US3597597A - Method and apparatus for monitoring the progress of rimming of a steel ingot - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for monitoring the progress of rimming of a steel ingot Download PDF

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Publication number
US3597597A
US3597597A US731749A US3597597DA US3597597A US 3597597 A US3597597 A US 3597597A US 731749 A US731749 A US 731749A US 3597597D A US3597597D A US 3597597DA US 3597597 A US3597597 A US 3597597A
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Prior art keywords
cell
rimming
ingot
thermal radiation
output
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US731749A
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English (en)
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Robert Alfred Pirlet
Roland Holper
Leon Jean Philippe
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Centre de Recherches Metallurgiques CRM ASBL
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Centre de Recherches Metallurgiques CRM ASBL
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/46—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor by spectral analysis, e.g. Fourier analysis or wavelet analysis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D2/00—Arrangement of indicating or measuring devices, e.g. for temperature or viscosity of the fused mass
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D7/00—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/02—Analysing fluids
    • G01N29/024—Analysing fluids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/223—Supports, positioning or alignment in fixed situation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/24—Probes
    • G01N29/2418—Probes using optoacoustic interaction with the material, e.g. laser radiation, photoacoustics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/44—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor
    • G01N29/50—Processing the detected response signal, e.g. electronic circuits specially adapted therefor using auto-correlation techniques or cross-correlation techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/20—Metals
    • G01N33/202—Constituents thereof
    • G01N33/2022—Non-metallic constituents
    • G01N33/2025—Gaseous constituents
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/024—Mixtures
    • G01N2291/02433—Gases in liquids, e.g. bubbles, foams
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/02—Indexing codes associated with the analysed material
    • G01N2291/025—Change of phase or condition
    • G01N2291/0252—Melting, molten solids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2291/00—Indexing codes associated with group G01N29/00
    • G01N2291/10—Number of transducers
    • G01N2291/106—Number of transducers one or more transducer arrays

Definitions

  • the method of the invention has the essential feature that a physical and/or chemical parameter, the development of which is connected with that of the rimming of an ingot, is measured, said measurement being carried out in such a way that the major part of the gases issuing from the ingot in the course of the rimming process can escape freely, practically without being disturbed, and the upper surface of the molten steel has free access to the oxygen of the surrounding atmosphere.
  • the measurement the curve representing is graphed against time to obtain a variation with time of the parameter measured, which indicates the progress of rimming of the steel ingot.
  • the measurement is preferably carried out for a great number of ingots, for each ingot cast the correlation is plotted, for instance by means of a curve, between the measurement or curve and the variables known to have an influence on the course of the rimming. From statistical observations assembled in this way it is possible to deduce, from knowledge of the curve or of the measurement which has been plotted for each fresh ingot, whatare its characteristics and its type and what modifications have to be made to anv one ofthe parameters influencing the rimming of the ingots so that the curve plotted for a certain ingot comes nearer to or follows a predetermined curve which is considered to be the optimum one.
  • a sample is taken under standard conditions from the gases escaping from the ingot and the sample is subjected to a quantitative analysis. In this way it is possible to carry out the monitoring of the rimming effect easily, without disturbing the gases released and accordingly without disturbing the phenomenon to be monitored.
  • This analysis can be carried out in various ways, in particular by observation of the spectrum of emission of the gases of the sample, it being possible from the measurement of the relative intensity of the characteristic rays emitted by the CO and by the CO to determine the CO/CO ratio of the gases as well as the variation taking place over a period. It has moreover been found that the sum of the concentrations of CO and CO plotted in such a sample is proportional to the rate flow of the gases escaping from the metal. By continuously measuring the spectrum of emission of the gases it is accordingly possible to obtain information continuously on the gaseous flow taking place as a result of rimming.
  • the analysis can alternatively be carried out by observation and measurement of the spectrum of absorption of the escaping from the ingot, this arrangement having the advantage of particularly great accuracy of measurement.
  • the temperature of the gases resulting from the combustion of the CO, evolved during rimming, in the oxygen of the surrounding atmosphere is measured. On the basis of knowledge of the value of the temperature measured, one can obtain information on the rate of evolution of CO from the ingot.
  • the measurement of the temperature of the said combustion gases can be carried out in many different ways, for instance pyrometrically, acoustically, by measurement of the intensity of continuous radiation emitted by the gases (this corresponds to the phenomenon of the combustion of CO), or by measurement of the specific radiation of the atoms entrained by the gaseous release. It has been found that there. is a welldefined correlation between the temperature of the gases resulting from the combustion of the CO, evolved during rimming, in the oxygen of the surrounding air and the various acoustical or radiation measurements enumerated above.
  • This embodiment is based on the consideration that the quantity of sparks. and conseouentlv their radiation. emitted by the ingot during a given period is connected with the rate of flow of gas escaping from the ingot during this period.
  • various measurements can be effected on the particles to determine the quantity of sparks, among these measurements the most interesting, by reason of their rapidity, accuracy and facility, are measurements of the radiation emitted by the particles (in the band of lg to 2p).
  • the thennal radiation emitted by the ingot as it solidifies in the ingot mould is recorded.
  • a radiation capturing device hereinafter referred to as the main capturing device, which is sensitive to visible and/or infrared radiation.
  • the main capturing device is focused on the region located just above the level of the steel, where the emission of radiation occurs by incandescence and/or luminescence coming from the ingot as it solidifies in the ingot mould.
  • the secondary capturing device By means of a second radiation capturing device, hereinafter referred to as the secondary capturing device, the field of observation of which is substantially narrower than that ofthe main capturing device, the teeming jet is sighted, this making it possible to determine the exact moment when teeming ends and consequently to determine the exact moment when a curve traced by a graph generator connected to the output of the main capturing device is no longer disturbed by the thermal radiation due to the teeming.
  • the setting off of the graph generator connected to the main radiation capturing device may be made dependent on the disappearance of the signal which, in the circuit of the secondary capturing device, corresponds to the presence of the teeming jet in the field of observation of the secondary capturing device, the disappearance of the signal being utilized by means known per se to put the graph generator into operation automatically.
  • the invention further consists in apparatus for monitoring the progress of rimming of a steel ingot, which comprises a radiation capturing device sensitive to thermal radiation whose field of observation is restricted by the aperture of a suitable divergent flaring opening or horn.
  • the capturing device is arranged so as to be substantially coaxial to the axis of the flaring opening.
  • the output of the capturing device is connected to a graph generator to plot a curve giving as a function of time a correlative value of the electric voltage ap pearing at the terminals of the main capturing device.
  • the capturing device is mounted on a support making it possible to adjust the capturing device in height, direction and/or angle of inclination.
  • the apparatus further comprises a thermal radiation detector, whose field of observation is substantially narrower than that of the main capturing device.
  • the output of the detector controls the graph generator operation.
  • This apparatus has the advantage that by it is possible to determine the exact moment when teeming has terminated and to put the graph generator in operation at this exact moment. In this way any disturbance of the main signal due to the presence of the teeming jet is suppressed, since the signal is recorded only when teeming has terminated. No error of interpretation can be produced due to the teeming jet in examining the curves recorded.
  • the radiation detector at a place other than above the main capturing device, without thereby going beyond the scope ofthe invention.
  • the essential thing is that the field of observation of the main capturing device incorporates practically the whole width of the shower of sparks coming from the ingot mould, whereas the detector needs to be able to focus only the teeming jet.
  • the output of the main capturing device is connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge, and a capturing device, as similar as possible to the main capturing device, but provided with a screen adapted to mask it from the radiations to which the main capturing device is subjected, is connected in the other arm.
  • the graph generator is connected in the diagonal of the Wheatstone bridge.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic elevation of a form of apparatus for carrying out one embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. la is a diagrammatic side elevation of part of the apparatus of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. lb is a plan view of the apparatus of FIG. la;
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating the processing of the readings obtained by the apparatus of FIG. 1;
  • FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 are curves showing different types of results obtained.
  • a tripod made of steel is constituted of three supports 1, 2, 3 connected at I20 to a central sleeve 4 which has a verticalaxis 5 and is used as pivoting member for a vertical column 6 supporting the observation apparatus.
  • the column 6 is fixed in the sleeve 4 by means of a clamping screw 7 and is provided at its upper end with a sleeve 8 which can be tightened onto the column 6 by means ofa set of suitable screws 9.
  • the sleeve 8 is welded to a plate 10 which has a pivot 11 about which a plate 12, which is integral with the body of the cylindrical sighting member 13, can rotate.
  • a circular slide 14, formed in the plate 12, and a screw 15, makes it possible to fix the cylindrical sighting member 13 and incline it at an angle.
  • the sighting and observation member of the apparatus is constituted of the optical cylindrical member 13 provided at one end with an observation device 18 which is sensitive to infrared radiation, screwed at 17 coaxially to the said cylindrical member 13.
  • the other end 20 is attached to a flaring opening 19 or horn ofdivergent triangular shape and rectangular cross section.
  • the internal surface of the flaring opening 19 is black in color and unpolished, in order to avoid an parasitic reflection, and its angular divergence is in relation to the directional diagram of the sensitive device 13.
  • the end 21 of the flaring opening has regulable shutters 22, 23 by which it is possible to adjust the desired value for the width ofthe sighting gap 24.
  • the sighting member can be orientated at a certain angle and arranged at a certain distance from the ingot mould in which is located the steel, the conventional measurement of the rimming of which it is desired to observe and record.
  • the device 18 sensitive to infrared radiation is composed of (FIG. 2) two identical cells 25 and 27 which are sensitive to infrared radiation and are located in two different branches of a measurement bridge.
  • the cell 25 is masked by a hood 26 which prevents any external radiation from reaching it.
  • the other cell 27 is the only one which is subjected to radiation coming from the rimming steel.
  • the measurement bridge has moreover two identical resistors 28 and 29, each having a slider 30, 31 between which the measurement and recording apparatus 32 is attached. Direct current is supplied at 33, 34, and the two sliders 30 and 31 are mechanically rigid with each other, in such a way that the position of the slider 30 in respect of the resistor 28 is always the same as that of the slider 31 in respect of the resistor 29, the two sliders being displaced always simultaneously in the same way and in the same direction.
  • variable capacitors 3 5, 36 are ar-I same control member 37, are used to damp the resistance cir-.
  • the indications plotted by the recorder 32 are representative solely of the intensity of infrared radiation received by the cell 27, since any parasitic influence of ambient temperature has been eliminated by virtue of the cell 25 which is provided with the hood 26.
  • an auxiliary cell 38 is arranged a little above the cylindrical sighting member 17, and its optical axis can be arranged in such a way that the cell 38 is sensitive only to the radiation coming from the teeming jet.
  • the auxiliary cell 38 is fixed to the flaring opening 19 by conventional means, and by it it is possible to sight the teem ing jet before it passes in front of the observation field of the device 18.
  • the current passing in the circuit of the cell 38 energizes by means of a suitable control member 40 a relay 42, which by means of the switch 41 blocks the supply of current to the recording device as long as the teeming jet influences the cell 38.
  • the operation of the recorder starts automatically as soon as the teeming jet has effectively ceased.
  • the indicator pointer of the recorder 32 has been kept by artificial means at full scale deflection. As a result it is not necessary to wait until the pointer has passed through the entire scale before being able to begin the tracing of the diagram envisaged; it is known that .in actual fact the diagrams to be recorded are always decreasing at the beginning of the recording.
  • the diagrams show. the voltage applied to the recorder as ordinate, and the time which has passed since the beginning of casting as abscissa.
  • the total duration of observation of the rimming effect is approximately 15 minutes in the cases envisaged.
  • the first diagram (FIG. 3) represents the course of rimming of an ingot whose structure can be considered as satisfactory. Several constituent parts can be distinguished therein.
  • Teeming is taking place continuously and the apparatus is recording the heat emission due to the teeming jet.
  • An ingot having a rimming curve analogous to that of FIG. 3 has a surface structure which has no subcutaneous blowholes or pitting. There is generally no need to modify the operations on subsequent castings of steel from the same refining operations.
  • the second curve (FIG. 4) illustrates the course of the rimming of an ingot with closed blowholes having a head of which the appearance necessitates considerable rejection of the steel.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the course of the rimming of an ingot with closed blowholes having a head of which the appearance necessitates considerable rejection of the steel.
  • Teeming is continuing all the time and the apparatus records the radiant heat of the teeming jet.
  • the third diagram (FIG. 5) concerns an ingot where the rimming phenomenon does not start up immediately.
  • the level of the steel rises suddenly to a considerable extent; there then follows a series of descending and ascending movements of great amplitude, during the course of which the average level of the steel passes through a maximum, then starts to drop, following a curve which recalls the stages [I and II of FIG. 3, with the amplitude of the fluctuations continuing to decrease.
  • stage I there is vigorous rimming and the ring which forms is very substantially horizontal. Rimming then stops, in a normal, gradual way, in stage IV.
  • the ingot surface is defaced by the presence of pitting due to excess oxygen, the blemish appearing over the entire surface of the ingot. It is necessary to correct the deoxidation state of the metal, either in the ladle at the moment when the converter contents are emptied into the ladle, or in the ingot mould at the moment of teeming, for instance by adding thereto a certain amount of aluminum.
  • a method of monitoring the progress of rimming of a steel ingot comprising the steps of continuously measuring the intensity of thermal radiation emitted from a region located just above the surface of the steel, by means of a cell sensitive to thermal radiation, the major part of the gases evolved during rimming escaping freely, the upper surface of the molten steel having free access to the oxygen of the atmosphere; continuously transmitting a signal representing said intensity to a graph generator; and tracing a graph of the signal against time, whereby a curve is obtained representing the progress of rimming of the steel ingot.
  • the measuring step comprises i. receiving the thermal radiation by means of a first cell sensitive to thermal radiation;
  • Apparatus for monitoring the progress of rimming of a steel ingot comprising a. means for measuring the intensity of thermal radiation coming from a given region, the measuring means including a cell sensitive to thermal radiation and means for restricting the field of observation ofthe cell;
  • a graph generator connected to the output of the measuring means, to trace a graph of the intensity measurement against time
  • a thermal radiation detector for sighting a teeming jet, having a field of observation narrower than said cell
  • observation field restricting means comprises a divergent horn of rectangular transverse section, the longitudinal axis of the horn coinciding substantially with the radiation reception axis of the cell.
  • the measuring means comprises i. a first cell sensitive to thermal radiation
  • ii means for restricting the field of observation of the first cell to a given region
  • a comparison circuit connected to the output of the first cell and the output of the second cell to provide a signal proportional to the difference between the signals received from the outputs of the first and second cells, the output of the comparison circuit being connected to the graph generator.
  • the comparison circuit comprises a Wheatstone bridge circuit, the output of the first cell being connected in one arm of the bridge, the output of the second cell being connected in the other arm of the bridge, and the graph generator being connected in the diagonal of the bridge.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
  • Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
US731749A 1967-05-29 1968-05-24 Method and apparatus for monitoring the progress of rimming of a steel ingot Expired - Lifetime US3597597A (en)

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LU53768A LU53768A1 (forum.php) 1967-05-29 1967-05-29
LU54962 1967-11-27

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US (1) US3597597A (forum.php)
BE (1) BE715033A (forum.php)
DE (1) DE1773511A1 (forum.php)
FR (1) FR1579628A (forum.php)
GB (1) GB1189584A (forum.php)
LU (2) LU53768A1 (forum.php)
NL (1) NL6807566A (forum.php)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5219227A (en) * 1990-08-13 1993-06-15 Barrack Technology Limited Method and apparatus for determining burned gas temperature, trapped mass and NOx emissions in an internal combustion engine
US20100236743A1 (en) * 2007-10-24 2010-09-23 Zhi Xie Apparatus and method for measuring the surface temperature of continuous casting billet/slab

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2303655A (en) * 1941-08-18 1942-12-01 Orville C Nutter Method of determining gas content of molten brasses
US2582232A (en) * 1949-09-02 1952-01-15 Richard S Cesaro Temperature-sensing and/or sound velocity-measuring device
US2653471A (en) * 1948-06-14 1953-09-29 Socony Vacuum Oil Co Inc Thermoacoustic gas analyzer
US3186232A (en) * 1962-05-28 1965-06-01 Pure Oil Co Apparatus for obtaining fluid samples from blisters
US3283562A (en) * 1963-07-16 1966-11-08 Taylor Instr Company Fluid testing by acoustic wave energy
US3286098A (en) * 1963-02-28 1966-11-15 Mobil Oil Corp Methods and apparatus for determining factors related to sonic velocity in a gas
US3432288A (en) * 1966-06-29 1969-03-11 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Process control of top-blown oxygen converter
US3442124A (en) * 1966-12-05 1969-05-06 Us Army Fluid velocimeter
US3483378A (en) * 1968-06-19 1969-12-09 United States Steel Corp Apparatus for determining the emittance of a body

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2303655A (en) * 1941-08-18 1942-12-01 Orville C Nutter Method of determining gas content of molten brasses
US2653471A (en) * 1948-06-14 1953-09-29 Socony Vacuum Oil Co Inc Thermoacoustic gas analyzer
US2582232A (en) * 1949-09-02 1952-01-15 Richard S Cesaro Temperature-sensing and/or sound velocity-measuring device
US3186232A (en) * 1962-05-28 1965-06-01 Pure Oil Co Apparatus for obtaining fluid samples from blisters
US3286098A (en) * 1963-02-28 1966-11-15 Mobil Oil Corp Methods and apparatus for determining factors related to sonic velocity in a gas
US3283562A (en) * 1963-07-16 1966-11-08 Taylor Instr Company Fluid testing by acoustic wave energy
US3432288A (en) * 1966-06-29 1969-03-11 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Process control of top-blown oxygen converter
US3442124A (en) * 1966-12-05 1969-05-06 Us Army Fluid velocimeter
US3483378A (en) * 1968-06-19 1969-12-09 United States Steel Corp Apparatus for determining the emittance of a body

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5219227A (en) * 1990-08-13 1993-06-15 Barrack Technology Limited Method and apparatus for determining burned gas temperature, trapped mass and NOx emissions in an internal combustion engine
US20100236743A1 (en) * 2007-10-24 2010-09-23 Zhi Xie Apparatus and method for measuring the surface temperature of continuous casting billet/slab
US8104954B2 (en) * 2007-10-24 2012-01-31 Northeastern University Apparatus and method for measuring the surface temperature of continuous casting billet/slab

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FR1579628A (forum.php) 1969-08-29
LU54962A1 (forum.php) 1969-07-04
DE1773511A1 (de) 1971-09-16
NL6807566A (forum.php) 1968-12-02
LU53768A1 (forum.php) 1969-01-27
BE715033A (forum.php) 1968-11-12
GB1189584A (en) 1970-04-29

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