US3611166A - Accelerator for relativistic electrons - Google Patents

Accelerator for relativistic electrons Download PDF

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Publication number
US3611166A
US3611166A US774406A US3611166DA US3611166A US 3611166 A US3611166 A US 3611166A US 774406 A US774406 A US 774406A US 3611166D A US3611166D A US 3611166DA US 3611166 A US3611166 A US 3611166A
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electron
deflecting
accelerator
electron accelerator
resonators
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Bernard Epsztein
Jacques Pinel
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Thales SA
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CSF Compagnie Generale de Telegraphie sans Fil SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H9/00—Linear accelerators
    • H05H9/04—Standing-wave linear accelerators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
    • H05H7/12—Arrangements for varying final energy of beam

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electron accelerators. More precisely it is an object of the invention to provide an electron accelerator which is capable of permanent operation at a level in the order of I mev.
  • Such beams can be produced at low (20 mev.) and mean (100 mev.) energies, in the case of heavy particles such as ions, for example by means of an isochronous cyclotron.
  • electrostatic Van de Graafftype accelerators are limited to around IO mev. and continuously operating linear accelerators, because of the low level of the accelerated current and the losses in the cavities, have very poor efficiency indeed.
  • an electron accelerator comprising an arrangement including n cavity resonators associated in series for electron beam propagation therein, n being an integer, means for feeding an electron beam into said arrangement at one end thereof, means for propagating said beam a plurality of timeout and back along different rectilinear, parallel trajectories throughout said arrangement and means for feeding high frequency energy to said arrangement.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view in axial longitudinal section along the plane of symmetry P of an accelerator according to the invention showing some initial trajectories of the beam:
  • FIG. 2 shows a detail of the accelerator of FIG. 1
  • FIG. 3 is a partially cutaway perspective view of an accelerator in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a detail of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram showing the passage of the beam through the accelerator I;
  • FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic sectional view of an electron gun used in the accelerators in accordance with the invention.
  • the two resonators R, and R are identical. They have respectively cylindrical walls r, and r and inwardly dished terminal walls q,, t, and q 1
  • the recessed portions of the dished walls have flat bottoms u,, v, and 14,, v respectively in the Planes PM and p2.
  • the resonators R, and R abut each other, the nonrecessed portions w, and W; of their respective end walls 4, and q, being applied to each other.
  • the recessed wall portions u,, v,, u: and v have holes e,s,, e",.r,, e',, s",.r e .r” -e 3' 3" for the passage of the electron beam.
  • the resonators R, and R are supplied with high frequency energy by means of respective antennae U, and U coupled to a source (not shown).
  • FIG. 1 also shows, very diagrammatically, two of the deflecting elements of each of the deflection systems, namely magnets (or electromagnets) A, and A at the left and A and A, at the right.
  • the assembly shown in FIG. 1, is enclosed in an evacuated tight enclosure represented by the broken line 20 with the tight lead-throughs z, and z; for the antennae U, and U
  • All the deflection elements of the deflection system are of the same type. They are well known to those skilled in the art and take, for example, the form of flattened semicylinders of revolution, whose axes are parallel to the plane P and perpendicular to the axis XX at the left-hand end of the accelerator, and perpendicular to the plane P at the right-hand end thereof.
  • FIG. 2 One of the elements, pertaining to the cavity R of FIG. I, has been schematically shown in FIG. 2 as a semicylinder, limited by a plane F, parallel to its axis of revolution YY', and the faces a, and a',, perpendicular to this axis.
  • the face F is perpendicular to the plane P.
  • this face is perpendicular to the axis XX.
  • f, and f represent sections of the airgap of the element, which is, as is known, an essential part of a deflecting element, in the plane of the face F, and c, and c, are the respective centers of these sections; m designates the median plane of the sections f, and f' The point c is located in the plane P on the axis XX.
  • the electron beam enters at E, in the accelerator and propagates along the axis XX. It enters the cavity R, through the orifice e, to follow the trajectory 1, leaves it through the orifice .r,, enters the cavity R through the orifice e and leaves it through the orifice s At the output of the resonator R still following the rectilinear trajectory 1, it is taken up by the deflecting element A,, as shown in FIG. 2, at a point which there prevails a constant, uniform flux 8,, parallel to the plane P and directed downwards in the figure.
  • the electron beam is then deflected, following the circular trajectory C, as is well known in the art.
  • This reflection is backwards of the plane P in FIG. 1, due to the fact that the magnetic field is the reflecting elements A, is directed downwards, as indicated by the arrow 8,.
  • the beam then leaves the deflecting element to follow a rectilinear trajectory, tangentially to the semicircular are C, and parallel to but in the opposite direction of the trajectory I. It enters the resonator R through the orifice 2' It leaves it through the orifice s',, then entering the resonator R, at e, and leaving it at s At the output of the resonator R, it follows the rectilinear trajectory 2 and penetrates into the deflecting element A,. The latter is positioned normally to the element A,, as above specified.
  • the magnetic field of the deflecting element A is constant, uniform, perpendicular to the plane P and directed from front to rear of the FIG. 1, as indicated by the arrow B
  • the electron beam is deflected by the deflecting element A in the same manner as by the element A but in a plane normal to that in which is was deflected in the latter. Upon leaving it, it follows the trajectory 3 which is parallel to the trajectory 2 but of opposite direction and is located below it.
  • the beam then propagates again towards the resonators R and R through the orifices 3",, s",, and 2",, s"
  • the deflecting element A positioned beneath the element A in FlG. 1.
  • the beam is then deflected to follow the rectilinear trajectory 4. This trajectory is parallel to the trajectory 3, and is located in front ofit in FIG. 1.
  • the beam once again propagates through the resonators R, and R at points not shown in FIG. 1, since the forward half of the resonators has been out away in this figure, the trajectory 4 being forward of the plane P.
  • the beam After having left the resonator R the beam enters the deflecting element A which is geometrically similar to the element A oriented in the same manner and is situated in front of the element A in FIG. 1.
  • the beam is deflected in the airgap of the magnet element A, as it was in element A although in the opposite direction, i.e. upwards in FIG. 1, in view of the direction B, of the magnetic field of the deflecting element A,,.
  • the electron beam is again taken up by a deflecting element similar to elements A and A (not shown). Two successive deflections are thus made in oppositedirections, towards the front of towards the rear of the figure, in the cause of the elements A,, A and downwards or upwards, in the case of the elements A A.,....
  • Each of these deflections has an amplitude such that the trajectory followed by the beam upon its leaving one of the deflecting elements is always behind all the preceding trajectories in the event that the last deflection is experienced took place towards the rear, of the figure, is always in front of the preceding trajectories when the last deflection took place towards the front of the figure, and is always above or below all the preceding trajectories according to whether the last deviation which it experienced was upwards or downwards in the figure.
  • U represents the energy of the electron in mev.
  • B the magnetic flux, in Tesla units and R the radius of the circle of deflection in meters.
  • the electron beam is also subjected to certain phase conditions. These conditionsare the conditions which it has to satisfy in order that its energy may increase with each transit. For this to happen, it is necessary on the one hand for the phase of the high frequency field in each resonator, at the instant the beam enters it, i.e., its input phase, to have a predetermined value or one which is at least comprised within certain limits, and the transit time of the beam within the resonator should also fall within certain limits.
  • the accelerator in accordance with the invention is devised for a continuous mode of operation.
  • the phase condition is that experienced by a observer connected to the beam and travelling with the electrons of a given section thereof. This section will be chosen in accordance with considerations which will be dealt with in more detail hereinafter.
  • the input phase of the beam lags by a fixed amount, comprised between 0 and one-fourth of the period of the high frequency wave, in relation to the phase zero.
  • the phase zero is that phase of the high frequency field in the resonator for which this field grows in the direction of propagation of the beam.
  • -L designates the length of one of the rectilinear trajectories followed by the electron beam, in one direction, from the input of the first resonator to the output of the last;
  • -D is the sum of the distances travelled by the electron beam from the output of the last cavity traversed, to the input of the deflecting magnet element disposed beyond same and, after deflection in said element, from the output thereof to the input of the same cavity;
  • R is the radius of the semicircular are described by the electron beam inside the deflecting element:
  • -A is the length of the operating high frequency wave
  • k is the number of cavities.
  • :Qi is the phase-shift experienced by the beam between its exit from the last resonator and its return thereto after a deflection through E, is intended to indicate the summing of the phase shifts I aforestated, over the n transits considered;
  • I is the phase shift of the beam at the input to the first resonator at the beginning of the first transit, in relation to the zero phase as defined;
  • k is the number of resonators.
  • condition (2) means that, on the other hand, the sum of the distances covered by the electron beam between its exit from the resonators and a deflection element, i.e. the distance s c, in FlG. 2 in the case of the deflecting element A,, and after deflection in the same element, between the latter and the resonator which it has just left, i.e. the distance c, e (these distances being equal in the case of magnets arranged as in FIG. 1 for example) will be smaller and smaller as the radius of the beam trajectory in the deflecting magnet, in-
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective, partly cutaway view, showing an embodiment of an accelerator according to the invention for operation in accordance with the phase condition defined by equation (2).
  • the accelerator of FIG. 3 is similar in all respects to that shown in FIG. 1, except that it has been assumed that the first deflection undergone by the beam is from the rear towards the front of the FIG. 3 instead of being from the front towards the rear as in the case of FIG. 1.
  • an electron gun Ce supplies a beam directed, as shown by the arrow F, along the axis XX.
  • the beam propagates through the resonators R,, R which are provided with holes for the passage of the beam.
  • the position of these systems can be varied in the resonators by means of two arrangements symbolically illustrated by G, and G,
  • the arrangements also comprises the antennae U, and U, which supply the high frequency energy to the resonators R, and R, respectively, a shielding enclosure G, vacuum connections V,, V,, V V an envelope T and cooling ducts T,, T T
  • the resonators R, and R are tuned as well known in the art.
  • the deflecting elements have a vertically stepped disposition on both sides of the deflecting element in which the first deflection takes place; similarly, the right-hand deflecting system has a horizontally stepped disposition.
  • the largest magnet that is to say that in which the radius of the semicircular trajectory followed by the beam is the greatest, is nearest to the resonator wall, in accordance with the considerations set out hereinbefore.
  • the electrons of the beam because of the energy they receive, are grouped together in bunches, the energy of which decreases from the center towards the edges, the energies of the different electrons of which the bunch is made up depending upon the phase with which these electrons entered the different sections of the accelerator.
  • the accelerator in accordance with the invention when one of these "bunches" traverses a deflecting magnet, the low energy electrons, therefore, have a tendency to overtake the maximum energy electrons located at the center of the bunch and preceding them, and, therefore, arrive at the input of the first resonator, ready for the next transit, with a lower phase shift with respect to the latter, than it was at the end of the previous transit, prior to entering the deflection element.
  • the presence of the deflecting system thus has the effect that with each passage of the beam through one of them, the electron bunches" present in the beam are shortened, that is to say the electron grouping inside the bunches is improved, and this is something which is always desirable in accelerators.
  • the ultrahigh frequency energy is the easier to generate, the longer is its wavelength, the maximum power output attainable with ultrahigh frequency generators being a steeply rising function of the wavelength.
  • Another advantage of the present invention resides in the fact that the dimensions of the resonators increase, other things being equal, in proportion with the wavelength of resonance, so that the section presented by the resonators for passage of the beam increases too, enabling the beam to traverse the section several times at different points in each case.
  • a still further advantage of the invention resides in the fact that, in view of the trajectory followed by the beam in the accelerators in accordance with the invention, the point of injection and the point of extraction are spaced apart from one another and may even be arranged at different ends of the system.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the arrangement of holes in one of the sections u,, u,, v, or v of the resonators R, and R of FIG. 3. These holes carry the reference numbers of the rectilinear trajectories traversing them respectively.
  • the beam covers 19 trajectories from the input F of the trajectory l to the end S of the trajectory 19.
  • the diagram of FIG. 5 indicates, in the case of the accelerator of FIG. 1, the passage of the beam through the resonators in relation to the phase of the H.F. field therein, for a beam obeying the phase condition (2) (constant input phase in the first resonator, in respect of all the transits).
  • the diagram of FIG. 5 relates to a given section of a continuous beam, this beam section entering the accelerator at the moment the applied H.F. field has the phase E,.
  • the sinusoidal curve 2 illustrates as a function of time the HF. wave in the principal mode in the resonator R,, for example, and the sinusoidal curve 2 symmetrical with the former in relation to the time axis, the HF wave of the principal mode in the resonator R which is in phase opposition with that of the resonator R, in accordance with one feature of the invention.
  • the H.F. field is in each resonator uniform and parallel to the trajectories of the beam.
  • the electron beam following the trajectory I enters the resonator R, through the orifice e,, at the time E, which precedes that at which the HF. electric field in this resonator reaches its peak value, by about onetwelfth of a cycle.
  • the strength of the HF electric field in the resonator R is that plotted along the ordinate of the point a on the sinusoid 2,.
  • the electron beam propagates through the resonator R, from the point e, to the point s, situated in the plane p',, which it reaches at the instant S,.
  • the strength of the l-I.F. electric field in the resonator R is at this instant equal to the ordinate of the point B of the sinusoid 2,, the time taken by the beam to propagate from e, to s, being, in accordance with another feature of the invention, less than half a cycle of the HF wave applied to the resonators.
  • the time S precedes the end of the half-period O, by around one-twentieth of a period.
  • the electron beam then follows the trajectory 1 through the distance s,e where there is no l-I.F. field and which separates the plane p, in which the beam leaves the resonator R,, from the plane p, in which it enters the resonator R,. It enters the resonator R at an instant E, the strength of the ultrahigh frequency electric field in the resonator R, being then equal to the ordinate of the point 7 on the sinusoid 2 On the diagram of FIG. 5, the instant E, is later by about one-fifteenth of a cycle than the end of the first half-period.
  • the electron beam then passes along the trajectory I through the resonator R leaving the latter at s, at the time 8-,, at which time the HF field in the resonator R, has a strength equal to the ordinate of the point 6 on the sinusoid 2
  • the electron beam is then deflected through 180 and returns in the direction of the arrows 2 towards the resonator R,, which, it reaches at the instant E' one cycle after having entered the resonator R,.
  • the beam then continues its propagation, as shown in FIG. I and as indicated in FIG. 5 at E and e, S, and g, E, and n, S, and IL, the arcs e g and 17 1.1.
  • the energy supplied to the beam by the two resonators R, and R during the course of its transit through them, depends of course upon the transit time of the beam through these resonators.
  • the energy is given by the crosshatched area 0', (FIG. in the case of the resonator R, and by the crosshatched area 0' (FIG. 5) in the case of the resonator R
  • this energy is in the order of 5 mev. for each transit, considering an I-I.F. peak field in the resonator of around I megavolt per meter and a transit time through the resonators of around three-tenths of the cycle time.
  • This modulation is preceded by density modulation of the beam at the electron gun, where the only voltage applied to it being the continuous acceleration voltage, it does not yet achieve the relativistic condition.
  • a conventional technique is then used, which consists in modulating the direct voltage applied to the beam to achieve drift modulation of the beam.
  • the phase considered in the foregoing, is that of the central section of each bunch.
  • the gun is shown schematically in section in FIG. 6.
  • This figure shows a tight insulating envelope 20, a filament 21, a cathode 22 and an accelerator grid 23, three drift tubes 24, 25, 26 and the input of resonator R,.
  • the direct acceleration voltage in the order of a few kv., is supplied from the source 27 to the bean which is travelling in the direction F.
  • Oscillatory circuits 28 and 29 are coupled to an ultra high frequency source 30, tuned to the frequency of operation of the accelerator. They feed respectively the grid 23 and the central drift tube 25.
  • the grid is biased by a source 31.
  • the oscillatory circuit 28 is earthed across a capacitor 32.
  • the grid which is class C operated, produces a first modulation in the beam which results in the formation of bunches of about 60 length, at the end of the tube 24.
  • FIG. 7 shows, in perspective and partly in section a deflecting element which, while deflecting the beam, insures a certain amount of focusing of the latter.
  • the deflecting element shown in FIG. 7 comprises two pole pieces N, and P,.
  • a coil is positioned between these pole pieces in a groove H formed therein and is spread out at B on the outer faces of the pole pieces to provide room for the passage of the beam on entering the deflecting element and leaving it after having described a semicircular trajectory in the space limited by the pole pieces N, and P, and the coil B.
  • tapered elements b may be applied on the frontal face of semicircular pole pieces P, and N,.
  • tapered elements [7 are applied on the opposed horizontal walls of the pole pieces, the inclination being in the direction of propagation of the beam.
  • a shield L surrounds the whole assembly.
  • r is the coil junction box and D the cooling system connector.
  • the magnets it must be borne in mind that during its passage through the resonator, the beam undergoes a radial deflection due to the high frequency magnetic field, however weak, prevailing inside said resonators in the zone traversed by the beam.
  • These means may take a variety of forms. They may consist, quite simply, of the deflection coils of the deflecting electromagnets, in the case where the deflector systems use elec tromagnets, of auxiliary electromagnets in the case where the deflector systems are made up of permanent magnets, or of mechanical devices G, and G (FIG. 3), which enable slight displacements to be effected within the deflector systems, or of any other known system.
  • the size of the magnets is itself limited by that of the cavities, the manufacture of which in the seize envisaged in accordance with the invention, creates problems in view of the great loads they have to support once evacuated. Accordingly, it is the size of the cavities which appears to be the essential factor in limiting the energy which it is possible to attain in accelerators in accordance with the invention.
  • lt is also possible, using the same accelerator, retaining the same supply arrangement and the same mean level of injected H.F. power and the same mean power transfer to the beam, to reduce the duty factor of the beam progressively as the magnetic flux of the magnets is increased; thus, the accelerator being designed to have a duty factor of 100 percent at l00 mev., this factor can be reduced to 38 percent at 180 mev.
  • An electron accelerator comprising an arrangement including n cavity resonators associated in series for electron beam propagation therein, n being an integer, means for feeding an electron beam into said arrangement at one thereof, magnetic means for propagating said beam a plurality of times out and back along difi'erent rectilinear, parallel trajectories throughout said arrangement and means for feeding high frequency energy to said arrangement.
  • said beam-propagating means comprise deflecting means including a first and a second beam-deflecting system, respectively positioned at the two ends of said arrangement, said first and second systems each comprising a plurality of deflecting elements, each element of one plurality being positioned for deflecting said beam through towards one element of said other plurality.
  • said deflecting elements are magnetic elements having a semicircular gap through which said beam propagates and wherein the magnetic flux density is constant, uniform and normal to the common direction of said rectilinear trajectories for causing semicircular deflections of said beam.
  • An electron accelerator as claimed in claim 1, wherein said arrangement of cavity resonators comprises two identical resonators having a common axis of revolution and abutting symmetrically each other.
  • means for feeding said electron beam into said resonators comprise means for bunching said electron beam prior to entering the first resonator.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
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US774406A 1967-11-21 1968-11-08 Accelerator for relativistic electrons Expired - Lifetime US3611166A (en)

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DE (1) DE1809899A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1555723A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1213684A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3885193A (en) * 1973-08-24 1975-05-20 Gersh Itskovich Budker Microwave electron discharge device
DE2533346A1 (de) * 1974-08-01 1976-02-19 Atomic Energy Of Canada Ltd Linearbeschleuniger
US3953758A (en) * 1974-01-15 1976-04-27 C.G.R.-Mev. Multiperiodic linear accelerating structure
FR2616032A1 (fr) * 1987-05-26 1988-12-02 Commissariat Energie Atomique Accelerateur d'electrons a cavite coaxiale
CN111212512A (zh) * 2020-03-06 2020-05-29 陕西利友百辉科技发展有限公司 加速装置、辐照系统和高能电子制造设备及其使用方法

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2143792C1 (ru) * 1996-05-21 1999-12-27 Государственный научный центр РФ - Институт теоретической и экспериментальной физики Линейный ускоритель ионов
EP1089602B1 (en) * 1999-09-28 2004-02-11 Hans Wälischmiller GmbH Electron accelerator
DE102012219726B3 (de) * 2012-10-29 2014-03-13 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Linearbeschleunigers und nach diesem Verfahren betriebener Linearbeschleuniger

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2462087A (en) * 1943-04-19 1949-02-22 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron discharge device of the velocity modulation type
US2953750A (en) * 1956-09-04 1960-09-20 Nicholas C Christofilos Magnetic cable

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2462087A (en) * 1943-04-19 1949-02-22 Int Standard Electric Corp Electron discharge device of the velocity modulation type
US2953750A (en) * 1956-09-04 1960-09-20 Nicholas C Christofilos Magnetic cable

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3885193A (en) * 1973-08-24 1975-05-20 Gersh Itskovich Budker Microwave electron discharge device
US3953758A (en) * 1974-01-15 1976-04-27 C.G.R.-Mev. Multiperiodic linear accelerating structure
DE2533346A1 (de) * 1974-08-01 1976-02-19 Atomic Energy Of Canada Ltd Linearbeschleuniger
US4006422A (en) * 1974-08-01 1977-02-01 Atomic Energy Of Canada Limited Double pass linear accelerator operating in a standing wave mode
FR2616032A1 (fr) * 1987-05-26 1988-12-02 Commissariat Energie Atomique Accelerateur d'electrons a cavite coaxiale
CN111212512A (zh) * 2020-03-06 2020-05-29 陕西利友百辉科技发展有限公司 加速装置、辐照系统和高能电子制造设备及其使用方法

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DE1809899A1 (de) 1969-08-28
FR1555723A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-01-31

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