US3885193A - Microwave electron discharge device - Google Patents

Microwave electron discharge device Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3885193A
US3885193A US391314A US39131473A US3885193A US 3885193 A US3885193 A US 3885193A US 391314 A US391314 A US 391314A US 39131473 A US39131473 A US 39131473A US 3885193 A US3885193 A US 3885193A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
resonator
deflection system
electromagnetic wave
frequency
particles
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US391314A
Inventor
Gersh Itskovich Budker
Marlen Moiseevich Karliner
Ivan Grigorievich Makarov
Sergei Nikolaevich Morozov
Oleg Alexandrovich Nezhevenko
Gennady Nikolaevich Ostreiko
Isai Abramovich Shekhtman
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US391314A priority Critical patent/US3885193A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3885193A publication Critical patent/US3885193A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/78—Tubes with electron stream modulated by deflection in a resonator
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03B—GENERATION OF OSCILLATIONS, DIRECTLY OR BY FREQUENCY-CHANGING, BY CIRCUITS EMPLOYING ACTIVE ELEMENTS WHICH OPERATE IN A NON-SWITCHING MANNER; GENERATION OF NOISE BY SUCH CIRCUITS
    • H03B13/00—Generation of oscillations using deflection of electron beam in a cathode-ray tube
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H7/00—Details of devices of the types covered by groups H05H9/00, H05H11/00, H05H13/00
    • H05H7/14—Vacuum chambers
    • H05H7/18—Cavities; Resonators

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A microwave electron discharge device comprising a means for forming a charged particle beam and having an accelerating tube for imparting relativistic energies to the charged particle beam.
  • the device contains a deflection system for circular sweep of the beam disposed subsequent to the beam-producing means along the same axis, and a travelling-wave annular resonator positioned subsequent to the deflection system and also coaxial with this system and having circular slots at its and surfaces to permit the ingress of the scanned beam and its egress into the collector.
  • the annular resonator is provided with a means for extracting electromagnetic microwave power which takes the form of two or more identical nondirectional power terminals distributed over the circumference of the resonator.
  • the present invention relates to electron discharge devices and more particularly to microwave electron discharge devices used for power amplification and multiplication of highand super-high frequency signals in various radio systems, for example, in charged particle accelerators.
  • the microwave electron discharge device of the prior art comprises a means for forming an axially symmetric electron beam, a deflection system disposed coaxially after the beam-producing means and intended for circular sweep of the electron beam under the effect of the input signal, and a beam-excited travelingwave annular resonator also disposed coaxially after the beam-producing means and having circular slots at its front and rear surfaces to permit the ingress and egress of a circularly deflected electron beam.
  • the an nular resonator is also provided with a means for extracting microwave power made as a directional coupler.
  • a means for postdeflection acceleration of particles interposed between the deflection system and the annular resonator For transmitting the beam from the deflection system to the resonator there is provided a means for postdeflection acceleration of particles interposed between the deflection system and the annular resonator.
  • This prior art device suffers from the disadvantage that is it unfeasible to obtain high power due to the fact that its construction does not permit the use of relativistic beams.
  • relativistic energies When relativistic energies are imparted to the beam after its deflection, oscillations that arise in the particle-accelerating means cause coherent instability of the excited beam which is a phenomenon indentical with that occurring in linear accelerators for charged particles.
  • V electron velocity component normal to the line of force of the electric field in the resonator V electron velocity component normal to the line of force of the electric field in the resonator.
  • the efficiency of the device is also restricted by strong electromagnetic power loss through the circular slots for beam traversal. At the same time, extraction of power from the resonator through one directional coupler limits the power output to the user.
  • lt is another object of the present invention to provide a microwave electron discharge device with a high electronic efficiency.
  • a microwave electron discharge device comprising a means for forming a beam of charged particles, a deflection system for circular deflection of this beam at the input signal fequency positioned along the beam axis immediately subsequent to the beam-forming means, and a traveling-wave annular resonator which is positioned also along the beam axis subsequent to the deflection system and has circular slots at its front and back surfaces to permit the ingress of the deflected beam of charged particles and egress of this beam to a collector and which also has a means for extracting electromagnetic microwave power; wherein, according to the invention, there is provided an eccelerating tube interposed between the beam-forming means and the deflection system and intended for imparting relativistic energies to the beam of charged particles.
  • the annular resonator is provided with a source of constant magnetic field which would compensate the radio-frequency magnetic field induced by the traveling wave at a point where the beam traverses the resonator.
  • an additional deflection system coaxial with the deflection system and the annular resonator which projects the charged particle beam perpendicular to the resonator end walls.
  • the additional deflection system may be made in the form of a magnetic lens.
  • the additional deflection system may also be electrostatic and take the form of a spherical capacitor.
  • the annular resonator may be constructed and arranged so that its front and back walls are normal to the path of charged particles in a circularly deflected beam, and its side walls have a configuration at which the lines of force of the electric field induced by the resonator traveling wave are parallel to the direction of movement of the charged particles beam at the place of its travel through the resonator.
  • the circular slots are preferably disposed so that their center lines coincide with the line characterized by the absence of transverse radio-frequency currents flowing along the inner surface of the resona- 10!.
  • the means for extracting electromagnetic microwave power takes the form of two identical nondirectional output power terminals mounted on the resonator surface and having an azimuth shift equal to one quarter wavelength of the traveling wave in the annular resonator.
  • the means for extracting electromagnetic microwave power can also be made in the form of more than two identical non-directional output power terminals mounted on the resonator surface and having such an azimuth shift relative to one another as would ensure uniform distribution of these terminals along the angular wavelength of the wave traveling within the annular resonator.
  • the microwave electron discharge device of the present invention provides high microwave power output and has high electronic efficiency (about I percent).
  • FIG. I is a schematic illustration of a microwave electron discharge device
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the same device with an additional deflection system
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the same device with an annular resonator the front and back walls of which are arranged perpendicular to the path of the particles;
  • FIG. 4a diagrammatically illustrates an annular resonator with coaxial cylinders at the slot edges
  • FIG. 4b is a diagram of approximate current distribution in the front and back walls of the resonator
  • FIG. 5a shows the arrangement of two directional power terminals in a device of the present invention used for amplification of microwave signals
  • FIGS. 5b, 5c, 5d, Se are versions of the arrangement of power terminals in a device of the present invention used for frequency multiplication (quadrupling) of microwave signals;
  • FIG. 5f illustrates a traveling-wave resonator with four power terminals (used for power amplification).
  • FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings there is shown diagrammatically a microwave electron discharge device which comprises a means for forming a charged particle beam in the form of an electron gun I which produces an axially symmetric pencil beam of charged particles, and a sectionalized accelerating tube 2 for imparting relativistic energies to the particles disposed at the output of the electron gun I and supplied from a high-voltage rectifier 3.
  • the device may use any charged particles, but it can be most easily accomplished using electrons.
  • the description below considers an embodiment of the device intended for work with electrons.
  • the electron gun I, accelerating tube 2 and rectifier 3 form a relativistic electron source 4.
  • the microwave device contains also a deflection system 5 for circular sweep of the electron beam which is disposed along the axis of the acclerating tube 2 and subsequent to the latter in the beam travel direction.
  • the deflection system 5 consists of two capacitors 6 with a mutual 90 spatial shift which are connected to an input signal source 7 through coaxial transmission lines 8.
  • a traveling-wave annular resonator 9 Diposed subsequent to the deflection system 5 and coaxial with the latter is a traveling-wave annular resonator 9 designed for converting the kinetic energy of the particles into the energy of an electromagnetic field.
  • the resonator 9 has end walls 10 and side walls 11, the end walls 10 being, provided with axially symmetric circular slots 12 for passing the electron beam into the resonator 9 and exiting the beam out of the resonator 9 into a collector 13.
  • the traveling-wave resonator 9 has a circular D.C. electromagnet 14 used to compensate for the radio-frequency magnetic field induced by the wave at a place of beam traversal through the resonator 9, and a directional coupler 15 for extracting microwave power (a means for microwave power extraction).
  • FIG. 2 another embodiment of the device illustrated in FIG. 2 comprises an additional deflection system 16 interposed between the deflection system 5 and the traveling-wave resonator 9 along the same axis.
  • the additional deflection system 16 takes the form of a spherical capacitor having an inner electrode l7 and an outer electrode 18.
  • the additional deflection system 16 may be not only electrostatic, but also magnetic, for instance, take the form of a thin magnetic lens embracing the scanned beam (not shown in the figures).
  • FIG. 3 differs from the device of FIG. 1 in that an annular resonator 9' has its front and back walls 10 oriented perpendicularly to the path of particles in a circularly deflected beam, while the side walls 11 are so shaped that the lines of force of the electric field induced by the travelingwave inside the resonator 9' are perpendicular to the end walls 10 at places traversed by the beam particles traveling through the resonator 9'.
  • FIG. 4a illustrates a sectional view of the travelingwave annular resonator 9 wherein in order to minimize a loss of the electromagnetic power, the circular slots 12 are arranged so that their center lines coincide with the line along which there are no transverse radiofrequency electric currents passing over the inner surface of the resonator 9 (or so that they are coincident with the nodal lines of the radio-frequency current flowing transverse to the slots 12).
  • coaxial cylinders I9 made of some conducting material which are electrically connected to the surface of the resonator 9 and serve as cut-off waveguides.
  • FIG. 4b illustrates a diagram of transverse current I flowing in the end walls 10 of the resonator 9.
  • FIG. 5a is a diagrammatic arrangement of two identical non-rectional power terminals (A and B) mounted on the surface of the resonator 9 with an azimuth shift equal to one quarter wavelength (Kb/4).
  • the device illustrated in this figure acts as a power amplifier.
  • FIGS. 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e show various versions of the arrangement of identical non-directional power terminals (A, B, C, D, E) in a device operating as a frequency multiplier (quadrupoler).
  • two terminals A and B have a mutual azimuth shift of Ab/4
  • three terminals, A, B and C have a shift equal to )tb/3.
  • the resonator has four terminals A, B, C and D arranged in two pairs in the opposite quarters of the resonator and having a )tb/4 shift in each pair.
  • FIG. 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e show various versions of the arrangement of identical non-directional power terminals (A, B, C, D, E) in a device operating as a frequency multiplier (quadrupoler).
  • FIG. 5b two terminals A and B have a mutual azimuth shift of Ab/4
  • three terminals, A, B and C have a shift equal to )tb/3.
  • 5e shows a resonator with five terminals A, B, C, D and E arranged as follows: two terminals A and B in one quarter of the resonator 9 with a shift of )tb/4, and three terminals C, D and E in the adjacent quarter of the resonator 9 with a shift of Ab/3.
  • FIG. 5f is a top view of the traveling-wave resonator 9 (in a device used as a power amplifier) having four identical nondirectional terminals 20 distributed through equal intervals along the circumference of the resonator 9.
  • Each terminal 20 consists of a coupling slot 21 and a waveguide 22 connected to a termination 23 (power consumer).
  • the device operates as follows.
  • the electron gun 1 (FIG. 1) producing an electron beam carries a voltage of l3 MV with respect to the last electrode of the sectionalized accelerating tube 2 which receives voltage from the rectifier 3.
  • the electron beam derived from the electron gun and accelerated to relativistic energies enters the deflection system 5 which is excited from the input signal source 7.
  • the input signal is divided in two parts and enters the deflection system 5 through two coaxial transmission lines 8, the lengths of the lines being so selected that signals coming to the capacitors 6 and 90 out of phase.
  • Such a deflection system sets up a radio-frequency deflecting electric field with circular polarization and causes the electron beam to circularly scan the resonator.
  • the beam After acceleration and scanning, the beam enters the travelling-wave annular resonator 9 through the axially symmetric slot 12 and builds up direct current passing through this resonator 9. Continuously varying its entry point into the resonator 9, the current excites a wave traveling, or rotating, in a circle.
  • the dimensions of the resonator 9 are selected such that the natural frequency of the oscillations built up in the resonator is close to, or is a multiple of, the beam rotation frequency, and that the electric field associated with the traveling wave is perpendicular to the end walls 10 of the resonator 9.
  • Voltage at the resonator 9 rises so that, if the Q-factor of the resonator is sufficiently high and coupling with the termination is properly adjusted, the voltage becomes close to the beam accelerating voltage. To avoid the deleterious effects from generation of secondary electrons, the particles that have given their energy to the electromagnetic field exit from the resonator through the other circular slot 12 into the collector 13. Useful power is extracted into the matched termination through the directional coupler l5.
  • a magnetic field is also built up in the traveling-wave resonator 9. This field turns the particles in a direction opposite to that of wave progatation.
  • the magnetic field is sufficiently large to turn the particles having a kinetic energy of -40 percent of the initial energy through an angle of 90 which limits the efficiency of the device to 60-80 percent.
  • the resonator 9 has the DC. electromagnet 14 which sets up a constant magnetic field offsetting the radio-frequency field at a place where the beam traverses the resonator 9.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the device which successfully solves this problem.
  • the relativistic electron beam derived from the source 4 enters the deflection system 5 where the electrons are deflected at a present angle from the longitudinal axis.
  • the velocity component perpendicular to the axis is proportional to the tangent of the deflection angle.
  • the electron beam Passing further between the electrodes 17 and 18 of the spherical capacitor, the electron beam is de flected by the electric field of this capacitor at the same angle but in the opposite direction and enters the traveling-wave resonator 9 parallel to the electric lines of force of the radio-frequency field associated with the traveling wave.
  • the electrons With properly selected operating characteristics of the resonator 9, the electrons are deceler ated practically down to zero, and the electronic effciency of the device will then be restricted by the second-oder effects, for example, by the particle energy scatter, space charge, etc.
  • FIG. 3 Another way of raising the efficiency of the device is the use of a device shown in FIG. 3 in which the resonator 9' has its end walls 10 oriented perpendicularly to the travel of the scanned electron beam.
  • the side walls 11 of this resonator are so inclined as to make the lines of force of the electric field of the resonator 9' in the beam traversal area normal to the end walls 10.
  • a re' quired shape of the walls is determined easily either by computation on an electronic computer or by a simulation.
  • the efficiency of the device is determined by the second-order effects.
  • the microwave electron discharge device employs the resonator 9 (FIGS. 40, 4b) with the circular slots 12 thereof arranged so that their center lines coincide with the line along which there are no transverse electric currents, and with the coaxial conducting cylinders 19 mounted at the edges of the slots 12, electromagnetic radiation from the resonator 9 is reduced reducing thereby a power loss and decreasing the distortion of the particle paths.
  • Extraction of the radio-frequency power from the traveling-wave resonator 9 is effected through several identical non-directional terminals which are arranged along the azimuth of the resonator 9 so as to compensate for the reflected waves arising at the terminals in the traveling-wave resonator 9.
  • FIG. 5a illustrates schematically the arrangement of two power terminals (A and B) for extracting power from the resonator.
  • n wavelengths are accommodated along the resonator azimuth (where n is a frequency multiplication factor).
  • the minimum number of terminals is two and these terminals are arranged at any wavelength (accommodated in a circle) in the same way as in a de vice used for power amplification.
  • FIGS. b, c, d, e illustrate different arrangements of the terminals in a device acting as a frequency quadrupler (n 4), the number of terminals (A, B, C, D, B) being determined by the amount of extracted power and consumers requirements.
  • each coupler extracts one quarter of the total power taken out of the resonator 9 into the termination 23.
  • a microwave electron discharge device comprising beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said beamproducing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; a hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support the traveling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular reson
  • a microwave electron discharge device comprising: beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said beam-producing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; a hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support the traveling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular reson
  • a microwave electron discharge device comprising beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said-beam-producing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support travelling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular resonator in
  • a microwave electron discharge device comprising beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said beam-producing means for imparting to parti' cles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; a hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to LII electromagnetic wave power extraction in form of more than two identical coupling devices disposed on the surface of said resonator with an azimuthal shift relative to one another and providing uniform distribution of said devices along the angular wavelength of said electromagnetic wave travelling in

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)

Abstract

A microwave electron discharge device comprising a means for forming a charged particle beam and having an accelerating tube for imparting relativistic energies to the charged particle beam. Besides, the device contains a deflection system for circular sweep of the beam disposed subsequent to the beam-producing means along the same axis, and a travelling-wave annular resonator positioned subsequent to the deflection system and also coaxial with this system and having circular slots at its and surfaces to permit the ingress of the scanned beam and its egress into the collector. The annular resonator is provided with a means for extracting electromagnetic microwave power which takes the form of two or more identical nondirectional power terminals distributed over the circumference of the resonator.

Description

United States Patent Budker et al.
[ 1 MICROWAVE ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE [76] Inventors: Gersh ltskovich Budker, ulitsa Maltseva, 6; Marlen Moiseevich Karliner, Morskoi prospekt, 60, kv. 14; Ivan Grigorievich Makarov, Zhemchuzhnaya, 24, kv. l5; Sergei Nikolaevich Morozov, ulitsa Zolotodolinskaya 27, kv. 30; Oleg Alexandrovich Nezhevenko, ulitsa Tereshkovoi, 7, kv. 1; Gennady Nikolaevich Ostreiko, Morskoi prospekt, 60, kv. 24; lsai Ahramovich Shekhtman, ulitsa llicha, 15, kv. 68, all of Novosibirsk, USSR.
[22] Filed: Aug. 24, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 391,314
[52] US. Cl. 3l5/5.25; 315/5; 315/524 {51] Int. Cl. H0lj 25/22 [58] Field of Search 315/4, 5, 5.24, 5.25, 5.26, 315/3 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,418,735 4/1947 Strutt et a1 315/525 2,515,998 7/1950 Haeff 315/525 Deflection System-5 Relativistic Electron Beam Annular Resonator 1 May 20, 1975 Primary Examiner-James W. Lawrence Assistant Examiner-Saxfield Chatmon, Jr.
[57] ABSTRACT A microwave electron discharge device comprising a means for forming a charged particle beam and having an accelerating tube for imparting relativistic energies to the charged particle beam. Besides, the device contains a deflection system for circular sweep of the beam disposed subsequent to the beam-producing means along the same axis, and a travelling-wave annular resonator positioned subsequent to the deflection system and also coaxial with this system and having circular slots at its and surfaces to permit the ingress of the scanned beam and its egress into the collector. The annular resonator is provided with a means for extracting electromagnetic microwave power which takes the form of two or more identical nondirectional power terminals distributed over the circumference of the resonator.
4 Claims, 11 Drawing Figures Magnet I/ Llllllllll ,lllIlIl' runnur 1111111111 PATENTEB HAY 2 0 W5 SHED 13F PATENTEDHAYZOIBYS 3,885,193
Sh'LET 3 LE 3 Waveguvde Zl\ Coupling S10? Load MICROWAVE ELECTRON DISCHARGE DEVICE The present invention relates to electron discharge devices and more particularly to microwave electron discharge devices used for power amplification and multiplication of highand super-high frequency signals in various radio systems, for example, in charged particle accelerators.
The microwave electron discharge device of the prior art (see US. Pat. No. 321.9873, Class 315-525, issued in 1965) comprises a means for forming an axially symmetric electron beam, a deflection system disposed coaxially after the beam-producing means and intended for circular sweep of the electron beam under the effect of the input signal, and a beam-excited travelingwave annular resonator also disposed coaxially after the beam-producing means and having circular slots at its front and rear surfaces to permit the ingress and egress of a circularly deflected electron beam. The an nular resonator is also provided with a means for extracting microwave power made as a directional coupler. For transmitting the beam from the deflection system to the resonator there is provided a means for postdeflection acceleration of particles interposed between the deflection system and the annular resonator.
This prior art device suffers from the disadvantage that is it unfeasible to obtain high power due to the fact that its construction does not permit the use of relativistic beams. When relativistic energies are imparted to the beam after its deflection, oscillations that arise in the particle-accelerating means cause coherent instability of the excited beam which is a phenomenon indentical with that occurring in linear accelerators for charged particles.
Besides, an increase of power usually requires a higher efficiency on account of necessary heat sinking from the structural elements.
In the prior art device, an efficiency close to 100 percent is not possible to obtain, because the magnetic component of the radio-frequency field set up by the beam in the traveling-wave resonator becomes so large that it distrorts the paths of the particles in the resonator and prevents exit of the particles to a collector at low energies.
A high efficiency is unattainable in the prior art device also due to the fact that apart from the longitudinal velocity component parallel to the lines of force of the electric field at the entry to the annular resonator, the particles possess a perpendicular velocity component which arises following beam deflection in the circular sweep system. Therefore, the electrons are not completely decelerated and the electronic efficiency will be limited by:
where:
n maximum electronic efficiency;
T kinetic energy of an electron at the entry point to the traveling-wave resonator;
E energy of an electron at rest;
C light velocity;
V electron velocity component normal to the line of force of the electric field in the resonator.
The efficiency of the device is also restricted by strong electromagnetic power loss through the circular slots for beam traversal. At the same time, extraction of power from the resonator through one directional coupler limits the power output to the user.
It is on object of the present invention to provide a microwave electron discharge device with an unbunched relativistic beam for efficiently producing high frequency and very-high frequency power.
lt is another object of the present invention to provide a microwave electron discharge device with a high electronic efficiency.
The foregoing objects are accomplished by using a microwave electron discharge device comprising a means for forming a beam of charged particles, a deflection system for circular deflection of this beam at the input signal fequency positioned along the beam axis immediately subsequent to the beam-forming means, and a traveling-wave annular resonator which is positioned also along the beam axis subsequent to the deflection system and has circular slots at its front and back surfaces to permit the ingress of the deflected beam of charged particles and egress of this beam to a collector and which also has a means for extracting electromagnetic microwave power; wherein, according to the invention, there is provided an eccelerating tube interposed between the beam-forming means and the deflection system and intended for imparting relativistic energies to the beam of charged particles.
Preferably, the annular resonator is provided with a source of constant magnetic field which would compensate the radio-frequency magnetic field induced by the traveling wave at a point where the beam traverses the resonator.
Also preferably, interposed between the deflection system and the annular resonator is an additional deflection system coaxial with the deflection system and the annular resonator which projects the charged particle beam perpendicular to the resonator end walls.
The additional deflection system may be made in the form of a magnetic lens.
The additional deflection system may also be electrostatic and take the form of a spherical capacitor.
Instead of mounting an additional deflection system, the annular resonator may be constructed and arranged so that its front and back walls are normal to the path of charged particles in a circularly deflected beam, and its side walls have a configuration at which the lines of force of the electric field induced by the resonator traveling wave are parallel to the direction of movement of the charged particles beam at the place of its travel through the resonator.
In order to minimize electromagnetic radiation through the circular slots, they are preferably disposed so that their center lines coincide with the line characterized by the absence of transverse radio-frequency currents flowing along the inner surface of the resona- 10!.
For the same purpose it is desirable that cylinders of conducting material electrically coupled with the resonator surface be provided along the slot edges Preferably, the means for extracting electromagnetic microwave power takes the form of two identical nondirectional output power terminals mounted on the resonator surface and having an azimuth shift equal to one quarter wavelength of the traveling wave in the annular resonator.
The means for extracting electromagnetic microwave power can also be made in the form of more than two identical non-directional output power terminals mounted on the resonator surface and having such an azimuth shift relative to one another as would ensure uniform distribution of these terminals along the angular wavelength of the wave traveling within the annular resonator.
The microwave electron discharge device of the present invention provides high microwave power output and has high electronic efficiency (about I percent).
The present invention may be best understood by reference to the following description taken in accordance with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. I is a schematic illustration ofa microwave electron discharge device;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the same device with an additional deflection system;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of the same device with an annular resonator the front and back walls of which are arranged perpendicular to the path of the particles;
FIG. 4a diagrammatically illustrates an annular resonator with coaxial cylinders at the slot edges;
FIG. 4b is a diagram of approximate current distribution in the front and back walls of the resonator;
FIG. 5a shows the arrangement of two directional power terminals in a device of the present invention used for amplification of microwave signals;
FIGS. 5b, 5c, 5d, Se are versions of the arrangement of power terminals in a device of the present invention used for frequency multiplication (quadrupling) of microwave signals;
FIG. 5f illustrates a traveling-wave resonator with four power terminals (used for power amplification).
In FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings, there is shown diagrammatically a microwave electron discharge device which comprises a means for forming a charged particle beam in the form of an electron gun I which produces an axially symmetric pencil beam of charged particles, and a sectionalized accelerating tube 2 for imparting relativistic energies to the particles disposed at the output of the electron gun I and supplied from a high-voltage rectifier 3.
The device may use any charged particles, but it can be most easily accomplished using electrons. The description below considers an embodiment of the device intended for work with electrons.
The electron gun I, accelerating tube 2 and rectifier 3 form a relativistic electron source 4. Apart from these elements, the microwave device contains also a deflection system 5 for circular sweep of the electron beam which is disposed along the axis of the acclerating tube 2 and subsequent to the latter in the beam travel direction. The deflection system 5 consists of two capacitors 6 with a mutual 90 spatial shift which are connected to an input signal source 7 through coaxial transmission lines 8.
Diposed subsequent to the deflection system 5 and coaxial with the latter is a traveling-wave annular resonator 9 designed for converting the kinetic energy of the particles into the energy of an electromagnetic field. The resonator 9 has end walls 10 and side walls 11, the end walls 10 being, provided with axially symmetric circular slots 12 for passing the electron beam into the resonator 9 and exiting the beam out of the resonator 9 into a collector 13. The traveling-wave resonator 9 has a circular D.C. electromagnet 14 used to compensate for the radio-frequency magnetic field induced by the wave at a place of beam traversal through the resonator 9, and a directional coupler 15 for extracting microwave power (a means for microwave power extraction).
Unlike the device of FIG. 1, another embodiment of the device illustrated in FIG. 2 comprises an additional deflection system 16 interposed between the deflection system 5 and the traveling-wave resonator 9 along the same axis. The additional deflection system 16 takes the form of a spherical capacitor having an inner electrode l7 and an outer electrode 18.
The additional deflection system 16 may be not only electrostatic, but also magnetic, for instance, take the form of a thin magnetic lens embracing the scanned beam (not shown in the figures).
Another embodiment of the device shown in FIG. 3 differs from the device of FIG. 1 in that an annular resonator 9' has its front and back walls 10 oriented perpendicularly to the path of particles in a circularly deflected beam, while the side walls 11 are so shaped that the lines of force of the electric field induced by the travelingwave inside the resonator 9' are perpendicular to the end walls 10 at places traversed by the beam particles traveling through the resonator 9'.
FIG. 4a illustrates a sectional view of the travelingwave annular resonator 9 wherein in order to minimize a loss of the electromagnetic power, the circular slots 12 are arranged so that their center lines coincide with the line along which there are no transverse radiofrequency electric currents passing over the inner surface of the resonator 9 (or so that they are coincident with the nodal lines of the radio-frequency current flowing transverse to the slots 12). Along the edges of the slots 12 are disposed coaxial cylinders I9 made of some conducting material which are electrically connected to the surface of the resonator 9 and serve as cut-off waveguides.
FIG. 4b illustrates a diagram of transverse current I flowing in the end walls 10 of the resonator 9.
FIG. 5a is a diagrammatic arrangement of two identical non-rectional power terminals (A and B) mounted on the surface of the resonator 9 with an azimuth shift equal to one quarter wavelength (Kb/4). The device illustrated in this figure acts as a power amplifier.
FIGS. 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e show various versions of the arrangement of identical non-directional power terminals (A, B, C, D, E) in a device operating as a frequency multiplier (quadrupoler). In FIG. 5b, two terminals A and B have a mutual azimuth shift of Ab/4, in FIG. 50, three terminals, A, B and C have a shift equal to )tb/3. In FIG. 5d, the resonator has four terminals A, B, C and D arranged in two pairs in the opposite quarters of the resonator and having a )tb/4 shift in each pair. FIG. 5e shows a resonator with five terminals A, B, C, D and E arranged as follows: two terminals A and B in one quarter of the resonator 9 with a shift of )tb/4, and three terminals C, D and E in the adjacent quarter of the resonator 9 with a shift of Ab/3.
FIG. 5f is a top view of the traveling-wave resonator 9 (in a device used as a power amplifier) having four identical nondirectional terminals 20 distributed through equal intervals along the circumference of the resonator 9. Each terminal 20 consists of a coupling slot 21 and a waveguide 22 connected to a termination 23 (power consumer).
The device operates as follows.
The electron gun 1 (FIG. 1) producing an electron beam carries a voltage of l3 MV with respect to the last electrode of the sectionalized accelerating tube 2 which receives voltage from the rectifier 3. The electron beam derived from the electron gun and accelerated to relativistic energies enters the deflection system 5 which is excited from the input signal source 7. The input signal is divided in two parts and enters the deflection system 5 through two coaxial transmission lines 8, the lengths of the lines being so selected that signals coming to the capacitors 6 and 90 out of phase. Such a deflection system sets up a radio-frequency deflecting electric field with circular polarization and causes the electron beam to circularly scan the resonator.
After acceleration and scanning, the beam enters the travelling-wave annular resonator 9 through the axially symmetric slot 12 and builds up direct current passing through this resonator 9. Continuously varying its entry point into the resonator 9, the current excites a wave traveling, or rotating, in a circle. The dimensions of the resonator 9 are selected such that the natural frequency of the oscillations built up in the resonator is close to, or is a multiple of, the beam rotation frequency, and that the electric field associated with the traveling wave is perpendicular to the end walls 10 of the resonator 9. Voltage at the resonator 9 rises so that, if the Q-factor of the resonator is sufficiently high and coupling with the termination is properly adjusted, the voltage becomes close to the beam accelerating voltage. To avoid the deleterious effects from generation of secondary electrons, the particles that have given their energy to the electromagnetic field exit from the resonator through the other circular slot 12 into the collector 13. Useful power is extracted into the matched termination through the directional coupler l5.
Apart from the radio-frequency electric field, a magnetic field is also built up in the traveling-wave resonator 9. This field turns the particles in a direction opposite to that of wave progatation. The magnetic field is sufficiently large to turn the particles having a kinetic energy of -40 percent of the initial energy through an angle of 90 which limits the efficiency of the device to 60-80 percent. For compensation of the radiofrequency magnetic field, the resonator 9 has the DC. electromagnet 14 which sets up a constant magnetic field offsetting the radio-frequency field at a place where the beam traverses the resonator 9.
Since high power of the device necessitates abstraction of heat from its elements, a further increase of the efficiency is attainable by making the paths of the charged particles parallel to the lines of force of the electric field set up by the traveling wave within the resonator 9. FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the device which successfully solves this problem.
The relativistic electron beam derived from the source 4 enters the deflection system 5 where the electrons are deflected at a present angle from the longitudinal axis. The velocity component perpendicular to the axis is proportional to the tangent of the deflection angle. Passing further between the electrodes 17 and 18 of the spherical capacitor, the electron beam is de flected by the electric field of this capacitor at the same angle but in the opposite direction and enters the traveling-wave resonator 9 parallel to the electric lines of force of the radio-frequency field associated with the traveling wave. With properly selected operating characteristics of the resonator 9, the electrons are deceler ated practically down to zero, and the electronic effciency of the device will then be restricted by the second-oder effects, for example, by the particle energy scatter, space charge, etc.
The same desirable effect is accomplished if a magnetic lens is used as the additional deflection system 16.
Another way of raising the efficiency of the device is the use ofa device shown in FIG. 3 in which the resonator 9' has its end walls 10 oriented perpendicularly to the travel of the scanned electron beam. The side walls 11 of this resonator are so inclined as to make the lines of force of the electric field of the resonator 9' in the beam traversal area normal to the end walls 10. A re' quired shape of the walls is determined easily either by computation on an electronic computer or by a simulation.
In this case, the circular electron beam entres the resonator 9' also parallel to the electric lines of force of the radio-frequency field set up by the traveling wave. Here, too, the efficiency of the device is determined by the second-order effects.
When the microwave electron discharge device employs the resonator 9 (FIGS. 40, 4b) with the circular slots 12 thereof arranged so that their center lines coincide with the line along which there are no transverse electric currents, and with the coaxial conducting cylinders 19 mounted at the edges of the slots 12, electromagnetic radiation from the resonator 9 is reduced reducing thereby a power loss and decreasing the distortion of the particle paths.
Since the line along which there are no transverse currents passes through the centre of the circular slot 12, practically no l-l waves are excited in the cylinders 19 which would be free to propagate along the coaxial line formed by the cylinders 19. On the other hand, E waves are attenuated sufficiently quickly. To prevent the Q-factor of the resonator 9 from going down by than 5 percent on account of radiation, (as shown by calculations for slots of the width equal to 5-10 percent of the wavelength) a shift of the centre line of the circular slot 12 with respect to the line with no transverse electric currents must not exceed 740 percent of the width of the slot 12, while the height of the coaxial cylinders 19 must be comparable with the width of the slot 12.
Extraction of the radio-frequency power from the traveling-wave resonator 9 is effected through several identical non-directional terminals which are arranged along the azimuth of the resonator 9 so as to compensate for the reflected waves arising at the terminals in the traveling-wave resonator 9.
This is achieved as follows:
lf the device is used for power amplification of the input signals, one wavelength is accommodated along the azimuth of the resonator and power is extracted through two or more terminals shifted along the azimuth of the resonator 9 if two such terminals are employed, or arranged equally along the resonator azimuth if more than two terminals are provided. FIG. 5a illustrates schematically the arrangement of two power terminals (A and B) for extracting power from the resonator.
If the device is used for frequency multiplication, n wavelengths are accommodated along the resonator azimuth (where n is a frequency multiplication factor).
In this case the minimum number of terminals is two and these terminals are arranged at any wavelength (accommodated in a circle) in the same way as in a de vice used for power amplification.
FIGS. b, c, d, e illustrate different arrangements of the terminals in a device acting as a frequency quadrupler (n 4), the number of terminals (A, B, C, D, B) being determined by the amount of extracted power and consumers requirements.
In an embodiment of the resonator 9 shown in FIG. 5f power is extracted through the four identical cou pling slots 21 and then transmitted through the waveguides 22 to the termination 23. Thus, each coupler extracts one quarter of the total power taken out of the resonator 9 into the termination 23.
It should be pointed out that apart from increasing power output and facilitating the operating conditions of the terminals, use of several identical nondirectional terminals has the following additional advantages:
first, use of several power terminals makes it easier to distribute power for supply of several consumers, for example, when feeding multi-resonator accelerating systems of charged particle accelerators;
second, power extraction does not depend on the direction of wave propagation in the annular resonator;
third, when identical reflected waves arise in the terminations, no standing wave is built up in the resonator, whereas if power is extracted through a non-directional terminal power reflected from the termination causes a standing wave to appear in the annular resonator which leads to a non-uniform heat load on the collector.
What is claimed is:
l. A microwave electron discharge device, comprising beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said beamproducing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; a hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support the traveling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular resonator in the direction of beam travel for receiving the charged particle beam upon exiting the resonator.
2. A microwave electron discharge device, comprising: beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said beam-producing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; a hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support the traveling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular resonator in the direction of beam travel for receiving the charged particle beam upon exiting the resonator; and means for creating a continuous magnetic field substantially inside said resonator at the paths of the particles of said beam, the direction and magnitude of said continuous magnetic field compensating for the effect of the mag netic field of said electromagnetic wave travelling along the annulus, said electromagnetic wave being ex cited by said beam.
3. A microwave electron discharge device, comprising beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said-beam-producing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support travelling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular resonator in the direction of beam travel for receiving the charged particle beam upon exiting the resonator; and means for electromagnetic microwave power extraction in form of two identical coupling devices mounted on the surface of said resonator with an azimuthal shift equal to one quarter of the angular wavelength of said electromagnetic wave travelling in said resonator.
4. A microwave electron discharge device, comprising beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said beam-producing means for imparting to parti' cles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; a hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to LII electromagnetic wave power extraction in form of more than two identical coupling devices disposed on the surface of said resonator with an azimuthal shift relative to one another and providing uniform distribution of said devices along the angular wavelength of said electromagnetic wave travelling in said resonator.
# III I I' I

Claims (4)

1. A microwave electron discharge device, comprising beamproducing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said beam-producing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; a hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support the traveling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular resonator in the direction of beam travel for receiving the charged particle beam upon exiting the resonator.
2. A microwave electron discharge device, comprising: beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said beam-producing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; a hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support the traveling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular resonator in the direction of beam travel for receiving the charged particle beam upon exiting the resonator; and means for creating a continuous magnetic field substantially inside said resonator at the paths of the particles of said beam, the direction and magnitude of said continuous magnetic field compensating for the effect of the magnetic field of said electromagnetic wave travelling along the annulus, said electromagnetic wave being excited by said beam.
3. A microwave electron discharge device, comprising beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said-beam-producing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; hollow annular resonator dispoSed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support travelling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular resonator in the direction of beam travel for receiving the charged particle beam upon exiting the resonator; and means for electromagnetic microwave power extraction in form of two identical coupling devices mounted on the surface of said resonator with an azimuthal shift equal to one quarter of the angular wavelength of said electromagnetic wave travelling in said resonator.
4. A microwave electron discharge device, comprising beam-producing means for forming a charged particle beam; an accelerating tube positioned at the output of said beam-producing means for imparting to particles of said beam a velocity close to the velocity of light; a deflection system for circular scanning of said beam at a predetermined input signal frequency, said deflection system being mounted subsequent to said accelerating tube in the direction of beam travel along the axis of said accelerating means; a hollow annular resonator disposed subsequent to said deflection system in the direction of beam travel along the axis of the deflection system, said resonator having circular slots in its walls to permit the ingress of a circularly scanned beam and egress of the beam out of the resonator, said resonator being internally dimensioned and shaped to support travelling along an annulus of an electromagnetic wave at a frequency comprising a multiple of the frequency of said beam scanning, said electromagnetic wave having its electric field substantially parallel to the direction of the motion of said beam particles; a collector mounted after said annular resonator in the direction of beam travel for receiving the charged particle beam upon exiting the resonator; and means for electromagnetic wave power extraction in form of more than two identical coupling devices disposed on the surface of said resonator with an azimuthal shift relative to one another and providing uniform distribution of said devices along the angular wavelength of said electromagnetic wave travelling in said resonator.
US391314A 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Microwave electron discharge device Expired - Lifetime US3885193A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US391314A US3885193A (en) 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Microwave electron discharge device

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US391314A US3885193A (en) 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Microwave electron discharge device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3885193A true US3885193A (en) 1975-05-20

Family

ID=23546127

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US391314A Expired - Lifetime US3885193A (en) 1973-08-24 1973-08-24 Microwave electron discharge device

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US3885193A (en)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4019088A (en) * 1975-04-08 1977-04-19 Gersh Itskovich Budker Electrovacuum SHF apparatus
US4150340A (en) * 1978-03-22 1979-04-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy High-power microwaves from a non-isochronous reflecting electron system (NIRES)
US4189660A (en) * 1978-11-16 1980-02-19 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Electron beam collector for a microwave power tube
DE2947264A1 (en) * 1978-11-24 1980-06-04 Us Energy TRIROTRON
US4520293A (en) * 1982-02-11 1985-05-28 Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh High frequency amplifier
US10172228B2 (en) 2016-05-05 2019-01-01 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Apparatus for mm-wave radiation generation utilizing whispering gallery mode resonators

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2418735A (en) * 1940-07-11 1947-04-08 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Oscillation generator including a cathode-ray tube
US2515998A (en) * 1942-04-24 1950-07-18 Rca Corp Electron discharge device
US2638561A (en) * 1946-10-30 1953-05-12 Rca Corp Cathode-ray oscillator tube
US3219873A (en) * 1961-09-01 1965-11-23 Trw Inc Microwave electron discharge device having annular resonant cavity
US3221207A (en) * 1963-06-05 1965-11-30 Trw Inc Microwave power generating by periodic sweep of electron beam along length of resonant waveguide
US3398376A (en) * 1967-12-11 1968-08-20 Jay L. Hirshfield Relativistic electron cyclotron maser
US3402357A (en) * 1964-09-28 1968-09-17 Varian Associates High energy charged particle pulse length and energy control apparatus
US3489943A (en) * 1966-11-14 1970-01-13 Ion Physics Corp System for generating intense pulses of microwave power using traveling wave acceleration means
US3611166A (en) * 1967-11-21 1971-10-05 Csf Accelerator for relativistic electrons

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2418735A (en) * 1940-07-11 1947-04-08 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Oscillation generator including a cathode-ray tube
US2515998A (en) * 1942-04-24 1950-07-18 Rca Corp Electron discharge device
US2638561A (en) * 1946-10-30 1953-05-12 Rca Corp Cathode-ray oscillator tube
US3219873A (en) * 1961-09-01 1965-11-23 Trw Inc Microwave electron discharge device having annular resonant cavity
US3221207A (en) * 1963-06-05 1965-11-30 Trw Inc Microwave power generating by periodic sweep of electron beam along length of resonant waveguide
US3402357A (en) * 1964-09-28 1968-09-17 Varian Associates High energy charged particle pulse length and energy control apparatus
US3489943A (en) * 1966-11-14 1970-01-13 Ion Physics Corp System for generating intense pulses of microwave power using traveling wave acceleration means
US3611166A (en) * 1967-11-21 1971-10-05 Csf Accelerator for relativistic electrons
US3398376A (en) * 1967-12-11 1968-08-20 Jay L. Hirshfield Relativistic electron cyclotron maser

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4019088A (en) * 1975-04-08 1977-04-19 Gersh Itskovich Budker Electrovacuum SHF apparatus
WO1980002621A1 (en) * 1975-04-08 1980-11-27 Inst Yadernoi Fiz So An Sssr Electrovacuum shf device
US4150340A (en) * 1978-03-22 1979-04-17 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy High-power microwaves from a non-isochronous reflecting electron system (NIRES)
US4189660A (en) * 1978-11-16 1980-02-19 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Electron beam collector for a microwave power tube
DE2947264A1 (en) * 1978-11-24 1980-06-04 Us Energy TRIROTRON
US4520293A (en) * 1982-02-11 1985-05-28 Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh High frequency amplifier
US10172228B2 (en) 2016-05-05 2019-01-01 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Apparatus for mm-wave radiation generation utilizing whispering gallery mode resonators

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4306174A (en) Radio wave generator for ultra-high frequencies
US2608668A (en) Magnetically focused electron gun
Nezhevenko Gyrocons and magnicons: Microwave generators with circular deflection of the electron beam
Budker et al. The Gyrocon: An Efficient Relativistic High Power VHF Generator
US3885193A (en) Microwave electron discharge device
US2844753A (en) Traveling wave tube
US2959740A (en) Parametric amplifier modulation expander
US2276320A (en) Centimeter wave device
US3219873A (en) Microwave electron discharge device having annular resonant cavity
US2966610A (en) Electron beam tube
US2407298A (en) Electron discharge apparatus
US3611166A (en) Accelerator for relativistic electrons
US4019088A (en) Electrovacuum SHF apparatus
US2393284A (en) Ultra short wave system
US2794146A (en) Ultra-high frequency amplifying tube
US3252104A (en) D.c. quadrupole structure for parametric amplifier
US4401918A (en) Klystron having electrostatic quadrupole focusing arrangement
US3122710A (en) Synchronous wave parametric amplifier and conversion means
US2197338A (en) Electromagnetic microwave system
US3573540A (en) Microwave traveling wave device with electronically switched interaction characteristics
US2263248A (en) Oscillation generation system
US20020060521A1 (en) Apparatus for bunching relativistic electrons
US3390301A (en) Cavity resonator having alternate apertured drift tubes connected to opposite end walls
US2758243A (en) Electron beam tubes
US4760311A (en) Sub-nanosecond rise time multi-megavolt pulse generator