US3614956A - Smoking articles - Google Patents

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US3614956A
US3614956A US756917A US3614956DA US3614956A US 3614956 A US3614956 A US 3614956A US 756917 A US756917 A US 756917A US 3614956D A US3614956D A US 3614956DA US 3614956 A US3614956 A US 3614956A
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tobacco
core
smoke
cigarette
article
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US756917A
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Raymond Eric Thornton
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Brown and Williamson Holdings Inc
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Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corp
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/04—Tobacco smoke filters characterised by their shape or structure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D1/00—Cigars; Cigarettes
    • A24D1/04—Cigars; Cigarettes with mouthpieces or filter-tips

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a tobacco-smoking article in which the tobacco is contained in an elongated annular region and an axial core comprising an absorbent capable of selectively absorbing aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, for example activated charcoal or basic alumina, ammonium nitrate or oxides of transition metals, is arranged so that the smoke from the combustion of the tobacco is drawn through the said core by the smoker.
  • an absorbent capable of selectively absorbing aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, for example activated charcoal or basic alumina, ammonium nitrate or oxides of transition metals
  • This invention concerns improvements relating to tobacco smoking articles, for example of the nature of cigarettes, and has for one of its objects to provide means for modifying the characteristics of tobacco smoke.
  • Tobacco smoke consists of a particulate phase which comprises largely the less volatile constitutents of the smoke in solid or liquid form, and a vapour phase which comprises the more volatile constituents as vapours or gases mixed with the so-called permanent gases.
  • An object of this invention is to provide a smoking article in which means are included to remove a substantial proportion of the aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons from the smoke produced on combustion of the tobacco.
  • a tobacco smoking article comprises tobacco contained in an elongated annular region and an axial core which is made of an absorbent capable of selectively absorbing aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons and is arranged so that the smoke from the combustion of the tobacco is drawn through the said core.
  • the absorbent core may be formed into a self-sustaining rod or may be totally enclosed in a highly porous frangible tube.
  • the rod or tube may be wrapped in a layer of relatively smoke-impervious paper before being arranged axially of a smoking article of the conventional dimensions of, say, a cigarette.
  • the smoking article may also be fitted with a filtering or other mouthpiece.
  • an impervious barrier of non-combustible material is arranged close to the mouth end of the smoking article to ensure that the smoke passes through the axial core and also to arrest the combustion of the tobacco at a pre-determined point.
  • the absorbent material forming the axial core may comprise a support material, for example a calcined earth such as one of those available for use in gas chromatography columns under the trade name Celite or Chromosorb, which incorporates, as by admixture or impregnation, a substantial proportion of a substance which can selectively absorb aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons such as, for instance, activated charcoal or an activated basic alumina, ammonium nitrate or oxides of transition metals.
  • the proportion of the selective absorbent added may be between 5 and 50% calculated on the weight of the support material, but preferably between 10 and ⁇ 40% by weight is applied.
  • Tobacco is accommodated in an angular region I1 between an outer wrapping 2 of conventional cigarette paper and an absorbent core 3 from which it is separated by a sleeve of relatively smoke-impervious paper 4.
  • the core may be surrounded, as shown, by a sleeve or tube 5 of very frangible, porous, material, for instance a ceramic material.
  • a sleeve or tube 5 of very frangible, porous, material, for instance a ceramic material.
  • one or other of the sleeves 4 and 5 may be dispensed with.
  • the end of the annular zone towards the mout-h ⁇ piece is closed by an annular member of smoke-impervious, non-combustible, material, as illustrated an annular disc 6 of thin aluminum foil, the opening in the disc being coincident with the end of the sleeve or sleeves.
  • the cigarette is terminated by a filter plug 7 filling the whole cross section of the wrapping
  • a filter plug 7 filling the whole cross section of the wrapping
  • Such a cigarette, without the sleeve 5, can be produced by packing the material of the core 3, in the form of a stiff paste, into a tube 4 of paper, the filled tube being then utilised as axial core around which the tobacco is brought to cigarette form within the paper wrapping 2.
  • the disc 6 is secured between the wrapping 2 and the core, using a rubber-based adhesive.
  • the filter 7 may be made of a filter paper or of a fibrous material such as cellulose acetate. If desired, a mouthpiece may be provided beyond the lter 7, for example and as illustrated by chain lines a flaring mouthpiece 8 made of a plastic material. The end of the core 3 remote from the mouthpiece could, if required, be blanked off by a small metal disc.
  • the disc '6 is replaced by an annular plug of, for instance, paper impregnated with sodium silicate solution and drie-d.
  • a plug of filter material is accommodated within an extension of the sleeve or sleeves 4, 5 into the said annular plug.
  • the absorbent material may be moulded while moist into rod form ⁇ and wrapped with the filter plug in a paper sleeve similar to the sleeve 4.
  • a tobacco rod is formed around a hollow cylindrical mandrel of substantially the same diameter as the wrapped core. The tobacco rod and annular plug are enclosed in the paper wrapping 2. Finally, the core is inserted into the hollow mandrel and the latter is removed from the tobacco.
  • the resistance to air-flow of the core 3 ⁇ is substantially greater than that of the tobacco in the region 1 surrounding it and suitably about five times greater.
  • a convenient resistance in practice is 3 cm. water gauge and 20 cm. water gauge respectively for the tobacco section and the core, both measured at 1050 cc. per minute air-flow.
  • EXAMPLE I A tube 4 of conventional cigarette wrapping paper of 3 mm. diameter and 70 mm. length was produced, using a mandrel, as described with reference to FIG. 1. Amounts of Celite, a calcined absorptive earth supplied by the Johns-Manville Products Corporation, and activated charcoal both of 30-44 BSS mesh size were mixed in proportions of 90 and 10% respectively by weight. The mixture, formed into a stiff paste by the addition of 20% of glycerol, calculated on the weight of the Celite employed, was illed into the tube 4, which was used as the core 3 of a cigarette of 8.5 mm. diameter and 70 mm. length prepared from a conventional tobacco blend.
  • Example II The procedure of Example I was repeated, but using, for the core, Celite of mesh size 30-44 BSS previously sprayed with an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate to give, after drying, a 5% increase in weight.
  • Example III The procedure of Example I was repeated, but using, for the core, Hopcalite, an absorptive mixture consisting largely of the oxides of transition metals and supplied by Hopkin and Williams Ltd., of mesh size 30-44 BSS.
  • Example IV The procedure of Example I was repeated, but using, for the core, a mixture of 75% by weight of Celite and 25% by weight of an activated basic alumina, both of mesh size 30444 BSS.
  • the cigarettes so produced were attached to iilters, of the paper known as Myriaj of mm. length and were smoked in comparison with cigarettes provided with similar lters and containing the same weight of tobacco, but without the axial core.
  • the smoking was performed with a smoking engine which provided one. puff per minute of 2 seconds duration and 35 ml. volume.
  • the contents of undesirable aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in the smoke so produced were determined using gas/liquid chromatography together with an electron capture detector.
  • Cigarette Aromatic 1 Control 3.0
  • Example II 2.2
  • Example III 2.0
  • Example IV 2.0
  • an alkaline salt such as sodium carbonate
  • the addition is preferably between 3 and 8%, for example 5%, calculated on the weight of the support material.
  • a tobacco smoking article in which the smoke is adapted to be filtered over substantially the entire unsmoked length thereof which comprises:
  • a cylindrical cigarette body having a mouthpiece end and an ignition end and divided into an annular outer portion made of tobacco smoking material and a central cylindrical core portion made of a tobacco smoke lter material other than tobacco with both portions extending for substantially the entire length of the cigarette ⁇ body;
  • a tubular heat destructible smoke impervious barrier positioned between the inner surface of the annular tobacco smoking material portion and the cylindrical ilter material core portion whereby when the tobacco smoking material is ignited at the ignition end and is smoked from the mouthpiece end a major portion of the tobacco smoke will be drawn through the lter material to the mouthpiece end of the cigarette for the entire unsmoked length of the cigarette.
  • annular region is closed towards the mouth end of the article by a barrier of smoke-impervious non-combustible material.

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  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)

Abstract

THE INVENTION RELATES TO A TOBACCO-SMOKING ARTICLE IN WHICH THE TOBACCO IS CONTAINED IN AN ELONGATED ANNULAR REGION AND AN AXIAL CORE COMPRISING AN ABSORBENT CAPABLE OF SELECTIVELY ABSORBING AROMATIC POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, FOR EXAMPLE ACTIVATED CHARCOAL OR BASIC ALUMINA, AMMONIUM NITRATE OR OXIDES OF TRANSITION METALS, IS ARRANGED SO THAT THE SMOKE FROM THE COMBUSTION OF THE TOBACCO DRAWN THROUGHT THE SAID CORE BY THE SMOKER.

Description

Oct. 26, 1971 R, E, THORNTON 3,614,956
SMOKING ARTICLES Filed Sept. 5, 1968 #UVEK/70@ RAYA/MMO KE/C mom/rad fvrraewffs United States Patent ihce 3,614,956 Patented Oct. 26, 1971 3,614,956 SMOKING ARTICLES Raymond Eric Thornton, Southampton, England, assiguor to Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation, Louisville, Ky.
Filed Sept. 3, 1968, Ser. No. 756,917 Claims priority, applicatio177t Britain, Sept. 7, 1967,
9 Int. Cl. A24d 1/04 U.S. Cl. 131-10.5 10 Claims ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE The invention relates to a tobacco-smoking article in which the tobacco is contained in an elongated annular region and an axial core comprising an absorbent capable of selectively absorbing aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, for example activated charcoal or basic alumina, ammonium nitrate or oxides of transition metals, is arranged so that the smoke from the combustion of the tobacco is drawn through the said core by the smoker.
This invention concerns improvements relating to tobacco smoking articles, for example of the nature of cigarettes, and has for one of its objects to provide means for modifying the characteristics of tobacco smoke.
Tobacco smoke consists of a particulate phase which comprises largely the less volatile constitutents of the smoke in solid or liquid form, and a vapour phase which comprises the more volatile constituents as vapours or gases mixed with the so-called permanent gases.
Various means are available to remove a proportion of the vapour phase of tobacco smoke, or to remove specific substances therefrom. For removing the less volatile particulate phase, use is commonlymade of mechanical means whereby the aerosol particles are deposited upon a barrier surface. While such means are effective in removing a proportion of the particulate phase, they are ineffective or only partially effective in removing specific substances or groups of substances which it may be desirable to remove, such as, for example, aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons.
An object of this invention is to provide a smoking article in which means are included to remove a substantial proportion of the aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons from the smoke produced on combustion of the tobacco.
According to the invention, a tobacco smoking article comprises tobacco contained in an elongated annular region and an axial core which is made of an absorbent capable of selectively absorbing aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons and is arranged so that the smoke from the combustion of the tobacco is drawn through the said core. The absorbent core may be formed into a self-sustaining rod or may be totally enclosed in a highly porous frangible tube. The rod or tube may be wrapped in a layer of relatively smoke-impervious paper before being arranged axially of a smoking article of the conventional dimensions of, say, a cigarette. If desired, the smoking article may also be fitted with a filtering or other mouthpiece. Preferably, an impervious barrier of non-combustible material is arranged close to the mouth end of the smoking article to ensure that the smoke passes through the axial core and also to arrest the combustion of the tobacco at a pre-determined point. The absorbent material forming the axial core may comprise a support material, for example a calcined earth such as one of those available for use in gas chromatography columns under the trade name Celite or Chromosorb, which incorporates, as by admixture or impregnation, a substantial proportion of a substance which can selectively absorb aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons such as, for instance, activated charcoal or an activated basic alumina, ammonium nitrate or oxides of transition metals. The proportion of the selective absorbent added may be between 5 and 50% calculated on the weight of the support material, but preferably between 10 and `40% by weight is applied.
An embodiment of the invention by way of example will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing which is a diagrammatic axial section through a cigarette.
Tobacco is accommodated in an angular region I1 between an outer wrapping 2 of conventional cigarette paper and an absorbent core 3 from which it is separated by a sleeve of relatively smoke-impervious paper 4. Particularly if the core is not self supporting, it may be surrounded, as shown, by a sleeve or tube 5 of very frangible, porous, material, for instance a ceramic material. However, one or other of the sleeves 4 and 5 may be dispensed with. The end of the annular zone towards the mout-h` piece is closed by an annular member of smoke-impervious, non-combustible, material, as illustrated an annular disc 6 of thin aluminum foil, the opening in the disc being coincident with the end of the sleeve or sleeves. The cigarette is terminated by a filter plug 7 filling the whole cross section of the wrapping Such a cigarette, without the sleeve 5, can be produced by packing the material of the core 3, in the form of a stiff paste, into a tube 4 of paper, the filled tube being then utilised as axial core around which the tobacco is brought to cigarette form within the paper wrapping 2. The disc 6 is secured between the wrapping 2 and the core, using a rubber-based adhesive.
The filter 7 may be made of a filter paper or of a fibrous material such as cellulose acetate. If desired, a mouthpiece may be provided beyond the lter 7, for example and as illustrated by chain lines a flaring mouthpiece 8 made of a plastic material. The end of the core 3 remote from the mouthpiece could, if required, be blanked off by a small metal disc.
In a modification of the cigarette illustrated, the disc '6 is replaced by an annular plug of, for instance, paper impregnated with sodium silicate solution and drie-d. A plug of filter material is accommodated within an extension of the sleeve or sleeves 4, 5 into the said annular plug. In this case, the absorbent material may be moulded while moist into rod form` and wrapped with the filter plug in a paper sleeve similar to the sleeve 4. A tobacco rod is formed around a hollow cylindrical mandrel of substantially the same diameter as the wrapped core. The tobacco rod and annular plug are enclosed in the paper wrapping 2. Finally, the core is inserted into the hollow mandrel and the latter is removed from the tobacco.
Preferably the resistance to air-flow of the core 3` is substantially greater than that of the tobacco in the region 1 surrounding it and suitably about five times greater. Thus a convenient resistance in practice is 3 cm. water gauge and 20 cm. water gauge respectively for the tobacco section and the core, both measured at 1050 cc. per minute air-flow.
With such arrangements, at least a major proportion of the air entering the` cigarette will pass initially into the annular region 1 and only a minor proportion into the core 3. Since the end of the annular region 1 towards the mouth is closed or substantially closed to the smoke from the combustion of the tobacco, this smoke will be constrained, while still hot enough to be almost wholly in the vapour phase, to pass through the axial core, where the aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons are absorbed. Hence the general effect of the axial core is that of a built-in ilter with the ability to remove aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons selectively.
Several examples employing different core materials will now be described:
EXAMPLE I A tube 4 of conventional cigarette wrapping paper of 3 mm. diameter and 70 mm. length was produced, using a mandrel, as described with reference to FIG. 1. Amounts of Celite, a calcined absorptive earth supplied by the Johns-Manville Products Corporation, and activated charcoal both of 30-44 BSS mesh size were mixed in proportions of 90 and 10% respectively by weight. The mixture, formed into a stiff paste by the addition of 20% of glycerol, calculated on the weight of the Celite employed, was illed into the tube 4, which was used as the core 3 of a cigarette of 8.5 mm. diameter and 70 mm. length prepared from a conventional tobacco blend.
EXAMPLE II The procedure of Example I was repeated, but using, for the core, Celite of mesh size 30-44 BSS previously sprayed with an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate to give, after drying, a 5% increase in weight.
EXAMPLE III The procedure of Example I was repeated, but using, for the core, Hopcalite, an absorptive mixture consisting largely of the oxides of transition metals and supplied by Hopkin and Williams Ltd., of mesh size 30-44 BSS.
EXAMPLE IV The procedure of Example I was repeated, but using, for the core, a mixture of 75% by weight of Celite and 25% by weight of an activated basic alumina, both of mesh size 30444 BSS.
The cigarettes so produced were attached to iilters, of the paper known as Myriaj of mm. length and were smoked in comparison with cigarettes provided with similar lters and containing the same weight of tobacco, but without the axial core. The smoking was performed with a smoking engine which provided one. puff per minute of 2 seconds duration and 35 ml. volume. The contents of undesirable aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in the smoke so produced were determined using gas/liquid chromatography together with an electron capture detector.
The results obtained were as follows:
Cigarette: Aromatic 1 Control 3.0 Example I 2.4 Example II 2.2 Example III 2.0 Example IV 2.0
1Polycyclic hydrocarbons micrograms/100 cigarettes.
As is evident, an appreciable diminution in the amount of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons in the smoke from the test cigarette can be achieved.
If desired, a small proportion of an alkaline salt, such as sodium carbonate, may be added to the core material to effect further modification of the smoke. characteristics. The addition is preferably between 3 and 8%, for example 5%, calculated on the weight of the support material.
I claim:
1. A tobacco smoking article in which the smoke is adapted to be filtered over substantially the entire unsmoked length thereof which comprises:
(a) a tubular outer wrapper;
(b) a cylindrical cigarette body having a mouthpiece end and an ignition end and divided into an annular outer portion made of tobacco smoking material and a central cylindrical core portion made of a tobacco smoke lter material other than tobacco with both portions extending for substantially the entire length of the cigarette` body;
(c) an annular smoke impervious barrier extending over the end of the annular tobacco smoking material portion at the mouthpiece end of the cigarette; and
(d) a tubular heat destructible smoke impervious barrier positioned between the inner surface of the annular tobacco smoking material portion and the cylindrical ilter material core portion whereby when the tobacco smoking material is ignited at the ignition end and is smoked from the mouthpiece end a major portion of the tobacco smoke will be drawn through the lter material to the mouthpiece end of the cigarette for the entire unsmoked length of the cigarette.
2. An article as claimed in claim 1, wherein the absorbent core is formed as a self sustaining rod.
3. An article as claimed in claim 1, wherein the absorbent core is enclosed in a porous frangible tube.
4. An article as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core is wrapped in a paper sleeve.
5. An article as claimed in claim 1 and tted with a filtering mouthpiece, communicating with the core, through which the smoke is drawn.
6. An article as claimed in claim 1, wherein the annular region is closed towards the mouth end of the article by a barrier of smoke-impervious non-combustible material.
7. An article as claimed in claim 1, wherein the core comprises a support material as well as a substance which can selectively absorb aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons.
8. An article as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said absorbent is selected from the group consisting of activated charcoal, diatomaceous earth and activated basic alumina.
9. An article as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said absorbent is ammonium nitrate.
10. An article as claimed in claim 1, wherein the absorbent comprises oxides of transition metals.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,616,851 2/1927 Geisler l3l-l0.5 UX 2,349,551 5/1944 Helm 13l-10.5 UX 3,217,715 11/1965 Berger et al 131-267 X 3,251,365 5/1966 Keith, II et al 131-265 X FOREIGN PATENTS 687,136 5/1964 Canada. 1,436,357 3/1966 France. 1,008,092, 10/ 1965 Great Britain.
SAMUEL KOREN, Primary Examiner G. M. YAHWAK, Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R. 131-8, 10.7
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Cited By (39)

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US4142534A (en) * 1975-09-04 1979-03-06 Victor Brantl Reduction of toxic substances in tobacco smoke
US4219031A (en) * 1979-03-05 1980-08-26 Philip Morris Incorporated Smoking product having core of fibrillar carbonized matter
WO1984001274A1 (en) * 1982-09-30 1984-04-12 Pierre G Steiner Smoking devices without absorption of tar
US4727888A (en) * 1985-02-01 1988-03-01 British-American Tobacco Company Limited Smoking articles
US4756318A (en) * 1985-10-28 1988-07-12 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Smoking article with tobacco jacket
US4771795A (en) * 1986-05-15 1988-09-20 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Smoking article with dual burn rate fuel element
US4793365A (en) * 1984-09-14 1988-12-27 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Smoking article
EP0321740A1 (en) * 1987-12-22 1989-06-28 British-American Tobacco (Germany) GmbH Coaxial cigarette
US4854331A (en) * 1984-09-14 1989-08-08 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Smoking article
DE3836210C1 (en) * 1988-10-24 1989-10-12 B.A.T. Cigarettenfabriken Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg, De
US4903712A (en) * 1984-12-19 1990-02-27 Tobacco Research And Development Institute Limited Cigarettes and methods of making them
US4917128A (en) * 1985-10-28 1990-04-17 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Cigarette
DE3904948C1 (en) * 1989-02-17 1990-05-10 B.A.T. Cigarettenfabriken Gmbh, 2000 Hamburg, De Coaxial filter for a smokeable article
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EP0378788A1 (en) * 1989-01-17 1990-07-25 B.A.T. Cigarettenfabriken GmbH Coaxial filter cigarette
US4955397A (en) * 1989-07-10 1990-09-11 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation Cigarette
US5027836A (en) * 1984-12-21 1991-07-02 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Insulated smoking article
US5042509A (en) * 1984-09-14 1991-08-27 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Method for making aerosol generating cartridge
US5052413A (en) * 1987-02-27 1991-10-01 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Method for making a smoking article and components for use therein
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US5265626A (en) * 1989-01-17 1993-11-30 B.A.T. Cigarettenfabriken Gmbh Coaxial filter cigarette
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US5996589A (en) * 1998-03-03 1999-12-07 Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation Aerosol-delivery smoking article
US20050066986A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2005-03-31 Nestor Timothy Brian Smokable rod for a cigarette
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US10492542B1 (en) 2011-08-09 2019-12-03 Rai Strategic Holdings, Inc. Smoking articles and use thereof for yielding inhalation materials
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US11576426B2 (en) 2017-08-01 2023-02-14 British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited Modular tobacco industry product
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US8424539B2 (en) 2006-08-08 2013-04-23 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with single piece restrictor and chamber
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US8235056B2 (en) 2006-12-29 2012-08-07 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with concentric hollow core in tobacco rod and capsule containing flavorant and aerosol forming agents in the filter system
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US8905037B2 (en) 2009-10-15 2014-12-09 Philip Morris Inc. Enhanced subjective activated carbon cigarette
US9138016B2 (en) 2010-03-26 2015-09-22 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking articles with significantly reduced gas vapor phase smoking constituents
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Cited By (87)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4142534A (en) * 1975-09-04 1979-03-06 Victor Brantl Reduction of toxic substances in tobacco smoke
US4219031A (en) * 1979-03-05 1980-08-26 Philip Morris Incorporated Smoking product having core of fibrillar carbonized matter
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BR6802104D0 (en) 1973-02-06
DE1792440B2 (en) 1977-06-16
GB1228747A (en) 1971-04-15
DE1792440A1 (en) 1971-11-18

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