US3609433A - Proximity-focused image storage tube - Google Patents

Proximity-focused image storage tube Download PDF

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Publication number
US3609433A
US3609433A US861748A US3609433DA US3609433A US 3609433 A US3609433 A US 3609433A US 861748 A US861748 A US 861748A US 3609433D A US3609433D A US 3609433DA US 3609433 A US3609433 A US 3609433A
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Prior art keywords
storage
electrons
potential
readout
image
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Expired - Lifetime
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US861748A
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English (en)
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M David Freedman
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Bendix Corp
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Bendix Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J31/00—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes
    • H01J31/08—Cathode ray tubes; Electron beam tubes having a screen on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted, or stored
    • H01J31/50—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output
    • H01J31/506—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output tubes using secondary emission effect
    • H01J31/507—Image-conversion or image-amplification tubes, i.e. having optical, X-ray, or analogous input, and optical output tubes using secondary emission effect using a large number of channels, e.g. microchannel plates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
    • H01J29/02—Electrodes; Screens; Mounting, supporting, spacing or insulating thereof
    • H01J29/10—Screens on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted or stored
    • H01J29/36—Photoelectric screens; Charge-storage screens
    • H01J29/39—Charge-storage screens
    • H01J29/395—Charge-storage screens charge-storage grids exhibiting triode effect

Definitions

  • a proximity-focused image storage tube having a high-potential readout surface, a passageway structure spaced from the readout surface for transmitting electrons to the readout surface, and a thin, nonconductive charge storage surface formed on the input end of the passageway structure.
  • the passageway structure comprises an array of glass tubes. A first conductive surface is disposed on the input end of the array between the glass tubes and the storage surface. A second conductive surface is formed on the output end of the array. Voltage potentials are maintained on these conductive surfaces.
  • the voltage potential of the second surface isolates the storage surface from'the field produced by the high-potential' readout surface so that the storage surface can be placed very close to the high-potential readout surface.
  • the storage tube described herein therefore provides a highly focused output image because readout electrons will travel only short distances from one surface to another and therefore have little opportunity to defocus.
  • a potential gradient is maintained between the two conductive surfaces during readout to provide both electron multiplication and a collimated electron output flow from each passageway'The electron multiplication allows an image to be read out of this tube for a relatively long time without degrading the stored image because relatively few electrons need approach the storage surface to produce a given output signal.
  • image storage tubes include a phosphor readout surface, a nonconductive storage screen spaced a measured distance from the readout surface, a photocathode or other means for placing a charge pattern on the storage screen spaced from the storage screen on the side opposite the readout surface, a collector grid for collecting secondary electrons emitted from the storage screen, placed between the storage surface and the photocathode, and a conductive backing screen placed adjacent the storage surface and away from the photocathode. Electrical potentials which can be varied during operation are maintained on the photocathode, collector grid, and backing screen. These potentials determine the paths electrons will travel through the storage tube.
  • the electric potential of the backing screen acts to attract electrons to the storage screen when a charge pattern is being placed on that screen, and subsequently acts to prevent further electrons from striking the storage screen during readout.
  • the stored charge pattern can be either positive or negative with respect to the rest of the storage surface. That is, if the electrons strike and are held by a portion of the storage, that portion will be negatively charged with respect to the rest of the storage surface.
  • conventional image storage tubes designed to provide sharply focused output images include apparatus for providing an electrostatic or electromagnetic field which focuses electrons as an optic lens focuses light.
  • a large magnet surrounds the image storage tube assembly described above.
  • the magnetic field causes electrons emitted from the photocathode to converge at the storage screen and phosphor readout surface, and therefore provides a focused charge pattern and output image.
  • electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses both provide aberrated output images.
  • An electromagnetic lens causes both rotational distortion and astigmatism.
  • An electrostatic lens produces an aberration known as pin cushioning by those skilled in the art in which various portions of the output image are of different magnification.
  • proximity-focused storage tubes there are a number of well-known electrostatically focused image storage tubes which do not include lenslike focusing fields. These tubes are called proximity-focused storage tubes.
  • a proximity-focused tube the photocathode, storage screen, and phosphor readout surface are placed as close together as practical to minimize the distances electrons must travel from one surface or screen to another. This, of
  • the spacing between the high-potential readout surface and the storage surface that must be maintained in conventional proximity focused tubes is reduced somewhat in one embodiment which includes a thick conductive backing screen formed integrally with the storage screen and extending from the storage screen toward the high-potential output surface.
  • An electric potential is maintained on this backing screen which attracts electrons toward the storage screen when a charge pattern is being placed on that screen and prevents other electrons from striking that screen during storage and readout. This potential also acts to isolate the storage screen from the high potential of the phosphor readout surface.
  • the thickness of the metal backing screen must be increased as the storage screen is moved closer to the highpotential readout surface in an attempt to provide a high degree of focusing.
  • the backing screen must be thick enough so that even though the high-potential field of the readout surface penetrates past the edges of the backing screen it does not reach the storage screen and influence the flight of electrons approaching that screen.
  • the precise dimension of this backing screen would, of course, depend upon the exact distance to be maintained between the storage screen and readout surface, and therefore the amount of shielding necessary to isolate the storage screen from the readout surface.
  • the backing screen since it is formed from a conductive material, absorbs electrons which strike its surface.
  • a high density flood beam of electrons must be provided during readout to compensate for the electron absorption of the thick metal backing screen in order to obtain even a weak output signal.
  • the strong flood beam degrades the stored image very quickly and thereby limits the total readout time of an image stored in the tube. If, on the other hand, the tube is designed to minimize signal attenuation, it will provide a relatively poorly focused output image.
  • This invention comprises a proximity-focused image storage tube which provides a sharply focused output signal, and in which there is an extremely small degree of image degradation during readout so that a stored image can be read out for a long period of time.
  • the storage tube includes a high-potential readout surface, and a rigid structure having a plurality of passageways formed therein spaced a small distance from the high-potential readout surface.
  • a nonconductive charge storage coating or surface is formed on one end of the rigid passageway structure.
  • the storage tube of this invention also includes means for placing a charge pattern of the charge storage surface, and collector electrode means for absorbing electrons emitted by the charge storage surface.
  • the rigid passageway structure is formed from an array of glass tubes.
  • An appropriate high-resistance, semiconductive layer forms the inside surfaces of these tubes. These semiconductive inner surfaces are formed from a material which also emits secondary electrons when struck by a high-energy primary electron.
  • the image storage tube thus provides an intensified output signal since each electron which strikes the inner surface of a glass tube will cause one or more electrons to be emitted by that surface.
  • a metallic conductive coating is formed on the input end of the tube array between the glass tubes and the charge storage surface, and on the output end of the tube array. These coatings are formed so that uniform electric potentials can be maintained on the input and output surfaces of the tube array.
  • the electric potential maintained on the conductive surface disposed at the input side of the tube array acts to attract electrons to the storage surface when a charge pattern is being placed on that surface and subsequently acts to prevent further electrons from reaching portions of the storage surface during storage and readout.
  • the electric potential maintained on the conductive surface forming the output side of the tube array acts to isolate the storage surface from the high potential of the readout surface.
  • the storage surface can be placed close to the readout surface without having the high-potential field of that surface attract electrons approaching the storage surface and draw them past the storage surface toward the readout surface so that no charge pattern could be stored on the storage surface.
  • electrons which enter the tube passageways during readout are constrained from spreading in a lateral direction by the tube walls.
  • the image storage tube of this invention therefore produces a well-focused output image because of both the collimuted electron flow provided during readout and because the various elements and surfaces of this tube are placed in such close proximity to each other that electrons have little opportunity to defocus in travelling from one surface to another.
  • the conductive surfaces are separated be the nonconductive glass tubes and by the high-resistance, semiconductive layer forming the inside surfaces of these tubes, different potentials can be maintained on the two conductive surfaces. Further, these potentials can be varied independently of each other during the various stages of operation of this image storage tube. For instance, when an image is being read into the tube, an optimum potential for attracting electrons emitted from the photocathode toward the storage surface is maintained on the conductive surface disposed immediately behind the storage surface, and an optimum potential for isolating the storage surface from the high potential of the readout surface in maintained on the conductive surface forming the output side of the tube array.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic, three-dimensional view of the proximity-focused image storage tube of this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional, plan view of the image tube illustrated in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is an enlarged, three-dimensional view of a portion of the channel passageway and storage surface structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the passageway array structure illustrated in FIG. 3 taken along the plane of line 4-
  • FIG. 5 is a chart showing representative voltage values to be maintained on the various surfaces of the image storage tube illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 during different operational modes of that storage tube;
  • FIG. 6 is a view of the charge storage surface illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 4 showing a charge pattern thereon;
  • FIGS. 7A through 7D illustrate the potential distribution along the line AA running across the storage surface illustrated in FIG. 6 during various modes of operation of the image storage tube on this invention;
  • FIG. 8 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the image storage tube of FIG. 1 showing the paths followed by various electrons during readout of a stored image.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate an image storage tube device which includes an evacuated envelope 12 having a faceplate 14 at one end thereof.
  • a phosphor readout surface 16 which provides an optical output signal when struck by electrons is deposited on the inside surface of the faceplate 14.
  • a photocathode 18 which emits electrons when illuminated is disposed at the other end of the evacuated envelope l2 opposite the phosphor readout surface 16.
  • a passageway structure 20 comprising an array of tubes 22 is suitably supported within the envelope 12 between the photocathode l8 ad phosphor readout surface 16.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 provide a detailed illustration of the construction of this passageway array.
  • Metallic conductive coatings 26 and 28 are formed over the input and output surfaces to the passageway array 20 so that uniform electric potentials can be maintained across these input and output surfaces.
  • a thin, nonconductive coating or charge storage surface 30 is formed over the passageway array input-side conductive surface 26.
  • the longitudinal axis of tube array 20 may be slightly tilted with respect to a straight line running perpendicular to and connecting the planes of the readout surface 16 and the photocathode 18 to insure that readout electrons travelling from the photocathode 18 to the phosphor readout surface 16 do strike the walls of the tubes 22 and cause the emission of secondary electrons.
  • a collector electrode screen 32 is disposed between the photocathode l8 and the passageway structure 20. The collector electrode 32 comprises a thin mesh screen so that it will provide only' minimal interference to electrons travelling from the photocathode toward either the storage surface 30 or the phosphor readout surface 16.
  • FIGS. 5 through 8 illustrate the operation of one embodiment of the image storage tube of the present invention illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. Operation is begun by first priming the storage tube. That is, a uniform distribution of electrons is deposited on the charge storage surface 30, as follows. With the voltages listed in the table of FIG. 5 maintained on each of the indicated elements of the storage tube 10, the photocathode 18 is illuminated with a high-intensity flood light; a uniform, negative charge distribution will begin to accumulate on the storage surface 30. Charge is allowed to accumulate until the potential distribution on the insulator storage surface 30 and the potential distribution of the conductive surface 26 just behind the insulator surface provide a net distribution of 3 volts.
  • this 3-volt level is merely a representative value, and it is understood that the storage tube can be operated by priming to some value other than exactly 3 volts.
  • the 3-volt potential represents one convenient beginning potential value because a relatively positive charge pattern can be stored on a surface primed to this value without having the net potential of the storage surface 30 and conductive coating 26 for any portion of the storage surface at a greater than ground potential.
  • FIG. 7A illustrates the 3-volt net potential of the storage surface 30 conductive coating 26 which is maintained uniformly from one edge of the surface to the other after a priming operation.
  • any desired image can be stored in this image storage tube simply by projecting that image on the photocathode l8 and adjusting the operating potentials of the storage tube 10 as indicated by the table of FIG. 5.
  • a representative charge distribution or pattern 35 is shown stored on the storage surface 30 in FIG. 6.
  • a distribution of electrons which form the pattern 35 are emitted from the photocathode l8 when a correspondingly shaped visual image is projected onto that surface. These electrons are accelerated toward the storage surface 30 by the potential gradient maintained between the photocathode l8 and storage surface 30. They strike the storage surface 30 to create the storage pattern 35.
  • the stored charge pattern 35 can be made either more positive or more negative than the charge maintained on the remaining portion of the storage surface 30.
  • a charge pattern which is more positive than the remaining portion of the storage surface 30 is placed on that surface during a positive writing operation and will be referred to herein as a positive charge pattern.
  • a positive writing operation is one in which each electron emitted by the photocathode is accelerated to strike the storage surface 30 with enough energy to cause the emission of more than one secondary electron. Electrons striking the storage surface therefore cause the struck portion of the surface to become more positively charged than had been the case previously.
  • FIG. 73 illustrates the potential distribution along the line AA' when the stored charge pattern 35 is a relatively positive pattern. During a negative writing operation electrons are given smaller accelerations than during a positive writing operation so that those electrons will just reach and be stored on the storage surface 30.
  • FIG. 7C illustrates the potential distribution along the line A A of FIG. 6 when the stored pattern 35 is a negative potential distribution.
  • the chart of FIG. 5 illustrates representative potentials to be maintained on the various image storage tube elements to accomplish both positive and negative writing operations. It is believed that the selection of most of the values listed in that table and the limits over which those values can be varied will be obvious to all those skilled in the art. Discussion will only be provided with respect to those values whose selection may not be obvious to those skilled in the art.
  • a +200-volt potential is maintained on the collector electrode 32 during a negative writing operation so that electrons are accelerated from the photocathode toward the storage surface at sufficient velocities to prevent defocusing. They will, however, slow down after passing the collector electrode and strike the storage surface at low enough velocities so that they will not cause emission of secondary electrons.
  • FIG. 8 The trajectories followed by various electrons during readout of a stored image are illustrated in FIG. 8.
  • Various electrons will follow each of the trajectories shown in FIG. 8 during both the readout of a positive image and the readout of a negative image. In both cases, electrons will generally be repelled as they approach a relatively negative portion of the storage surface, will follow a trajectory similar to trajectory 36, and will be absorbed by the collector electrode 32.
  • Electrons approaching a relatively positive portion of the storage surface will generally follow paths similar to paths 38 and 40 and cause the emission of secondary electrons from the semiconductive coating 24 of glass tubes 22. These secondary electrons exit the channel structure having much higher energy components directed toward the readout surface 16 than did the electrons entering the passageways 23 because the potential gradient along those passageways.
  • the potential of the conductive surface 26 it may be necessary to adjust the potential of the conductive surface 26, in order to have electrons approaching various portions of the storage surface 30 behave as shown in FIG. 8 so that a stored image can be read out.
  • a negative charge pattern is stored on the storage surface 30, as is illustrated in FIG. 7C, the entire storage surface 30 may become so negatively charged that an electron approaching any portion of that surface will be repelled, will follow a path similar to path 36, and will be absorbed by the collector electrode 32.
  • a storage tube is said to be at cutoff when no stored pattern can be read out of the tube because all electrons approaching the storage surface are repelled to the collector electrode.
  • the cutoff condition can be avoided for the tube by raising the potential of the conductive backing surface 26 from that maintained during a negative writing operation so that the combined potentials of the backing surface 26 and storage surface 30 act to repel electrons approaching relatively negative portions of the storage surface, and allow electrons approaching relatively positive portions of the storage surface to pass through to the output surface 16.
  • the table of FIG. 5 teaches that in order to avoid cutoff and read out a stored negative image, the potential of the conductive surface 26 should be raised from +5 to +7 volts. When this is done, the combined potential distribution of the storage surface 30 and backing conductor 26 along the line A-A' of FIG. 6 appears as illustrated in FIG. 70.
  • Electrons approaching a portion of the storage surface having a net I -volt potential will pass by that surface and produce a visual output signal. Electrons approaching a portion of the surface having a net 3-volt potential will be repelled, and will not produce an output signal.
  • An extremely low-density uniform flood beam of electrons that is a flood beam comprised of relatively few electrons, is used to read out both positive and negative stored images that image degradation is minimized.
  • a strong visual output signal can be produced using a very low-density flood beam of electrons because during readout the potentials maintained on the two conductive surfaces'26 and 28 at the opposite ends of the channel array structure 20 are adjusted to provide whatever gain or electron multiplication is desired. Electron multiplication is increased as the potential gradient and therefore the current flow through the semiconductive passageway surfaces between these two conductive surfaces is increased as is well known to those skilled in the electron multiplication art.
  • the amount of image degradation will therefore be significantly less in this tube than in other tubes.
  • the potential gradient and current flow between the two conductive surfaces 26 and 28 drives electrons through the passageway structure 20 so that no space charge is allowed to build up within the passageways.
  • An operator can erase any stored image simply be adjusting the potentials of the various conductive elements as taught by the table of FIG. 5 and illuminating the photocathode 18 with a high-intensity flood beam so that a high-density flood beam of electrons will accelerate toward the storage surface.
  • the tune is then primed to bring the entire storage surface 30 to a preselected potential value which has been chosen to be 3 volts in this example. Once the tube'is primed, a new image can be stored and read out of the image storage tube 10 as desired.
  • the illustrated storage tube includes a photocathode 18 for placing a charge pattern of the storage surface 30. Any other means for placing a charge pattern on that surface, such as an electron beam writing gun, can also be used with this invention.
  • the illustrated embodiment also includes a high-potential phosphor readout surface which produces a visual output signal. There are a number of high-potential readout surfaces which provide electrical rather than visual output signals. These structures can, of course, also be used with this invention. Also, operation of the storage tube embodiment has been illustrated using images which contrast completely with their backgrounds.
  • a proximity-focused image storage tube comprising:
  • output means disposed proximate said input means and said storage means for receiving electrons and providing an output representing the stored pattern, said output means requiring a high electric potential be maintained thereon in order to provide said output image;
  • multiplier means disposed between said storage means and said output means receiving electrons from said input means for transmitting electrons to said output means, and for emitting sufficient electrons to increase the number of electrons in transmission to said output means, said multiplier means including an element for receiving an electron potential to isolate said storage means from said potential of said output means.
  • said input means comprises a photocathode
  • said output means comprises a phosphor screen
  • said multiplier means comprise an array of tubes having semiconductive, secondary electron emissive material comprising the inner surfaces of said tubes;
  • said element of said multiplier means for receiving said isolating electric potential comprises a conductive coating on the output surface of said array
  • a second conductive coating is formed on the input surface of said array.
  • said storage means comprises an electrically nonconductive coating disposed on said second conductive coating.
  • the image storage tube of claim 2 further including collector electrode means for collecting electrons emitted from said storage means.
  • the image storage tube of claim 2 further including means for supplying electric potentials to said photocathode, said two conductive coatings, and said phosphor screen.

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  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
  • Vessels, Lead-In Wires, Accessory Apparatuses For Cathode-Ray Tubes (AREA)
US861748A 1969-09-29 1969-09-29 Proximity-focused image storage tube Expired - Lifetime US3609433A (en)

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US86174869A 1969-09-29 1969-09-29

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US (1) US3609433A (xx)
DE (1) DE2047887A1 (xx)
FR (1) FR2062762A5 (xx)
GB (1) GB1280417A (xx)
NL (1) NL7014148A (xx)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3693005A (en) * 1970-04-06 1972-09-19 Philips Corp Secondary-emissive electrode
US3777201A (en) * 1972-12-11 1973-12-04 Litton Systems Inc Light amplifier tube having an ion and low energy electron trapping means
US3792282A (en) * 1971-09-27 1974-02-12 Bendix Corp Stimulated exoelectron emission dosimeter having high spatial resolution
US3805058A (en) * 1971-03-26 1974-04-16 Mc Donnell Douglas Corp Radiation sensitive transducer
DE2327253A1 (de) * 1973-05-29 1975-01-02 Litton Industries Inc Lichtverstaerker
US4023063A (en) * 1973-04-19 1977-05-10 U.S. Philips Corporation Color tube having channel electron multiplier and screen pattern of concentric areas luminescent in different colors
US4163174A (en) * 1977-06-13 1979-07-31 International Telephone & Telegraph Corp. Oblique streak tube
US5780961A (en) * 1993-03-05 1998-07-14 Regents Of The University Of California Ground plane insulating coating for proximity focused devices
US9177764B1 (en) * 2013-11-11 2015-11-03 Exelis, Inc. Image intensifier having an ion barrier with conductive material and method for making the same

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4752688A (en) * 1986-06-18 1988-06-21 Galileo Electro-Optics Corp. Imaging tube

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3693005A (en) * 1970-04-06 1972-09-19 Philips Corp Secondary-emissive electrode
US3805058A (en) * 1971-03-26 1974-04-16 Mc Donnell Douglas Corp Radiation sensitive transducer
US3792282A (en) * 1971-09-27 1974-02-12 Bendix Corp Stimulated exoelectron emission dosimeter having high spatial resolution
US3777201A (en) * 1972-12-11 1973-12-04 Litton Systems Inc Light amplifier tube having an ion and low energy electron trapping means
US4023063A (en) * 1973-04-19 1977-05-10 U.S. Philips Corporation Color tube having channel electron multiplier and screen pattern of concentric areas luminescent in different colors
DE2327253A1 (de) * 1973-05-29 1975-01-02 Litton Industries Inc Lichtverstaerker
US4163174A (en) * 1977-06-13 1979-07-31 International Telephone & Telegraph Corp. Oblique streak tube
US5780961A (en) * 1993-03-05 1998-07-14 Regents Of The University Of California Ground plane insulating coating for proximity focused devices
US9177764B1 (en) * 2013-11-11 2015-11-03 Exelis, Inc. Image intensifier having an ion barrier with conductive material and method for making the same

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NL7014148A (xx) 1971-03-31
GB1280417A (en) 1972-07-05
FR2062762A5 (xx) 1971-06-25
DE2047887A1 (de) 1971-04-08

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