US3600210A - Transparent xerocopies - Google Patents

Transparent xerocopies Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3600210A
US3600210A US707943A US3600210DA US3600210A US 3600210 A US3600210 A US 3600210A US 707943 A US707943 A US 707943A US 3600210D A US3600210D A US 3600210DA US 3600210 A US3600210 A US 3600210A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
film
image
particles
heating
transparent
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US707943A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Barry Francis Haycock
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Huntington Alloys Corp
Original Assignee
International Nickel Co Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by International Nickel Co Inc filed Critical International Nickel Co Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3600210A publication Critical patent/US3600210A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G7/00Selection of materials for use in image-receiving members, i.e. for reversal by physical contact; Manufacture thereof
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/22Processes involving a combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/26Electrographic processes using a charge pattern for the production of printing plates for non-xerographic printing processes

Definitions

  • xerographic copying a latent image of the matter to be copied is formed as a residual electrostatic charge on a photosensitive surface.
  • oppositely-charged particles of a thermoplastic powder are distributed over the surface they adhere to the charged area and are then transferred to paper, on to which they are fused by heat to form a permanent copy.
  • Xerographic copying has the advantages that it is a dry process and that it gives a positive print of the original image. It has, of course, been recognised that these advantages would be equally desirable in the production of positive transparencies, which could then be used, for example, in optical projectors to assist lecturers; but in spite of this, it has not previously been possible to make transparencies by xerographic copying with the common form of xerographic apparatus, in which the photosensitive surface is a drum having an electrically conductive backing coated with vitreous selenium. Attempts to make such copies have encountered the difiiculty that heating to the temperature required to fuse the particles damages or destroys the transparent sheeting, while at lower temperatures the particles do not adhere permanently.
  • charged particles are transferred from a photosensitive surface, in the manner described above, to a transparent film, which is then subjected to radiant heating sutficient to soften the particles and cause them to adhere to the film without damaging it, after which the film is heated under pressure to fuse the particles and fix them to the film.
  • the use of a second heating stage, with pressure, to fuse the particles adhering to the film avoids damage to the film.
  • the film must, of course, withstand heating to the temperature required to soften the particles used. I have found that the film may advantageously consist of triacetate film and that suitable thicknesses for the film are from .004 to .006". I prefer to use a thickness of 0.005".
  • the temperature for softening the particles in the image-transfer stage is between 90 and 95 C. and if the fusion under pressure is carried out at a temperature of about 85 C. for a period of about 30 seconds.
  • too low a temperature will result in an image with insufficient adherence to the film so that it cannot be handled without damage to the image. Too high a temperature will cause the film to begin to buckle.
  • the fusing temperature can vary within a wide range provided that the period for which the temperature and pressure are maintained is suitably chosen.
  • a fusing temperature of C. for a triacetate film requires not less than 25 seconds for satisfactory fusion and fixing of the image; and if the period is longer than about 45 seconds, the image may transfer partially to the pressure plate or drum.
  • the period should be between 10 and 20 seconds.
  • the temperature should be not less than 50 C. and not greater than 100 C. (preferably between 80 C. and C.) and the time not longer than 1 minute.
  • the heating under pressure is conveniently performed" by pressing the power-carrying side of the film against a polished heated metal surface or platen, for example in a photographic dry mounting press. Alternatively, this heating under pressure may be carried out by passing the film between heated polished metal rollers. It is important to apply a sufficiently uniform pressure over the whole area of the film to prevent the film from buckling. We find that when the film is heated in this way the particles of powder fuse together as well as to the film base and that the image is thereby densified and sharpened almost to the extent that is achieved in a conventional photographic image.
  • a useful feature of this method is that although the initial heating of the transparent sheet fixes the image sutficiently to permit the sheet to be transported through the xerographic copying machine and to be handled without damaging the image, nevertheless portions of the image can easily be removed by light abrasion (for example, with a rubber eraser), or by the use of a suitable solvent. This allows the user to retouch the image, i.e. remove unwanted matter before the final heating under pressure to firmly fix the image. This unwanted matter may, for example, be background speckling or may be unwanted portions of the images. Even when the image has been fixed, further additions may be made to it by hand using suitable opaque inks or paints.
  • Copies made by xerography on a transparent sheet in this way may be used in various ways, for example as transparencies in an optical projector; as masters for high-speed dyeline printing; and as intermediate masters for the production of plates for photo-offset lithography.
  • Melinex As an alternative to triacetate film, the transparent sheeting known as Melinex can be used.
  • a method for producing positive xerographic transparencies comprising the steps of, forming a latent image of matter to be copied as a residual electrostatic charge on a photosensitive surface, developing the image by distributing oppositely-charged particles of thermoplastic powder over said surface whereupon said particles adhere to the charge areas, transferring said image-forming particles to a transparent film, heating said film and said particles suificiently to soften said particles so as to cause removable adherence thereof to said film without fusing the particles or damaging said film and thereafter further heating said image-bearing film under uniform pressure applied to substantially the whole of the film area to fuse said particles and fix them to said film whereby the image is densified and sharpened while the film is prevented from buckling.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fixing For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Combination Of More Than One Step In Electrophotography (AREA)
US707943A 1967-02-28 1968-02-26 Transparent xerocopies Expired - Lifetime US3600210A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9392/67A GB1215301A (en) 1967-02-28 1967-02-28 Improvements in xerographic copying

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3600210A true US3600210A (en) 1971-08-17

Family

ID=9871105

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US707943A Expired - Lifetime US3600210A (en) 1967-02-28 1968-02-26 Transparent xerocopies

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3600210A (xx)
DE (1) DE1622358A1 (xx)
FR (1) FR1556583A (xx)
GB (1) GB1215301A (xx)
NL (1) NL6802720A (xx)
SE (1) SE325200B (xx)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3853552A (en) * 1971-12-03 1974-12-10 Ricoh Kk Method of fixing a toner by heating in electrophotographic duplication
US3854942A (en) * 1972-03-21 1974-12-17 Xerox Corp Transparency for multi-color electrostatic copying
US3949117A (en) * 1971-12-27 1976-04-06 Diagnostic Instruments, Inc. Image intensification
US3973846A (en) * 1974-09-25 1976-08-10 Xerox Corporation Electrostatic master making apparatus
WO1979000999A1 (en) * 1978-04-28 1979-11-29 Eastman Kodak Co Projection viewable transparency and electrographic process for making same
US4335955A (en) * 1978-04-24 1982-06-22 Ragen Precision Industries, Inc. Electrostatic display apparatus
US20040123696A1 (en) * 2002-10-22 2004-07-01 Mikhail Kejzelman Iron-based powder

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4287285A (en) * 1978-10-18 1981-09-01 Eastman Kodak Company Method and apparatus for fabricating personal identification documents
JPS5717962A (en) * 1980-07-04 1982-01-29 Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd Image formation

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3853552A (en) * 1971-12-03 1974-12-10 Ricoh Kk Method of fixing a toner by heating in electrophotographic duplication
US3949117A (en) * 1971-12-27 1976-04-06 Diagnostic Instruments, Inc. Image intensification
US3854942A (en) * 1972-03-21 1974-12-17 Xerox Corp Transparency for multi-color electrostatic copying
US3973846A (en) * 1974-09-25 1976-08-10 Xerox Corporation Electrostatic master making apparatus
US4335955A (en) * 1978-04-24 1982-06-22 Ragen Precision Industries, Inc. Electrostatic display apparatus
WO1979000999A1 (en) * 1978-04-28 1979-11-29 Eastman Kodak Co Projection viewable transparency and electrographic process for making same
US4259422A (en) * 1978-04-28 1981-03-31 Eastman Kodak Company Electrographic process for making transparencies
US20040123696A1 (en) * 2002-10-22 2004-07-01 Mikhail Kejzelman Iron-based powder
US7238220B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2007-07-03 Höganäs Ab Iron-based powder
US20070234850A1 (en) * 2002-10-22 2007-10-11 Hoganas Ab Iron-based powder
US7662209B2 (en) 2002-10-22 2010-02-16 Höganäs Ab Iron-based powder

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1556583A (xx) 1969-02-07
NL6802720A (xx) 1968-08-29
SE325200B (xx) 1970-06-22
GB1215301A (en) 1970-12-09
DE1622358A1 (de) 1972-02-03

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2637651A (en) Method of producing images on rigid surfaces
US3775102A (en) Method of electrostatically copying information on both sides of an original onto both sides of a support material
JPS6055830B2 (ja) 電子写真複写機
US3937572A (en) Apparatus for inductive electrophotography
US3820985A (en) Method and apparatus for inductive electrophotography
US3592642A (en) Duplicating method wherein a paper sheet heated to the melting point of a toner image simultaneously causes the transfer of the toner from the photoconductor and fusing of the toner image on the paper sheet
US3600210A (en) Transparent xerocopies
US3556784A (en) Electrostatic image development
US4297422A (en) Electrophotographic process for printing a plurality of copies
US3664834A (en) Migration imaging method employing adhesive transfer member
US4339194A (en) Cold pressure fusing apparatus
US3734724A (en) Developed image transfer
US3206600A (en) Image-formation on electro-photographic material
US4967236A (en) Charge retention xeroprinting
US3414409A (en) Particle transfer
JPS5732456A (en) Copy printing method
US4471694A (en) Printing process for transferring fixed image from master
US5001030A (en) Method and means for transferring electrostatically charged image powder
US4141728A (en) Transfer of dry developed electrostatic image using plural oppositely charged fields
GB1139256A (en) Electrophotographic process and device
US3740216A (en) Photoelectrosolographic imaging employing a releasable imaging layer
JPH0254547B2 (xx)
GB2034076A (en) Method and apparatus for increasing the apparent resolution of developed xerographically reproduced images
US3648991A (en) Method and apparatus for selective fusing
US3551145A (en) Method of reproducing a toner image carried by an electrophotographic plate