the pipeline to be heated by a single spirally wound heat-tube is ID miles, 52,800 feet, the length of the heat tube at 30 to an element is 61,000 feet.
- the heat-tube may be as large as 3%-inch US. Standard Pipe with dimensions as above.
- a single or multiple stranded copper cable equivalent to 0000 copper wire may be used.
- This 0000 copper wire has a diameter of 0.46 inches, a cross section of 21 1,600 circular mills, or 0.0662 square inches, and a resistance of 0.06 ohms per 1,000 feet at its operating temperature of about F.
- the weight is 0.640 pounds copper per foot.
- a built-up insulation of 0.075-inch thickness gives a copper cable of about %-inch diameter or an aluminum cable of about 1 1/ l 6-inch diameter. If the tube is filled with oil, the pulling of the cable will be easier, the electrical insulation will be better, and the thermal conductivity of heat from line losses will be better, i.e., a lower temperature of the conductor.
- heat-tube size The choice of heat-tube size, cable, wire size, and insulation type and thickness depends on several considerations of design and construction of the complete assembly. A somewhat thicker insulation with more protective outer layers might be used. Also, a smaller, down to l /z-inch pipe size, possibly of heavier wall than 40 schedule pipe size would be indicated, depending on factors involved in the particular installation.
- the heat-tubes of the prior art have, in some cases, been filled with an inert gas under a pressure which is indicated and I recorded to note any dimunitions of the pressure due to leaks.
- the presently improved heat-tubes may likewise be so inspected and monitored for leaks by such a system, using inert L30 system of heat-tubes attached to oil-pipes has been found in those installations in which the heat-tube or heat-tubes have all joints made very tight, including those for inlet of electric wires.
- the heat-tube is diagrammed as s simple tube 2 of any cross section and is not shown as connected to an oilpipe, as it normally would be.
- the insulated conductor 3 passes through a vacuum tight joint of any standard type and is connected to an alternator 7, which supplies the AC.
- Another electrical connection 13 from the alternator passes through another vacuum tight connection 20 to the inside of the heat-tube to complete the circuit through the inside wall of the heat-tube.
- a tubular connection 9 from the heat-tube connects to a vacuum gauge 10 and a vacuum pump 11, which may be shut off from the heat-tube system by valve 12.
- a vacuum is then produced inside the heat-tube by pump 11, and continuously monitored by watching pressure gauge 10.
- An increase of pressure indicates a leak. It may be that an absolutely vacuumtight system cannot be secured, and some leakage maybe noted continuously, which must be taken care of intermittently or continuously by the vacuum pump. Any abrupt change in such more or less constant leakage is, however, immediately noticeable on the monitoring vacuum gauge. Steps are then taken to find and repair the leak.
- Yet another system of monitoring the tightness of the heattube connections depends on keeping the tube around the insulated electric wire always under a substantial pressure with a low-viscosity oil.
- the system supplying oil under pressure is then indicated by 11.
- the oil gives additional insulation, aids in drawing the wire, and aids in transfer of heat from the internal conductor due to line losses. If the maintained oil pressure falls off of pressure gauge 10, a leak is indicated. If the leak is inwardly to the pipe and a petroleum oil, particularly a crude, is being transported, no damage is done, if the low-viscosity oil is a petroleum distillate.
- a heat-tube such as this would be specified to be in those zones where ambient temperature was higher or lower, where more heat was lost due to the oil-pipe being buried in the ground, submerged in water, etc. If the same intensity of AC passed through each, the section where greater resistance was required would be placed where most heat was required.
- the outer diameter of the heat-tube is not important if the wall thickness is more than about twice 6 the depth of penetration of the induction and magnetic effects. For most mild steels, 8 has been found to be about 0.04 inch.
- FIG. 8 diagrams the installation of an oil-pipe of major length for which it is desired to keep the stations for supply of electrical energy to a minimum number. It has been found that the suitable or economical maximum length of a heat-tube system may be from 15 to 50 miles, depending on the various conditions peculiar to the particular installation. However, in long lines, periodically there must be a repeater" station, usually at distances apart equal to the length of a heat-tube.
- the repeater stations may be at twice the distance apart as the economical maximum length of the heat-tube.
- a pair of heat-tubes, 2" and 2 are placed in opposite lengths from one supply of AC.
- the two electric wires inside the heat-tubes, 2 and 2" run in opposite directions, and are each attached to a terminal of the AC, while the terminals connect to the return legs of the circuit from the near end of the heat-tube, usually but 'not necessarily from a point on its, inner surface.
- connection are made from another pair of heat-tubes, one of which is 2.
- the ends of heat-tubes 2' and 2" back up to each other.
- Heat-tubes 2" and 2"" back up to each other; and 2" would be one of a pair serviced by a repeater station not shown on the right.
- the greatest heat requirement is at the startup after a shutdown, with the pipe filled with cold oil. If storage tanks are available at each station, the oil-pipe on the downstream side is supplied with the full AC capacity of the alternator. As one heat-tube may not take the increased input of AC a second heat-tube is incorporated in the pipeline to give double normal. heat for this start up. (It is also a spare unit in case of damage to the first.) After the downstream line is heated, it is put in service to pipe oil into the storage tank, the upstream pipe is then heated with as much of the total capacity as can be afforded, while the section beyond is being heated from the next alternator station. Thus, the entire line is started progressively.
- At least one elongated heat-tube coextensive in length with at least a section of said pipe said tube being of a metal having magnetic properties and conducting electricity, said heat-tube being secured in heat exchange relation with and having a substantial part of its wall in common with the wall of said transport-pipe;
- a source of AC having a first terminal and a second terminal
- the transport-pipe is of cylindrical and the internal surface of said heat-tube comprises a portion of the external cylindrical surface of said transport-pipe between two longitudinal straight line elements generating said cylindrical surface and the inner surface of a strip of steel which covers said external surface of the transport pipe between said straight line generating elements thereof;
- said strip of steel is formed as a concave trough of radius of curvature substantially less than that of the normal outside surface of the said transport pipe;
- the longitudinal edges of said concave trough are firmly contacted against said two straight line generating elements of the said transport-pipe to make an electrical connection between said concave trough and said transport-pipe and tto encompass the said external surface between.
- the transport-pipe is cylindrical and the internal surface of the said heat-tube comprises a part of the external cylindrical surface of a transport-pipe between two straight line elements generating the cylindrical surface and the innersurface of a strip of steel which covers said part of the external surface of the transport-pipe;
- At least a part .of the external surface of said transportpipe comprising said internal surface of the heat-tube is formed to provide a generally longitudinal inwardly directed groove of size to accommodate at least in part the said electric conductor extending inside said heattube; and I c. the longitudinal edges of said strip of steel are firmly contacted against said two straight line elements of the said transport-pipe, to encompass the said external surface between.
- said heat-tube is welded between the two edges of said skelp so that it extends into said transport-pipe with at least a part of the exterior surface of said heat-tube being in contact with the fluid flowing in said transport-pipe.
- said heat-tube is made in the form of a helix winding around and included as a part of said wall of said transport-pipe.
- the internal surface of said heat-tube comprises a portion of the external cylindrical surface of said transport-pipe between two uniformly spaced helices generated on the external surface thereof and the inner surface of a strip of metal having magnetic properties and conducting electricity which overlies said electrical conductor and covers said external surface of said transport-pipe between the two uniformly spaced helices thereon;
- said strip is formed as a concave trough of radius of curvature substantially less than that of the outside surface of the said transport-pipe;
- the said heat-tube including the point of entrance of said electrical connection to said electrical conductor extending for a substantial distance inside said heat-tube, is made vacuumtight, and said heat-tube is connected to a vacuum system comprising a pressure gauge, a vacuum pump, and a valve allowing the vacuum pump to be shut off from the heat-tube, said pressure gauge indicating subatmospheric pressure within the said heat-tube after evacuation by said vacuum pump; and increase in said atmospheric pressure after said evacuation and after closing said valve indicating a leak in said heat-tube.
- the said transport-pipe provided with at least one pair of heat-tubes distributed along its length, heating respective sections thereof and longitudinally numbered alternately odd and even;
- each heat-tube comprises a plurality of sections arranged end-to-end and each section having a different internal perimeter.
- a system for heating materials being transported comprising:
- an elongated heat-tube of ferromagnetic material formed in part by a generally elongated portion of the surface of the wall of said elongated pipe and in part by an elongated shaped strip of ferromagnetic material which overlies said generally elongated portion of said elongated pipe;
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Pipeline Systems (AREA)
- General Induction Heating (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US80571869A | 1969-03-10 | 1969-03-10 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3617699A true US3617699A (en) | 1971-11-02 |
Family
ID=25192326
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US3617699D Expired - Lifetime US3617699A (en) | 1969-03-10 | 1969-03-10 | A system for electrically heating a fluid being transported in a pipe |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3617699A (fr) |
AT (1) | AT309613B (fr) |
AU (1) | AU1238170A (fr) |
BE (1) | BE747115A (fr) |
CH (2) | CH587438A5 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2037832A5 (fr) |
GB (1) | GB1302622A (fr) |
Cited By (49)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3706872A (en) * | 1970-05-15 | 1972-12-19 | William J Trabilcy | System for electrically heating fluid-conveying pipe lines and other structures |
US3777117A (en) * | 1969-03-10 | 1973-12-04 | D Othmer | Electric heat generating system |
US3815623A (en) * | 1971-11-04 | 1974-06-11 | Farmer Mold & Machine Works | Molten metal delivery system |
US3974398A (en) * | 1971-01-18 | 1976-08-10 | Othmer Donald F | Wire and steel tube as AC cable |
US3975617A (en) * | 1971-01-18 | 1976-08-17 | Othmer Donald F | Pipe heating by AC in steel |
US4134002A (en) * | 1975-11-21 | 1979-01-09 | Stanford George H | Down spouts provided with heating elements |
WO1982000746A1 (fr) * | 1980-08-20 | 1982-03-04 | D Blackmore | Unite generatrice de chaleur a effet de peau ayant un transfert de chaleur par convection et conduction |
US4366356A (en) * | 1980-03-18 | 1982-12-28 | Chisso Corporation | Compact induced current heat-generating pipe |
US4408117A (en) * | 1980-05-28 | 1983-10-04 | Yurkanin Robert M | Impedance heating system with skin effect particularly for railroad tank cars |
US4423311A (en) * | 1981-01-19 | 1983-12-27 | Varney Sr Paul | Electric heating apparatus for de-icing pipes |
WO1990010817A1 (fr) * | 1989-03-16 | 1990-09-20 | Urpo Vainio Oy | Systeme de chauffage de tuyaux utilisant un courant electrique |
US5241147A (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1993-08-31 | Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S. | Method for heating a transport pipeline, as well as transport pipeline with heating |
US5390961A (en) * | 1993-04-28 | 1995-02-21 | Thermon Manufacturing Company | Dual wall thermally insulated conduit including skin effect heat tracing pipes |
WO1997036063A1 (fr) * | 1996-03-25 | 1997-10-02 | Sumner Glen R | Pipeline sous-marin chauffe et son procede de fabrication |
US5871042A (en) * | 1997-11-04 | 1999-02-16 | Teradyne, Inc. | Liquid cooling apparatus for use with electronic equipment |
US6024842A (en) * | 1998-03-06 | 2000-02-15 | Komax Systems, Inc. | Distillation column device |
US6031972A (en) * | 1998-01-19 | 2000-02-29 | Industrial Engineering & Equipment Company | Impedance heating system |
US6049657A (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 2000-04-11 | Sumner; Glen R. | Marine pipeline heated with alternating current |
US20020072515A1 (en) * | 1995-12-01 | 2002-06-13 | Suntory Limited | Pyrroloazepine derivatives |
US6617556B1 (en) | 2002-04-18 | 2003-09-09 | Conocophillips Company | Method and apparatus for heating a submarine pipeline |
US20030175568A1 (en) * | 2000-07-28 | 2003-09-18 | Joe Cargnelli | Apparatus for humidification and temperature control of incoming fuel cell process gas |
US20040144438A1 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2004-07-29 | Thompson Alvin Dean | Heated drain line apparatus |
US6787254B2 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2004-09-07 | Hydrogenics Corporation | Method and apparatus for humidification and temperature control of incoming fuel cell process gas |
US20050183773A1 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2005-08-25 | Ross Sinclaire | Multi-story water distribution system |
US20060291837A1 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2006-12-28 | Steve Novotny | Heat generation system |
DE202007013054U1 (de) | 2007-09-18 | 2009-02-19 | Thomas, Karl-Wilhelm, Dipl.-Ing. | Skineffekt-Rohrleitungsbeheizung |
US20090214196A1 (en) * | 2008-02-15 | 2009-08-27 | Jarle Jansen Bremnes | High efficiency direct electric heating system |
US20110056580A1 (en) * | 2008-03-31 | 2011-03-10 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Climate Tube, Particularly For Airplanes |
US20110150440A1 (en) * | 2009-12-17 | 2011-06-23 | Lord Ltd. Lp | Dual wall axial flow electric heater for leak sensitive applications |
US20110286728A1 (en) * | 2010-05-24 | 2011-11-24 | Xiotin Industry Ltd. | Heater and electric instant water heater |
US20120145702A1 (en) * | 2009-12-15 | 2012-06-14 | The Boeing Company | Smart heating blanket |
US20120227951A1 (en) * | 2008-12-06 | 2012-09-13 | Thomas William Perry | Heat transfer between tracer and pipe |
US20130192677A1 (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-01 | Davor Kriz | Heating device for valve to prevent internal accumulation of condensate |
US20130213487A1 (en) * | 2012-02-22 | 2013-08-22 | Yuzhi Qu | Pipeline heating technology |
US8833440B1 (en) * | 2013-11-14 | 2014-09-16 | Douglas Ray Dicksinson | High-temperature heat, steam and hot-fluid viscous hydrocarbon production and pumping tool |
US20140326504A1 (en) * | 2012-01-11 | 2014-11-06 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Pipe in pipe downhole electric heater |
US20150223638A1 (en) * | 2014-02-11 | 2015-08-13 | Adco Industries - Technologies, L.P. | Roller Grill |
DE102014002517A1 (de) * | 2014-02-22 | 2015-08-27 | Klaus-Dieter Kaufmann | Anordnung und Verfahren zur Beheizung von Pipelines für den Fluidtransport |
US20150291283A1 (en) * | 2014-04-15 | 2015-10-15 | The Boeing Company | Monolithic part and method of forming the monolithic part |
US9198234B2 (en) | 2012-03-07 | 2015-11-24 | Harris Corporation | Hydrocarbon fluid pipeline including RF heating station and related method |
US20190208582A1 (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2019-07-04 | Nvent Services Gmbh | Voltage-Leveling Heater Cable |
US10473381B2 (en) | 2016-10-05 | 2019-11-12 | Betterfrost Technologies Inc. | High-frequency self-defrosting evaporator coil |
CN112628112A (zh) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-04-09 | 襄阳航顺航空科技有限公司 | 一种涡轮增压器测试机用供油装置 |
WO2021091584A1 (fr) * | 2019-11-08 | 2021-05-14 | Att Technology, Ltd. | Procédé de soudage à faible apport de chaleur sur éléments tubulaires pour pétrole et gaz |
US20210148604A1 (en) * | 2018-04-03 | 2021-05-20 | I.R.C.A. S.P.A. Industria Resistenze Corazzate E Affini | Electric heater |
US11022254B2 (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2021-06-01 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Thermally induced recirculation mixing for gel strength mitigation |
US20220113095A1 (en) * | 2020-10-08 | 2022-04-14 | Controls Southeast, Inc. | Adjustable heat transfer element |
CN114575784A (zh) * | 2022-03-14 | 2022-06-03 | 东北石油大学 | 一种高真空壁绝热管柱及其制备方法 |
CN114857394A (zh) * | 2022-01-26 | 2022-08-05 | 石晓 | 精准控制管道设备系统内温度的传热装置 |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2218796B2 (de) * | 1972-04-18 | 1974-02-07 | Bosch-Siemens-Hausgeraete Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Durchlauferhitzer |
JPS5852315B2 (ja) * | 1979-02-21 | 1983-11-21 | チッソエンジニアリング株式会社 | 表皮電流加熱パイプライン |
GB2262693B (en) * | 1991-12-17 | 1995-06-07 | Electricity Ass Tech | Induction heater |
DE19525200A1 (de) * | 1995-07-11 | 1997-01-16 | Abb Patent Gmbh | Transportrohr |
DE19616354C2 (de) * | 1996-04-24 | 2003-07-24 | Eberspaecher J Gmbh & Co | Rohrleitungsstück mit elektrischer Leitung |
CN102767648B (zh) * | 2012-05-10 | 2014-09-10 | 上海蓝翎管业科技有限公司 | 设有有机纤维增强层的pvc水管 |
CN108286634A (zh) * | 2016-12-30 | 2018-07-17 | 长春北方化工灌装设备股份有限公司 | 一种用于柔性管道内部的加热装置 |
CN108344171B (zh) * | 2018-02-08 | 2024-03-19 | 厦门阿玛苏电子卫浴有限公司 | 一种防漏电的电热水器 |
CN110332413B (zh) * | 2019-08-06 | 2022-02-08 | 寿光市鸿达化工有限公司 | 管道加热设备 |
CN110529739B (zh) * | 2019-09-06 | 2022-03-15 | 鞍钢化学科技有限公司 | 易凝固介质管道加热方法及加热装置 |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH253430A (de) * | 1945-06-22 | 1948-03-15 | Bertschy Max | Elektrischer Durchlauferhitzer. |
US2543882A (en) * | 1949-03-05 | 1951-03-06 | Reuben S Tice | Electrical heating system for damp places |
US2635168A (en) * | 1950-11-04 | 1953-04-14 | Pakco Company | Eddy current heater |
US3293407A (en) * | 1962-11-17 | 1966-12-20 | Chisso Corp | Apparatus for maintaining liquid being transported in a pipe line at an elevated temperature |
US3331946A (en) * | 1964-10-08 | 1967-07-18 | Thermon Mfg Co | Electric pipe heater |
US3364337A (en) * | 1963-07-26 | 1968-01-16 | Electro Trace Corp | Pipe heating arrangement |
US3410977A (en) * | 1966-03-28 | 1968-11-12 | Ando Masao | Method of and apparatus for heating the surface part of various construction materials |
FR1546486A (fr) * | 1966-04-05 | 1968-11-22 | Chisso Corp | Perfectionnements aux conduits générateurs de chaleur |
-
1969
- 1969-03-10 US US3617699D patent/US3617699A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1970
- 1970-03-06 GB GB1076370A patent/GB1302622A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-03-09 FR FR7008376A patent/FR2037832A5/fr not_active Expired
- 1970-03-09 AT AT219470A patent/AT309613B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1970-03-10 CH CH242772A patent/CH587438A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1970-03-10 CH CH351370A patent/CH542399A/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1970-03-10 BE BE747115D patent/BE747115A/fr unknown
- 1970-03-10 AU AU12381/70A patent/AU1238170A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH253430A (de) * | 1945-06-22 | 1948-03-15 | Bertschy Max | Elektrischer Durchlauferhitzer. |
US2543882A (en) * | 1949-03-05 | 1951-03-06 | Reuben S Tice | Electrical heating system for damp places |
US2635168A (en) * | 1950-11-04 | 1953-04-14 | Pakco Company | Eddy current heater |
US3293407A (en) * | 1962-11-17 | 1966-12-20 | Chisso Corp | Apparatus for maintaining liquid being transported in a pipe line at an elevated temperature |
US3364337A (en) * | 1963-07-26 | 1968-01-16 | Electro Trace Corp | Pipe heating arrangement |
US3331946A (en) * | 1964-10-08 | 1967-07-18 | Thermon Mfg Co | Electric pipe heater |
US3410977A (en) * | 1966-03-28 | 1968-11-12 | Ando Masao | Method of and apparatus for heating the surface part of various construction materials |
FR1546486A (fr) * | 1966-04-05 | 1968-11-22 | Chisso Corp | Perfectionnements aux conduits générateurs de chaleur |
Cited By (78)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3777117A (en) * | 1969-03-10 | 1973-12-04 | D Othmer | Electric heat generating system |
US3706872A (en) * | 1970-05-15 | 1972-12-19 | William J Trabilcy | System for electrically heating fluid-conveying pipe lines and other structures |
US3974398A (en) * | 1971-01-18 | 1976-08-10 | Othmer Donald F | Wire and steel tube as AC cable |
US3975617A (en) * | 1971-01-18 | 1976-08-17 | Othmer Donald F | Pipe heating by AC in steel |
US3815623A (en) * | 1971-11-04 | 1974-06-11 | Farmer Mold & Machine Works | Molten metal delivery system |
US4134002A (en) * | 1975-11-21 | 1979-01-09 | Stanford George H | Down spouts provided with heating elements |
US4334142A (en) * | 1979-01-04 | 1982-06-08 | Douglas Blackmore | Skin effect pipe heating system utilizing convective and conductive heat transfer |
US4366356A (en) * | 1980-03-18 | 1982-12-28 | Chisso Corporation | Compact induced current heat-generating pipe |
US4408117A (en) * | 1980-05-28 | 1983-10-04 | Yurkanin Robert M | Impedance heating system with skin effect particularly for railroad tank cars |
WO1982000746A1 (fr) * | 1980-08-20 | 1982-03-04 | D Blackmore | Unite generatrice de chaleur a effet de peau ayant un transfert de chaleur par convection et conduction |
US4423311A (en) * | 1981-01-19 | 1983-12-27 | Varney Sr Paul | Electric heating apparatus for de-icing pipes |
US5241147A (en) * | 1988-10-31 | 1993-08-31 | Den Norske Stats Oljeselskap A.S. | Method for heating a transport pipeline, as well as transport pipeline with heating |
WO1990010817A1 (fr) * | 1989-03-16 | 1990-09-20 | Urpo Vainio Oy | Systeme de chauffage de tuyaux utilisant un courant electrique |
US5390961A (en) * | 1993-04-28 | 1995-02-21 | Thermon Manufacturing Company | Dual wall thermally insulated conduit including skin effect heat tracing pipes |
US20020072515A1 (en) * | 1995-12-01 | 2002-06-13 | Suntory Limited | Pyrroloazepine derivatives |
GB2326226A (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 1998-12-16 | Glen R Sumner | Heated offshore pipeline and method of manufacturing |
US6049657A (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 2000-04-11 | Sumner; Glen R. | Marine pipeline heated with alternating current |
GB2326226B (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 2000-11-22 | Glen R Sumner | Heated offshore pipeline and method of manufacturing |
WO1997036063A1 (fr) * | 1996-03-25 | 1997-10-02 | Sumner Glen R | Pipeline sous-marin chauffe et son procede de fabrication |
US5871042A (en) * | 1997-11-04 | 1999-02-16 | Teradyne, Inc. | Liquid cooling apparatus for use with electronic equipment |
US6031972A (en) * | 1998-01-19 | 2000-02-29 | Industrial Engineering & Equipment Company | Impedance heating system |
US6024842A (en) * | 1998-03-06 | 2000-02-15 | Komax Systems, Inc. | Distillation column device |
US7052791B2 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2006-05-30 | Hydrogenics Corporation | Apparatus for humidification and temperature control of incoming fuel cell process gas |
US20030175568A1 (en) * | 2000-07-28 | 2003-09-18 | Joe Cargnelli | Apparatus for humidification and temperature control of incoming fuel cell process gas |
US7261150B2 (en) * | 2000-07-28 | 2007-08-28 | Hydrogenics Corporation | Apparatus for humidification and temperature control of incoming fuel cell process gas |
US6787254B2 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2004-09-07 | Hydrogenics Corporation | Method and apparatus for humidification and temperature control of incoming fuel cell process gas |
US7051801B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2006-05-30 | Hydrogenics Corporation | Method and apparatus for humidification and temperature control of incoming fuel cell process gas |
US6617556B1 (en) | 2002-04-18 | 2003-09-09 | Conocophillips Company | Method and apparatus for heating a submarine pipeline |
US6810916B2 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2004-11-02 | Dt Search & Designs, Llc | Heated drain line apparatus |
US20040144438A1 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2004-07-29 | Thompson Alvin Dean | Heated drain line apparatus |
US20050183773A1 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2005-08-25 | Ross Sinclaire | Multi-story water distribution system |
US7308906B2 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2007-12-18 | Ross Sinclaire | Multi-story water distribution system |
US20060291837A1 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2006-12-28 | Steve Novotny | Heat generation system |
US7606475B2 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2009-10-20 | Steve Novotny | Heat generation system |
DE202007013054U1 (de) | 2007-09-18 | 2009-02-19 | Thomas, Karl-Wilhelm, Dipl.-Ing. | Skineffekt-Rohrleitungsbeheizung |
US20090214196A1 (en) * | 2008-02-15 | 2009-08-27 | Jarle Jansen Bremnes | High efficiency direct electric heating system |
US20110056580A1 (en) * | 2008-03-31 | 2011-03-10 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Climate Tube, Particularly For Airplanes |
US8973619B2 (en) * | 2008-03-31 | 2015-03-10 | Airbus Operations Gmbh | Climate tube, particularly for airplanes |
US8899310B2 (en) * | 2008-12-06 | 2014-12-02 | Qmax Industries, Llc | Heat transfer between tracer and pipe |
US10520257B2 (en) | 2008-12-06 | 2019-12-31 | Controls Southeast, Inc. | Heat transfer between tracer and pipe |
US9841239B2 (en) | 2008-12-06 | 2017-12-12 | Qmax Industries, Llc | Heat transfer between tracer and pipe |
US20120227951A1 (en) * | 2008-12-06 | 2012-09-13 | Thomas William Perry | Heat transfer between tracer and pipe |
US8469082B2 (en) * | 2008-12-06 | 2013-06-25 | 3Ip, Llc | Heat transfer between tracer and pipe |
US20140083545A1 (en) * | 2008-12-06 | 2014-03-27 | Thomas William Perry | Heat transfer between tracer and pipe |
US20120145702A1 (en) * | 2009-12-15 | 2012-06-14 | The Boeing Company | Smart heating blanket |
US9174398B2 (en) * | 2009-12-15 | 2015-11-03 | The Boeing Company | Smart heating blanket |
US20110150440A1 (en) * | 2009-12-17 | 2011-06-23 | Lord Ltd. Lp | Dual wall axial flow electric heater for leak sensitive applications |
US8260126B2 (en) * | 2009-12-17 | 2012-09-04 | Lord Ltd., Lp | Dual wall axial flow electric heater for leak sensitive applications |
US20110286728A1 (en) * | 2010-05-24 | 2011-11-24 | Xiotin Industry Ltd. | Heater and electric instant water heater |
US11174706B2 (en) * | 2012-01-11 | 2021-11-16 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Pipe in pipe downhole electric heater |
US20140326504A1 (en) * | 2012-01-11 | 2014-11-06 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Pipe in pipe downhole electric heater |
US8783283B2 (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2014-07-22 | Control Components, Inc. | Heating device for valve to prevent internal accumulation of condensate |
US20130192677A1 (en) * | 2012-01-31 | 2013-08-01 | Davor Kriz | Heating device for valve to prevent internal accumulation of condensate |
US20130213487A1 (en) * | 2012-02-22 | 2013-08-22 | Yuzhi Qu | Pipeline heating technology |
US9198234B2 (en) | 2012-03-07 | 2015-11-24 | Harris Corporation | Hydrocarbon fluid pipeline including RF heating station and related method |
US20160040817A1 (en) * | 2012-03-07 | 2016-02-11 | Harris Corporation | Hydrocarbon fluid pipeline including rf heating station and related methods |
US10458588B2 (en) * | 2012-03-07 | 2019-10-29 | Harris Corporation | Hydrocarbon fluid pipeline including RF heating station and related methods |
US8833440B1 (en) * | 2013-11-14 | 2014-09-16 | Douglas Ray Dicksinson | High-temperature heat, steam and hot-fluid viscous hydrocarbon production and pumping tool |
US20150223638A1 (en) * | 2014-02-11 | 2015-08-13 | Adco Industries - Technologies, L.P. | Roller Grill |
US9545172B2 (en) * | 2014-02-11 | 2017-01-17 | Adco Industries-Technologies, L.P. | Roller grill |
US20170105571A1 (en) * | 2014-02-11 | 2017-04-20 | Raymond E. Davis | Roller grill |
DE102014002517A1 (de) * | 2014-02-22 | 2015-08-27 | Klaus-Dieter Kaufmann | Anordnung und Verfahren zur Beheizung von Pipelines für den Fluidtransport |
US10065370B2 (en) | 2014-04-15 | 2018-09-04 | The Boeing Company | Method of making a monolithic part |
US9452840B2 (en) * | 2014-04-15 | 2016-09-27 | The Boeing Company | Monolithic part and method of forming the monolithic part |
US20150291283A1 (en) * | 2014-04-15 | 2015-10-15 | The Boeing Company | Monolithic part and method of forming the monolithic part |
US11022254B2 (en) * | 2014-09-17 | 2021-06-01 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Thermally induced recirculation mixing for gel strength mitigation |
US11503674B2 (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2022-11-15 | Nvent Services Gmbh | Voltage-leveling heater cable |
US20190208582A1 (en) * | 2014-10-09 | 2019-07-04 | Nvent Services Gmbh | Voltage-Leveling Heater Cable |
US10473381B2 (en) | 2016-10-05 | 2019-11-12 | Betterfrost Technologies Inc. | High-frequency self-defrosting evaporator coil |
US20210148604A1 (en) * | 2018-04-03 | 2021-05-20 | I.R.C.A. S.P.A. Industria Resistenze Corazzate E Affini | Electric heater |
US11859866B2 (en) * | 2018-04-03 | 2024-01-02 | I.R.C.A. S.P.A. Industria Resistenze Corazzate E Affini | Electric heater |
WO2021091584A1 (fr) * | 2019-11-08 | 2021-05-14 | Att Technology, Ltd. | Procédé de soudage à faible apport de chaleur sur éléments tubulaires pour pétrole et gaz |
US11938572B2 (en) | 2019-11-08 | 2024-03-26 | Att Technology, Ltd. | Method for low heat input welding on oil and gas tubulars |
US20220113095A1 (en) * | 2020-10-08 | 2022-04-14 | Controls Southeast, Inc. | Adjustable heat transfer element |
CN112628112A (zh) * | 2020-12-23 | 2021-04-09 | 襄阳航顺航空科技有限公司 | 一种涡轮增压器测试机用供油装置 |
CN114857394A (zh) * | 2022-01-26 | 2022-08-05 | 石晓 | 精准控制管道设备系统内温度的传热装置 |
CN114575784B (zh) * | 2022-03-14 | 2023-12-26 | 东北石油大学 | 一种高真空壁绝热管柱及其制备方法 |
CN114575784A (zh) * | 2022-03-14 | 2022-06-03 | 东北石油大学 | 一种高真空壁绝热管柱及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AT309613B (de) | 1973-08-27 |
FR2037832A5 (fr) | 1970-12-31 |
AU1238170A (en) | 1971-09-16 |
BE747115A (fr) | 1970-08-17 |
CH542399A (de) | 1973-09-30 |
GB1302622A (fr) | 1973-01-10 |
CH587438A5 (fr) | 1977-04-29 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US3617699A (en) | A system for electrically heating a fluid being transported in a pipe | |
US3777117A (en) | Electric heat generating system | |
RU2034189C1 (ru) | Гибкий трубопровод для транспортировки веществ под давлением | |
EP0616166B1 (fr) | Conduit de fluides chauffable | |
US3975617A (en) | Pipe heating by AC in steel | |
US3293407A (en) | Apparatus for maintaining liquid being transported in a pipe line at an elevated temperature | |
WO2020198898A1 (fr) | Manchon en graphène de conservation de chaleur et de chauffage de canalisation de collecte de pétrole de champ pétrolifère | |
US2740095A (en) | Electrical conductor | |
US3766357A (en) | High power factor pipe heater | |
JPH0760017B2 (ja) | 電気流体加熱器 | |
NO20111572A1 (no) | Termisk isolert oppvarmet rorledning satt sammen av seksjoner med dobbelte innfatninger, og leggingsprosessen for en slik rorledning. | |
CN114641641A (zh) | 管道电加热系统 | |
GB2147776A (en) | Electrically operated heating installation | |
CN211290574U (zh) | 防爆电加热棒 | |
US3377463A (en) | Prefabricated electric resistance pipe heating system | |
US3974398A (en) | Wire and steel tube as AC cable | |
US7449661B1 (en) | In-pipe heat trace system | |
US4408117A (en) | Impedance heating system with skin effect particularly for railroad tank cars | |
CN208268634U (zh) | 一种电热钢管复合保温塑胶管装置 | |
CN105191488B (zh) | 用于加热管线的设备 | |
US3519795A (en) | Articulated immersion heater | |
US3335252A (en) | Induction heating system for elongated pipes | |
RU213808U1 (ru) | Труба с системой электроподогрева транспортирующей среды | |
US1409647A (en) | Heating transformer | |
CN108591665A (zh) | 一种电热钢管复合保温塑胶管装置 |