US3668386A - Apparatus for measuirng height of a molten metal pool - Google Patents

Apparatus for measuirng height of a molten metal pool Download PDF

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US3668386A
US3668386A US806953A US3668386DA US3668386A US 3668386 A US3668386 A US 3668386A US 806953 A US806953 A US 806953A US 3668386D A US3668386D A US 3668386DA US 3668386 A US3668386 A US 3668386A
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crucible
pool
alloy
liquid
level
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US806953A
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Sol S Blecherman
Nicholas E Ulion
Louis L Packer
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RTX Corp
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United Aircraft Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/28—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring the variations of parameters of electromagnetic or acoustic waves applied directly to the liquid or fluent solid material
    • G01F23/284—Electromagnetic waves
    • G01F23/288—X-rays; Gamma rays or other forms of ionising radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21H—OBTAINING ENERGY FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES; APPLICATIONS OF RADIATION FROM RADIOACTIVE SOURCES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; UTILISING COSMIC RADIATION
    • G21H5/00—Applications of radiation from radioactive sources or arrangements therefor, not otherwise provided for 
    • G21H5/02—Applications of radiation from radioactive sources or arrangements therefor, not otherwise provided for  as tracers

Definitions

  • One feature of the invention is the measurement of the level of a pool of boiling liquid metal using a radioactive isotope. Another feature is the use of this device in measuring the level of a pool of boiling metal or alloy in a crucible in which the melting is done by an electron beam impinging on the surface.
  • One feature is the measurement of a liquid-solid interface of a metal or alloy in a melting or solidifying process as, for example, in a crucible or mold.
  • a particular feature is the detemiining of the pool level, or the solid-liquid interface level, of an alloy being melted and evaporated in a crucible for the purpose of depositing an alloy on a substrate by electron beam evaporation of the alloy in the crucible.
  • FIG. 1 is a vertical, sectional view, diagrammatic, through a crucible and the sensing device associated therewith.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the signal intensity at the liquidsolid and liquid-vapor interfaces.
  • FIG. 3 is a vertical, sectional view through a crucible showing the relative configurations and location of the interfaces.
  • the invention is shown in the determination of the level of the liquid-solid or liquid-vapor interface in a crucible from which the alloy is vaporized for the purpose of coating an article.
  • the apparatus for vaporizing the alloy in the coating process is well known. For the present purposes, it will be understood that an electron beam8 is directed onto the surface of the alloy in the crucible and melts and vaporizes this alloy. The melting is done in a vacuum chamber and the article or substrate to be coated is located above the pool for the deposition of vapor thereon.
  • the crucible 10 is shown as a bottom-feed crucible in which an ingot 12 is fed vertically into the ring-shaped crucible such that the end of the ingot is close to the open upper end of the crucible.
  • a chamber 14 is located at one side of the crucible and is preferably made of a material suitable as a shield for the radioisotope use.
  • a small piece of radioactive material 16, for example cesium-137 in a glass matrix, is located centrally within the chamber and the beam of radiation from the material is collimated'and directed through a collimator 18 directed horizontally toward the crucible.
  • This beam passes through the'crucible and the alloy at the level selected (the top surface of the pool as shown) and is picked up by a detector 20 in a shielded chamber 22, the beam being guided by a tube 24 aligned with the tube 18.
  • the detector is connected by suitable leads 26 to a beam transmission intensity indicating device 28.
  • the radioactive material may be any of several well-known materials as, for example cesium-137, above mentioned.
  • the detector may also be any of several well-known devices; one that has been successfully used is an ionization chamber of well-known construction.
  • the device 28 With the device set up in alignment with the top of the molten pool, it will measure the amount of radiation transmitted at the vapor-liquid interface as at the left-hand part of the chart of FIG. 2.
  • the device 28 may obviously be calibrated to read directly the height of the pool surface in thousandths of an inch, for example, below the top of the crucible. It is obvious that a greater quantity of radiation reaches the detector 20 passing over the pool than passing through it.
  • the measuring device By lowering the measuring device relative to the crucible, it may measure the level of the liquid-solid interface as at the right-hand portion of the chart of FIG. 2 and as shown in FIG. 3.
  • the transmission rate for the radiation beam is so much greater in the vapor than in the liquid that the device is adequately sensitive at the mean pool level. This is true in spite of the turbulent nature of the pool surface resulting from the boiling ofi of the vapors from the pool.
  • the sensing means of FIG. 1 has been lowered with respect to the crucible 10 in order to determine the position of the bottom surface 30 of the molten pool.
  • this bottom interface 30 will have a direct relationship to the top surface 32 and is a more uniform surface for measurement.
  • the density of the molten alloy is different from the solid alloy and the detector will sense the change in density as the inteface moves vertically.
  • the sensitivity of the sensing device may be increased by controlling the shape of the radioactive beam as it passes through the ingot.
  • the beam is preferably relatively flat and may be made to the desired shape by the tube 18.
  • the bottom surface of the molten alloy which may be the coating alloy described and claimed in the copending application of Talboom et al., Ser. No. 731,650, filed May 23, 1968, and having the same assignee as this application assumes a noticable convexity, as shown, thus having a centrally located bottom portion the height of which is readily measured.
  • This device will sense the position of this liquid-solid interface because of the different intensity by reason of the physical state of the alloy, that is to say the different densities of the solid and molten alloy. It has been found that certain coating alloys, made up, for example, of iron, chromium, cobalt, and/or aluminum with other added metals, when melted, will evaporate more of one metal than another, because of the different boiling points, so that the molten pool becomes a different composition than that of the solid ingot. By determining the change in density of the molten pool as evaporation takes place, it is possible to follow the change in density and thereby begin the coating operation when equilibrium is reached in the melting and evaporation process.
  • the density is measured by positioning the sensing device so that the beam passes through the molten pool between its top and bottom surface. It is also desirable in this situation to shape the beam into a broad relatively flat beam capable of sensing the density across a substantial area of the molten pool.
  • the device is particularly important in the measurement of the pool level in an evaporation crucible as above mentioned.
  • the need for such a device is critical where, for example, the crucible has a small diameter such as 2-inch diameter and the evaporation rate is seriously afiected by changes in the level of the pool.
  • the chemistry of the vapors from the pool is also affected by the pool height and to insure the application of an alloy coating of the proper chemistry, it is essential to have an accurately controlled pool height.
  • the thickness of the coating may be determined, based on the amount of alloy evaporated.
  • the signal from the detector may be used to control the feed of the ingot and thereby maintain the level of the ingot or the pool in the crucible. The use of the signal to control the rate of ingot feed in this manner is described and claimed in the copending application of Elam et al., Ser. No. 306,957 (EH-2486), filed Mar. 13, 19-70.
  • a device for determining the level of a pool of molten alloy in a bottom-feed crucible into which a solid ingot of the alloy is fed, and in which the alloy is melted and vaporized by an electron beam impinging on the surface of the pool said device including a radioactive source at one side of the crucible, means for directing a beam from said source through said crucible at the liquid-solid level of the pool, means on the side of the crucible remote from the source to detect the radiation through the crucible, and means for sensing the intensity of the detected radiation.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)

Abstract

An apparatus for detecting the liquid level in, or the liquidsolid interface at the bottom of, a pool of molten metal or alloy utilizing a radioactive isotope as a source of radiation and sensing the amount of radiation over or through the pool of metal and in which the melting is accomplished by an electron beam impinging on the pool surface.

Description

ilnited States Patent Blecherman et' a1.
APPARATUS FOR MEASUIRNG HEIGHT OF A MOLTEN METAL POOL Inventors: Sol S. Blecherman, Newington; Nicholas E.
Ulion, Vernon; Louis L. Packer, Hazardville, all of Conn.
United Aircraft Corporation, East Hartford, Conn.
Filed: Mar. 13, 1969 Appl. No.: I 806,953
Assignee:
U.S. CI ..250/43.5 FL, 13/31, 250/435 D,
' 250/833 D Int. Cl. ..G0lt 1/17, 60111 23/10 Field of Search. ..250/43.5 FL, 43.5 D, 43.5 FC,
[451 June 6,1972
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,828,422 3/1958 Steierman ..250/43.5 FL 3,001,076 9/1961 Crump ..250/43.5 FL 3,100,841 8/1963 Reider.. ..250/43.5 FL 3,177,535 4/1965 Hanks ..l3/31 Primary Examiner.lames W. Lawrence Assistant Examiner-Morton J. F rome AttorneyCharles A. Warren 57 ABSTRACT An apparatus for detecting the liquid level in, or the liquidsolid interface at the bottom of, a pool of molten metal or alloy utilizing a radioactive isotope as a source of radiation and sensing the amount of radiation over or through the pool of metal and in which the melting is accomplished by an electron beam impinging on the pool surface.
3 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures PATENTEDJUH 6 I972 F IG. 2 S/GNAL /N7'EN$/7'V V5. lNTE/QFACE POS/T/ON w w w k INVENTORS SOL S. BLECHERMAN NICHOLAS E. ULION LOUIS L. PACKER BY I . Maw
ATTORNEY APPARATUS FOR MEASUIRNG HEIGHT OF A MOLT'EN METAL POOL SUMMARY OF INVENTION One feature of the invention is the measurement of the level of a pool of boiling liquid metal using a radioactive isotope. Another feature is the use of this device in measuring the level of a pool of boiling metal or alloy in a crucible in which the melting is done by an electron beam impinging on the surface. One feature is the measurement of a liquid-solid interface of a metal or alloy in a melting or solidifying process as, for example, in a crucible or mold. A particular feature is the detemiining of the pool level, or the solid-liquid interface level, of an alloy being melted and evaporated in a crucible for the purpose of depositing an alloy on a substrate by electron beam evaporation of the alloy in the crucible.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a vertical, sectional view, diagrammatic, through a crucible and the sensing device associated therewith.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the signal intensity at the liquidsolid and liquid-vapor interfaces.
FIG. 3 is a vertical, sectional view through a crucible showing the relative configurations and location of the interfaces.
I DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The invention is shown in the determination of the level of the liquid-solid or liquid-vapor interface in a crucible from which the alloy is vaporized for the purpose of coating an article. Y The apparatus for vaporizing the alloy in the coating process is well known. For the present purposes, it will be understood that an electron beam8 is directed onto the surface of the alloy in the crucible and melts and vaporizes this alloy. The melting is done in a vacuum chamber and the article or substrate to be coated is located above the pool for the deposition of vapor thereon.
The crucible 10 is shown as a bottom-feed crucible in which an ingot 12 is fed vertically into the ring-shaped crucible such that the end of the ingot is close to the open upper end of the crucible. For the purpose of measuring the pool level, a chamber 14 is located at one side of the crucible and is preferably made of a material suitable as a shield for the radioisotope use. A small piece of radioactive material 16, for example cesium-137 in a glass matrix, is located centrally within the chamber and the beam of radiation from the material is collimated'and directed through a collimator 18 directed horizontally toward the crucible. This beam passes through the'crucible and the alloy at the level selected (the top surface of the pool as shown) and is picked up by a detector 20 in a shielded chamber 22, the beam being guided by a tube 24 aligned with the tube 18. The detector is connected by suitable leads 26 to a beam transmission intensity indicating device 28.
The radioactive material may be any of several well-known materials as, for example cesium-137, above mentioned. The detector may also be any of several well-known devices; one that has been successfully used is an ionization chamber of well-known construction.
With the device set up in alignment with the top of the molten pool, it will measure the amount of radiation transmitted at the vapor-liquid interface as at the left-hand part of the chart of FIG. 2. The device 28 may obviously be calibrated to read directly the height of the pool surface in thousandths of an inch, for example, below the top of the crucible. It is obvious that a greater quantity of radiation reaches the detector 20 passing over the pool than passing through it.
By lowering the measuring device relative to the crucible, it may measure the level of the liquid-solid interface as at the right-hand portion of the chart of FIG. 2 and as shown in FIG. 3. The transmission rate for the radiation beam is so much greater in the vapor than in the liquid that the device is adequately sensitive at the mean pool level. This is true in spite of the turbulent nature of the pool surface resulting from the boiling ofi of the vapors from the pool.
As shown in FIG. 3, the sensing means of FIG. 1 has been lowered with respect to the crucible 10 in order to determine the position of the bottom surface 30 of the molten pool. With a constant energy input from the electron beam this bottom interface 30 will have a direct relationship to the top surface 32 and is a more uniform surface for measurement. Obviously the density of the molten alloy is different from the solid alloy and the detector will sense the change in density as the inteface moves vertically. The sensitivity of the sensing device may be increased by controlling the shape of the radioactive beam as it passes through the ingot. Thus the beam is preferably relatively flat and may be made to the desired shape by the tube 18.
The bottom surface of the molten alloy, which may be the coating alloy described and claimed in the copending application of Talboom et al., Ser. No. 731,650, filed May 23, 1968, and having the same assignee as this application assumes a noticable convexity, as shown, thus having a centrally located bottom portion the height of which is readily measured.
This device will sense the position of this liquid-solid interface because of the different intensity by reason of the physical state of the alloy, that is to say the different densities of the solid and molten alloy. It has been found that certain coating alloys, made up, for example, of iron, chromium, cobalt, and/or aluminum with other added metals, when melted, will evaporate more of one metal than another, because of the different boiling points, so that the molten pool becomes a different composition than that of the solid ingot. By determining the change in density of the molten pool as evaporation takes place, it is possible to follow the change in density and thereby begin the coating operation when equilibrium is reached in the melting and evaporation process. This occurs when the alloy vapor chemistry becomes the same as the ingot chemistry, so that the same proportions of each element are being evaporated at the same rate that they are being melted from the ingot. At this time the deposited coating will have the same chemistry as the vapor above the pool and also the same chemistry as the solid ingot.
The density is measured by positioning the sensing device so that the beam passes through the molten pool between its top and bottom surface. It is also desirable in this situation to shape the beam into a broad relatively flat beam capable of sensing the density across a substantial area of the molten pool.
The device is particularly important in the measurement of the pool level in an evaporation crucible as above mentioned. The need for such a device is critical where, for example, the crucible has a small diameter such as 2-inch diameter and the evaporation rate is seriously afiected by changes in the level of the pool. The chemistry of the vapors from the pool is also affected by the pool height and to insure the application of an alloy coating of the proper chemistry, it is essential to have an accurately controlled pool height.
It may be added that by careful recording of the length of ingot used in each coating operation the thickness of the coating may be determined, based on the amount of alloy evaporated. The signal from the detector may be used to control the feed of the ingot and thereby maintain the level of the ingot or the pool in the crucible. The use of the signal to control the rate of ingot feed in this manner is described and claimed in the copending application of Elam et al., Ser. No. 306,957 (EH-2486), filed Mar. 13, 19-70.
We claim: I
1. A device for determining the level of a pool of molten alloy in a bottom-feed crucible into which a solid ingot of the alloy is fed, and in which the alloy is melted and vaporized by an electron beam impinging on the surface of the pool, said device including a radioactive source at one side of the crucible, means for directing a beam from said source through said crucible at the liquid-solid level of the pool, means on the side of the crucible remote from the source to detect the radiation through the crucible, and means for sensing the intensity of the detected radiation.
2. In the method of measuring the level of a pool of molten metal alloy within a crucible on the top of a solid of the same alloy being melted and evaporated by an electron beam impinging on the pool surface the steps of projecting a radioactive beam horizontally through the crucible and pool at the liquid-solid interface, and measuring the intensity of the beam at the side of the crucible remote from the source of the projected beam.
3. The method of measuring the level of a pool of molten metallic alloy in a bottom-feed crucible in which an ingot extends upwardly into the crucible and the top end of the ingot is melted and evaporated by an electron beam impinging thereon, including the steps of passing a radioactive beam horizontally through the crucible and alloy at theliquid-solid

Claims (2)

  1. 2. In the method of measuring the level of a pool of molten metal alloy within a crucible on the top of a solid of the same alloy being melted and evaporated by an electron beam impinging on the pool surface the steps of projecting a radioactive beam horizontally through the crucible and pool at the liquid-solid interface, and measuring the intensity of the beam at the side of the crucible remote from the source of the projected beam.
  2. 3. The method of measuring the level of a pool of molten metallic alloy in a bottom-feed crucible in which an ingot extends upwardly into the crucible and the top end of the ingot is melted and evaporated by an electron beam impinging thereon, including the steps of passing a radioactive beam horizontally through the crucible and alloy at the liquid-solid interface, measuring the intensity of the beam passing through the crucible and alloy and determining from the measured intensity the position of the liquid-solid interface of the pool within the crucible, the intensity varying by reason of the physical state of the alloy.
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4433242A (en) * 1981-08-20 1984-02-21 Cabot Corporation ESR Hollows molten metal/slag interface detection
US4463263A (en) * 1981-09-30 1984-07-31 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Positron-annihilation-radiation transmission gauge
US5298887A (en) * 1991-10-04 1994-03-29 Sentech Corporation Molten metal gauging and control system employing a fixed position capacitance sensor and method therefor
US5509460A (en) * 1994-08-25 1996-04-23 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Solid/liquid interface detection in continuous casting processes by γ-
US5673746A (en) * 1994-08-25 1997-10-07 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Solid/liquid interface detection in casting processes by gamma-ray attenuation
US20050051732A1 (en) * 2001-12-11 2005-03-10 Du Plessis Francois Eberhardt Radiation detecting device for use with a furnace

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2828422A (en) * 1954-08-09 1958-03-25 Owens Illinois Glass Co Method and apparatus for gauging liquid level
US3001076A (en) * 1958-04-23 1961-09-19 Industrial Nucleonics Corp Measuring system
US3100841A (en) * 1959-09-25 1963-08-13 Industrial Nucleonics Corp Radioactive measuring system for blast furnace charge location
US3177535A (en) * 1960-06-21 1965-04-13 Stauffer Chemical Co Electron beam furnace with low beam source

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2828422A (en) * 1954-08-09 1958-03-25 Owens Illinois Glass Co Method and apparatus for gauging liquid level
US3001076A (en) * 1958-04-23 1961-09-19 Industrial Nucleonics Corp Measuring system
US3100841A (en) * 1959-09-25 1963-08-13 Industrial Nucleonics Corp Radioactive measuring system for blast furnace charge location
US3177535A (en) * 1960-06-21 1965-04-13 Stauffer Chemical Co Electron beam furnace with low beam source

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4433242A (en) * 1981-08-20 1984-02-21 Cabot Corporation ESR Hollows molten metal/slag interface detection
US4463263A (en) * 1981-09-30 1984-07-31 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Positron-annihilation-radiation transmission gauge
US5298887A (en) * 1991-10-04 1994-03-29 Sentech Corporation Molten metal gauging and control system employing a fixed position capacitance sensor and method therefor
US5509460A (en) * 1994-08-25 1996-04-23 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Solid/liquid interface detection in continuous casting processes by γ-
US5673746A (en) * 1994-08-25 1997-10-07 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Solid/liquid interface detection in casting processes by gamma-ray attenuation
US20050051732A1 (en) * 2001-12-11 2005-03-10 Du Plessis Francois Eberhardt Radiation detecting device for use with a furnace

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