US3605709A - Vehicular air-pollution preventive system - Google Patents

Vehicular air-pollution preventive system Download PDF

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Publication number
US3605709A
US3605709A US18662A US3605709DA US3605709A US 3605709 A US3605709 A US 3605709A US 18662 A US18662 A US 18662A US 3605709D A US3605709D A US 3605709DA US 3605709 A US3605709 A US 3605709A
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United States
Prior art keywords
intake manifold
vacuum
engine
exhaust
conduit
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Expired - Lifetime
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US18662A
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English (en)
Inventor
Yasuo Nakajima
Yoshimasa Hayashi
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Nissan Motor Co Ltd
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Nissan Motor Co Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D21/00—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas
    • F02D21/06—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas peculiar to engines having other non-fuel gas added to combustion air
    • F02D21/08—Controlling engines characterised by their being supplied with non-airborne oxygen or other non-fuel gas peculiar to engines having other non-fuel gas added to combustion air the other gas being the exhaust gas of engine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/52—Systems for actuating EGR valves
    • F02M26/53—Systems for actuating EGR valves using electric actuators, e.g. solenoids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/52—Systems for actuating EGR valves
    • F02M26/55—Systems for actuating EGR valves using vacuum actuators
    • F02M26/56—Systems for actuating EGR valves using vacuum actuators having pressure modulation valves
    • F02M26/57—Systems for actuating EGR valves using vacuum actuators having pressure modulation valves using electronic means, e.g. electromagnetic valves

Definitions

  • a vehicular air-pollution preventive system for use with an internal combustion engine which system is adapted to reduce the quantity of nitrogen oxides produced during acceleration or hill-climbing in such quantities as to cause a serious air-pollution problem especially when the vehicle is driven in urban areas, having two switches closing when the vehicle is driven at a speed falling within a predetermined range and with the intake manifold vacuum lower than a predetermined level providing acceleration or hill-climbing and an exhaust recirculation control valve assembly which is adapted to pass the exhaust gases to the intake manifold when both of the two switches are closed concurrently.
  • This invention relates to a vehicular air-pollution preventive system and, more particularly, to a system adapted to reduce the quantity of toxic nitrogen oxides contained in engine exhaust gases.
  • Air pollution resulting from the emission of nitrogen oxides is one of the serious public nuisances particularly in urban areas of today and it is during acceleration and hill-climbing of a motor vehicle that nitrogen oxides are discharged to the open air in such quantities as to cause a serious air-pollution problem in the urban areas. This will mean that the air-pollution problem could be alleviated significantly if the quantity of nitrogen oxides is reduced during acceleration and hill-climbing that occur frequently when the motor vehicle is driven in urban areas.
  • the invention was thus completed under the recognition that the drawbacks which result from the continuous recirculation of the exhaust gases can be effectively eliminated by selectively recirculating the exhaust gases only 3,605,709 Patented Sept. 20, 1971 when the engine is driven under predetermined conditions in which the motor vehicle accelerates or climbs up a hill as frequently experienced in the driving in urban areas.
  • Such conditions of the engine providing the acceleration or hill-climbing of the motor vehicle are represented, as preferable according to the invention, by the combination of the vacuum in the intake manifold of the engine and the vehicle speed.
  • a primary object of the invention is therefore to provide a system for reducing the quantity of nitrogen oxides emitted from the engine when the motor vehicle is driven in urban areas.
  • Another primary object of the invention is to provide a system which is adapted to reduce the quantity of nitrogen oxides in the engine exhaust gases without detriment to the operation stability and power output of the engine and without contamination of the engine components.
  • Still another primary object of the invention is to provide a system which is constructed and arranged to have the exhaust gases recirculated into the intake manifold only when the motor vehicle is accelerated or climbs up a hill at a speed within a predetermined range and with the intake manifold vacuum lower than a predetermined level.
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical representation of a typical example of the relationships between the vehicle speed of a motor vehicle running on city-roads and the quantity of nitrogen oxides in the then emitted exhaust gases;
  • FIG. 2 is a schematical view showing a preferred embodiment of the air-pollution preventive system according to the invention as combined with a usual automotive internal combustion engine which is shown in a schematical end view;
  • FIG. 3 is a section on line II of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a graphical representation exemplifying a region in which the system shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 is operable;
  • FIG. 5 is similar to FIG. 2 but shows a modification of the system shown therein;
  • FIG. 6 is also similar to FIG. 2 but shows another modification.
  • the quantity of nitrogen oxides contained in the engine exhaust gases is intimately related to the vehicle speed.
  • the investigations conducted by the inventors have revealed that it is during acceleration and hill-climbing that the quantity of nitrogen oxides increases to such an extent as to cause a serious air-pollution problem in urban areas.
  • FIG. 1 shows that as the vehicle speed is increased from a to b for acceleration or c to d for hill-climbing, the quantity of nitrogen oxides increases abruptly as indicated by the broken curve a'b' or c'd', respectively.
  • the emission of nitrogen oxides could be reduced effectively throughout the varying modes of vehicular operations if the emission is minimized during acceleration and hill-climbing.
  • the invention proposes, as preferable, to have the ranges a-b and cd of the driving conditions of the vehicle represented by the combination of intake manifold vacuum and vehicle speed.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 A preferred embodiment to accomplish such an end is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3.
  • the system according to the invention is used in combination with a usual automotive internal combustion engine which is generally designated by reference numeral 1.
  • the engine 1 has, as customary, an intake manifold 2 and exhaust manifold 3 and is combined with a carburettor 4 which is removed from FIG.
  • the carburettor 4 is anyway mounted on the intake manifold 2 by a mounting flange 5 and, as illustrated in FIG. 3, has a throttle valve 6 which is mounted on and rotatable with a rotary shaft 6a, as customary.
  • the air-pollution preventive system of the invention essentialiy comprises an exhaust recirculation control valve assembly 10, which is actually a solenoid valve device.
  • the valve assembly 10 has a casing 11 having formed therein a chamber 12 which communicates on one side With the exhaust manifold 3 through an exhaust recirculation conduit 13 and on the other with the carburettor 4 downstream of the throttle valve 6 through an exhaust recirculation nozzle 14. If preferred, the nozzle 14 may be opened into the intake manifold 2, though not so illustrated.
  • An orifice 14:: may be provided in the passage 14 thereby to control the flow of air flowing therethrough.
  • a valve element 15 is operatively mounted in the chamber 12 and is positioned relative to a valve seat 16 forming part of the inner wall of the chamber 12.
  • the valve element 15 is integrally combined with a hollow cylinder 17 which is axially movably mounted in the chamber 12.
  • the hollow cylinder 17 has accommodated therein a compression spring 18 so that the hollow cylinder 17 is forced in a direction in which the valve element 15 is seated on the valve seat 16 to block the communication between the conduit 13 and nozzle 14.
  • the hollow cylinder 17 also serves as a moving core which is actuated into motion by a solenoid coil 19 and is powered by a suitable source 20 of electric energy through a line 21.
  • the exhaust recirculation control valve assembly 10 thus constructed is operated by control means which is responsive to the driving conditions of the motor vehicle so that the valve element 15 is moved to and seated on the valve seat 16 when predetermined driving conditions are responded to by the control means.
  • control means is arrange-d according to the invention to be responsive to the vacuum in the intake manifold 2 of the engine and the vehicle speed selected by a transmission system which is generally designated by numeral 7.
  • the control means may be, as illustrated in FIG. 4, comprised essentially of a vacuum switch 22 and vehicle speed switch 23, which are connected in series with the solenoid coil 19 of the control valve assembly 10 through a line 21.
  • the vacuum switch 22 is connected with and controlled by a diaphragm device 24, which is intended to detect the vacuum in the intake manifold 2.
  • the diaphragm device 24 has a vacuum chamber 25 and atmospheric chamber 26 which is separated from the former by a diaphragm member 27.
  • the vacuum chamber 25 communicates with the intake manifold 2 of the engine 1 through a vacuum conduit 28, while the atmospheric chamber 26 is vented from the atmosphere.
  • the diaphragm member 27 is connected with the vacuum switch 22 through a connecting rod 29 extending through the atmospheric chamber 26.
  • a compression spring 30 whereby the diaphragm member 27 is forced toward the atmospheric chamber 25.
  • the diaphragm member 27 when the intake manifold vacuum is at an elevated level, the diaphragm member 27 is forced toward the vacuum chamber 25 against the action of the spring 30 thereby to keep the switch 22 open.
  • the intake manifold vacuum drops under a predetermined level of, for instance, 350 mm. of Hg, then the spring 30 overpowers the vacuum and the diaphragm member 27 is moved toward the atmospheric chamber 26 to permit the switch 22 to close.
  • the compression of the spring 30 may be determined in a manner to yield to the vacuum at such predetermined level.
  • the vehicle speed switch 23 is operated by a vehicle speed detector 31 which is driven by the output shaft (not identified) of the transmission system 7 through a driving shaft 32 so as to detect the revolution speed of the output shaft of the transmission system.
  • the vehicle speed detector 31 delivers voltages proportional to the which speeds detected thereby and energizes the switch 23.
  • the switch 23 may be constructed as a normallyopen relay switch which is arranged to close when it is energized with a voltage corresponding to a vehicle speed ranging from 20 to km./hr., by way of example.
  • the vehicle speed detector 31 is herein shown as connected with a speed meter 33 which visibly indicates the vehicle speed selected in the transmission system from time to time.
  • a speed meter 33 which visibly indicates the vehicle speed selected in the transmission system from time to time.
  • 34 is an ignition switch which may be interposed, if desired, between the vehicle speed switch 23 and power source 20.
  • the intake manifold vacuum and/ or the vehicle speed will be outside the range within which the vacuum switch 22 and/or vehicle speed switch 23 are to be closed.
  • the solenoid coil 19 of the control valve assembly 10 is kept disconnected from the source 20 of power and thus remains unexcited.
  • the valve element 15 remains seated on the valve seat 16 by the action of the compression spring 18, isolating the intake manifold 2 from the exhaust manifold 3. The exhaust gases are in this manner prohibited from entering the nozzle 14 through the chamber 12.
  • the intake manifold vacuum drops under the aforesaid predetermined level, for example, 350 mm. of Hg and the vehicle speed falls within the predetermined range of, for instance, 20 to 80 km./ hr.
  • the spring 30 overpowers the vacuum in the vacuum chamber 25 to cause the diaphragm member 27 to move into a position in which the switch 22 is closed.
  • the relay switch 23 is energized with a voltage supplied from the detector 31 and closed consequently.
  • a filter 13a may be provided in the recirculation conduit so as to remove carbons from the exhaust gases.
  • the exhaust recirculation control valve assembly which has been shown as a solenoid valve device 10 may be constructed otherwise inasmuch as the intent of recirculating the exhaust gases only when the engine is driven at predetermined speeds and the intake manifold vacuum lowered under a predetermined level, one of such modifications being illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 is adapted to protect the solenoid device from contamination with exhaust gases.
  • the exhaust recirculation control valve is now constructed as a combination of a spool valve device 35 and a solenoid valve device 36 to control the former.
  • the spool valve device 36 has a casing 37 communicating on one side with the exhaust manifold 3 through a conduit 38 and on the other with the intake manifold 2 through a nozzle 39.
  • the conduit 38 is shown to debouch into the casing 37 at an inlet port 38a and the nozzle 39 to lead from the casing at an outlet port 39a.
  • An orifice 45 may be provided in the nozzle 39 to control the flow through the nozzle.
  • the casing 37 has accommodated therein a spool valve 41 having a land 42.
  • a compression spring 43 is mounted in a chamber 44 formed between the end walls of the casing 37 and land 42 in such a manner that the spool 41 is forced toward a position in which the inlet port 38a is closed by the land 42, as shown.
  • the casing 37 further communicates with a casing 45 of the solenoid device 36 through a conduit 46.
  • This casing 45 in the solenoid valve device 37 communicates on one side with the intake manifold 2 through a conduit 47 and on the other with the atmosphere, or with an cleaner if preferred, through a conduit 48.
  • a moving core 49 is axially movably mounted in the casing 45 to act as a valve member and a compression spring 50 is mounted around this moving core or valve member 49 in a manner to force the valve member toward a position in which the conduit 47 is closed and the conduit 48 opened. In this condition, the casing 45 is prevented for communicating with the intake manifold 2 and is maintained at an atmospheric pressure.
  • the valve member 49 is operated by a solenoid coil 51 which is connected at one end with a power source 20 through a line 21a and at the other with a vacuum switch 20 and vehicle speed switch 24 through a line 21b similarly to the system illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • the switches 22 and 23 are controlled by a diaphragm device 24 and vehicle speed detector 31, respectively, which are entirely similar in construction and function to those shown in FIG. 2 so that the discussion previously given applies thereto.
  • the solenoid valve device 36 remains inoperative because the solenoid coil 51 thereof is kept de-energized with the switches 22 and/or 23 open.
  • the intake manifold vacuum decreases under a predetermined level to yield to the compression of the spring 28 of the diaphragm device 24 and concurrently the vehicle is driven at a speed within a predetermined range to cause the vehicle speed switch 23 to be actuated.
  • the switches 22 and 23 are now closed and the solenoid coil 51 of the solenoid valve device 36 energized.
  • the valve member 49 is moved against the action of the spring 50 to a position to open the conduit 47 and close the conduit 48.
  • the intake manifold vacuum that is now at a lower level is permitted to flow into the chamber 44 formed by the end walls of the casing 37 and land 42 of the spool valve 41.
  • the spring 43 being selected to yield to the thus lowered vacuum, the spool valve 41 is pulled by the vacuum over to a position in which the land 42 leaves and opens the inlet port 38a.
  • the conduit 38 is permitted to com municate with the nozzle 39 to enable the exhaust gases to recirculate from the exhaust manifold 3 into the intake manifold 2.
  • a diaphragm valve device may be combined with the solenoid valve device to constitute an exhaust recirculation control assembly in the system according to the invention, example being shown in FIG. 5.
  • the diaphragm valve device 52 is constructed similarly to the diaphragm device 24 in FIG. 2, and has a vacuum chamber 53 defined by a diaphragm member 54 and the structural wall of the device 52, as shown.
  • the vacuum chamber 53 communicates with the casing 45 of the solenoid valve device 36 through a conduit 46a.
  • a valve element 55 is connected with the diaphragm member 54 on its side opposite to the vacuum chamber 53.
  • a compression spring 56 is mounted in the vacuum chamber 53 in a manner to force the diaphragm member 54 and accordingly the valve element 55 away from the vacuum chamber 53.
  • the valve element 55 in this protruded position projects into a port 57 betweeen an exhaust recirculation conduit 38 and nozzle 39 thereby to isolate the conduit and nozzle from each other.
  • the solenoid valve device 36 becomes actuated to permit the vacuum to flow into the vacuum chamber 53.
  • the compression spring 56 is selected so as to yield to the vacuum so that the diaphragm member 54 and accordingly the valve element 55 are moved toward the vacuum chamber 53 and away from the port 57. With valve element 55 thus retracted, the conduit 38 communicates with the nozzle 39 thereby to pass the exhaust gases from the exhaust manifold to the intake manifold, similarly to the previously described embodiments.
  • An air-pollution preventive system for a motor vehicle having an internal combustion engine with a carburetor comprising control means responsive to the intake manifold vacuums and vehicle speeds at which the motor vehicle is driven for acceleration or hill-climbing and an exhaust recirculation control assembly having a chamber to provide communication between the intake manifold and the exhaust manifold of the engine and a valve element operatively mounted in said chamber and normally held by a spring action in a position to block said communication, said valve element being moved by said control means against said spring action to a position in which said chamber communicates with the intake manifold when said control means detects said intake manifold vacuums and vehicle speeds whereby the exhaust gases are recirculated from the exhaust manifold to the intake manifold of the engine.
  • said exhaust recirculation control valve assembly comprises a solenoid coil, a hollow moving core integral with said valve element and movably mounted in said chamber, a compression spring mounted within said hollow moving core and forcing the moving core to a position in which said valve element blocks said communication, an exhaust recirculation conduit communicating with the exhaust manifold and leading into said chamber, and an exhaust recirculation nozzle leading from said chamber downstream of said valve element to the intake manifold, said valve element being unseated when said solenoid coil is energized to cause said moving core to move to its retracted position whereby said conduit communicates with said nozzle.
  • said control valve assembly includes a spool valve device and a solenoid valve device, said spool valve device including a casing communicating on one side with the exhaust manifold through an exhaust recirculation conduit and on the other with the intake manifold through an exhaust recirculation nozzle, a spool valve axially movably mounted in said casing and having a land at one end, and a compression to a position in which said land is moved to a position in which said conduit communicates with said nozzle when said solenoid coil of said solenoid valve device is excited by means of said control means.
  • said control valve assembly includes a diaphragm valve device and a solenoid valve device, said diaphragm valve device including a vacuum chamber, a diaphragm member separating said vacuum chamber from the atmosphere, a port communicating on one side with the exhaust manifold through an exhaust recirculation conduit and on the other with the intake manifold through an exhaust recirculation nozzle, a valve element connected with said diaphragm member and directed toward said port, and a compression spring mounted in said vacuum chamber to force said diaphragm member toward a position in which said valve element closed said port, the compression of said compression spring being determined to yield to the intake manifold vacuum lowered to a predetermined level at which the vehicle is accelerated or climbs up a hill, said solenoid valve device including a solenoid valve casing communicating spring mounted in said casing to force said spool valve toward a position in which said land isolates said nozzle from said conduit, the compression of said compression spring being determined to yield to the intake man
  • said control means comprises a vacuum switch connected with and controlled by a diaphragm device and a vehicle speed switch connected with and controlled by a vehicle speed detector which detects vehicle speeds selected by a transmission system and delivers voltages proportional to the vehicle speeds detected, said vacuum and engine speed switches being connected in series with a power source and said solenoid coil, said diaphragm device comprising a vacuum chamber communicating with the intake manifold of the engine, a diaphragm member separating said vacuum chamber from the atmosphere, a connecting rod rigidly connecting said diaphragm member and said vacuum switch, and a compression spring mounted in said vacuum chamber to force said diaphragm member to a position in which said connecting rod is moved to close said vacuum switch, the compression of said spring being determined to overpower the intake manifold vacuum lower than a predetermined level at which the vehicle is accelerated or climbs up a hill, and said vehicle speed detector being operative to cause said vehicle speed switch to close when the detector detects a predetermined range of vehicle speed in

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
US18662A 1969-03-19 1970-03-11 Vehicular air-pollution preventive system Expired - Lifetime US3605709A (en)

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JP2059669 1969-03-19

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US3605709A true US3605709A (en) 1971-09-20

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US (1) US3605709A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2012938C3 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2035076B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1284323A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE358211B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3807376A (en) * 1970-12-17 1974-04-30 Bosch Gmbh Robert Apparatus for regulating the recycling of partially combusted fuels in an internal combustion engine
US3809038A (en) * 1972-08-24 1974-05-07 Dana Corp Exhaust pollution control apparatus
JPS49100020U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1972-12-20 1974-08-28
US3901202A (en) * 1973-05-25 1975-08-26 Gen Motors Corp Vacuum bias regulator assembly
US3916857A (en) * 1972-08-31 1975-11-04 Nippon Denso Co Means for controlling the exhaust recirculation
US3969614A (en) * 1973-12-12 1976-07-13 Ford Motor Company Method and apparatus for engine control
US4060065A (en) * 1973-10-23 1977-11-29 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Exhaust gas recirculation system having means to estimate actual recirculation rate based on intake and exhaust gas temperatures
EP1193393A3 (en) * 2000-10-02 2003-11-26 Johnson Electric S.A. Starter motor

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2255297A1 (de) * 1972-11-11 1974-05-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert Ventil fuer abgasleitungen von brennkraftmaschinen
US3783847A (en) * 1972-12-06 1974-01-08 Ford Motor Co Engine spark control and exhaust gas recirculation vacuum signal selector
IT996383B (it) * 1973-05-10 1975-12-10 Pierburg Kg A Dispositivo di comando per il ritor no di gas di scarico nelle condut ture di aspirazione di un motore a combustione interna
FR2246741B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1973-10-09 1979-01-26 Peugeot & Renault
JPS5627056A (en) * 1979-08-11 1981-03-16 Honda Motor Co Ltd Exhaust gas recycling controller in engine
FR2534315A1 (fr) * 1982-10-11 1984-04-13 Renault Dispositif de commande de recirculation des gaz d'echappement pour moteurs a combustion interne
FR2534316A1 (fr) * 1982-10-11 1984-04-13 Renault Dispositif de commande de recirculation des gaz d'echappement pour moteurs a combustion interne
DE3335770A1 (de) * 1983-10-01 1985-04-11 Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, 8000 München Verfahren zur abgasrueckfuehrung bei einer brennkraftmaschine

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3807376A (en) * 1970-12-17 1974-04-30 Bosch Gmbh Robert Apparatus for regulating the recycling of partially combusted fuels in an internal combustion engine
US3809038A (en) * 1972-08-24 1974-05-07 Dana Corp Exhaust pollution control apparatus
US3916857A (en) * 1972-08-31 1975-11-04 Nippon Denso Co Means for controlling the exhaust recirculation
JPS49100020U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1972-12-20 1974-08-28
US3901202A (en) * 1973-05-25 1975-08-26 Gen Motors Corp Vacuum bias regulator assembly
US4060065A (en) * 1973-10-23 1977-11-29 Nissan Motor Company, Limited Exhaust gas recirculation system having means to estimate actual recirculation rate based on intake and exhaust gas temperatures
US3969614A (en) * 1973-12-12 1976-07-13 Ford Motor Company Method and apparatus for engine control
EP1193393A3 (en) * 2000-10-02 2003-11-26 Johnson Electric S.A. Starter motor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2012938C3 (de) 1974-04-04
SE358211B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-07-23
FR2035076A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-12-18
DE2012938B2 (de) 1973-09-13
GB1284323A (en) 1972-08-09
DE2012938A1 (de) 1970-10-08
FR2035076B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-05-31

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