US3573906A - Electrophotographic plate and process - Google Patents

Electrophotographic plate and process Download PDF

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US3573906A
US3573906A US608606A US3573906DA US3573906A US 3573906 A US3573906 A US 3573906A US 608606 A US608606 A US 608606A US 3573906D A US3573906D A US 3573906DA US 3573906 A US3573906 A US 3573906A
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plate
layer
photoconductive layer
photoconductive
thickness
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William L Goffe
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Xerox Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
    • G03G5/0664—Dyes
    • G03G5/0696—Phthalocyanines
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/22—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G03G15/225—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 using contact-printing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/043—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure
    • G03G5/0436—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure combining organic and inorganic layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/043—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure
    • G03G5/047—Photoconductive layers characterised by having two or more layers or characterised by their composite structure characterised by the charge-generation layers or charge transport layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/06—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being organic
    • G03G5/0622—Heterocyclic compounds
    • G03G5/0624—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring
    • G03G5/0635—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being six-membered
    • G03G5/0637—Heterocyclic compounds containing one hetero ring being six-membered containing one hetero atom
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
    • G03G5/087—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic and being incorporated in an organic bonding material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers

Definitions

  • This powder image may be transferred to paper or other receiving surfaces.
  • the paper then will bear the powder image which may subsequently be made permanent by heating or other suitable fixing means.
  • the above general process is also described in US. Pats. 2,357,809; 2,891,011 and 3,079,342.
  • photoconductive insulating materials may be used in making electrophotographic plates.
  • Suitable photoconductive insulating materials such as anthracene, sulfur, selenium or mixtures thereof, have been disclosed by Carlson in US. Pat. 2,297,691. These materials generally have sensitivity in a blue or near ultraviolet range, and all but selenium have a further limitation of being only slightly light sensitive. For this reason, selenium has been the most commercially accepted material for use in electrophotographic plates.
  • Vitreous selenium while desirable in many aspects, suffers from serious limitations in that it is subject to recrystallization into nonsensit ive forms, has insufficient adhesion to many substrate materials during a flexing and requires costly and complex procedures, such as vacuum evaporation, for forming the photosensitive layer. Because of the economic and commercial considerations, there have been many recent efforts towards developing photoconductive insulating materials other than selenium for use in electrophotographic plates.
  • Photoconductive materials have been recently developed including various two-component materials, such as inorganic photoconductive pigments dispersed in binder materials. These materials, in general, have sensitivity lower than selenium and have a rough surface and high fatigue characteristics such as to make them unsuitable for use in processes in which a developed image is transferred to a receiving sheet and the photoconductive plate reused.
  • photoconductors must either be used in one particular form, e.g., vitreous rather than crystalline selenium, or in a binder, e.g., zinc oxide in resin binders, because the photoconductor in a binder free or crystalline condition, while photosensitive, will not hold an electrostatic charge for a time sufficient to permit exposure and development.
  • a binder e.g., zinc oxide in resin binders
  • Another object of this invention is to provide an electrophotographic plate capable of using photoconductive materials which if used in a single layered plate would have prohibitive dark decay.
  • the thickness of the insulating interlayer should be about 10 to 40 times the thickness of the photoconductive layer.
  • the insulating layer should have a thickness of about 2 to 4 microns. The useable range, however, extends from about 0.5 to 50 microns thickness.
  • the photoconductor may have a thickness in the range of 0.02 to 4 microns.
  • the photoconductive layer should have a thickness suflicient to absorb about -95% of the incident actinic light. For a selenium layer, this thickness would be from about 0.1 to about 0.2 micron.
  • this layer may be toward the thinner end of this range, about 0.03 micron in thickness for selenium, to permit a suitable proportion of impinging light to pass through and be reflected back from the original to be reproduced, as is further described below.
  • the layer should directly absorb from about 50% to 80% of the incident actinic light for optimum results in the reflex mode.
  • the substrate may comprise any suitable conductive material.
  • Typical conductive materials include metal surfaces such as aluminum, brass, stainless steel, copper, nickel, and zinc; conductively coated glass such as tin oxide or indium oxide coated glass; similar coatings on plastic substrates; or paper rendered conductive by the inclusion of a suitable chemical therein or through conditioning in a humid atmosphere to insure the presence therein of sufiicient water content to render the materials suiiiciently conductive.
  • any suitable insulating material may be used for the insulating interlayer. Where a reflex-exposure system is to be used, it is preferred that this layer be at least partially transparent. Depending upon the substrate and photoconductor used, the insulating material may be chosen for good adhesion properties to these maerials.
  • Typical insulating materials include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene; vinyl and vinylidene polymers such as polystyrene, polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl carbazole; fluorocarbons such as polytetrafluoroethylene, and polyvinyl fluoride; polyamides such as polycaprolactam; polyesters such as polyethylenetrithalate; polyurethanes; polypeptides such as caseine, polysulfides; polysulfones; polycarbonates; cellulosic polymers such as viscose, phenolic resins such as phenol formaldehyde resins; phemenol resins; polyester resins; proxy resins; silicone resins; alkyd resins; alkyl resins; curane resins; and mixtures and copolymers thereof.
  • polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene
  • vinyl and vinylidene polymers such as polystyrene, polyviny
  • a small amount of a sensitizing additive may be incorporated in the insulating interlayer.
  • a sensitizing additive may be incorporated in the insulating interlayer.
  • suitable organic photoconductors or, with aromatic resins, Lewis acids may be used to enhance sensitivity.
  • the sensitizer may make up about 30 to 70 percent by weight of the insulating layer.
  • Typical organic photoconductors include triphenyl amine; 2,4-bis 4,4'-diethylaminophenyl l ,3 ,4-oxadiazole; 2,5-bis(p-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole; triphenyl pyrrol; 4,S-diphenylimidazolidinone; Z-mercapto-benzthiazole; 2- phenyl-4-aIpha-naphthylidene-oxazolone; 3-amino carbazole; 2-phenyl-4-(4 dimethyl aminophenyl)-7-methoxyquinazoline and mixtures thereof.
  • Typical aromatic resins which may be sensitized with suitable Lewis acids include epoxy resins, phenoxy resins, polycarbonates, phenolics, polystyrenes, polysulfones, polyphenylene oxide and mixtures and copolymers thereof
  • Typical Lewis acids include 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fiuoroenone; 2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9 fluoroenone; picric acid; 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene; chloranil; 4,4-bis(dimethyl amino)-benzophenone; tetrachlorophthalic anhydride; benzanthracene-7, 12-dione and mixtures thereof.
  • the photosensitive overlayer may comprise any suitable photoconductive material.
  • Selenium is a preferred material because of its relatively high sensitivity, good adhesion to plastic substrates and substantial transparency in very thin layers.
  • Typical photoconductive materials include selenium (both vitreous and crystalline), sulfur, anthracene, zinc oxide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, lead iodide, lead chromate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Typical organic photoconductive material include phthalocyanine; l,2,5,6-di(C,C'-diphenyl)-thiazole-anthroquinone; 1-(4'-methyl-5-chloroazobenzene-2'- sulfonic acid) -2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid; quinacridones; and those listed above.
  • the photoconductive layer may be homogeneous or may comprise the photoconductor dispersed in an insulating binder, where desired.
  • Typical binders would include the insulating materials listed above.
  • the photoconductive material may be coated directly onto the surface of the intermediate layer or may be dispersed in a binder and coated over the intermediate layer. It should be noted that materials which are ordinarily thought of as too conductive to be used in a single component photoconductive layer may be used in the thin photoconductive layer of this invention where suitable.
  • FIG. 1 shows a section through a plate according to this invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a reflex imaging process utilizing the electrophotographic plate of this invention
  • FIG. 3 shows comparative sensitivity curves for plates of the prior art and of this invention.
  • a supporting substrate 1 which, in this exemplary instance, is glass.
  • a layer of conductive material 2 which, in this exemplary instance, is tin oxide.
  • conductive material 2 is tin oxide coated glass members are generally available from the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company under the name NESA glass.
  • supporting substrate 1 and conductive layer 2 could be combined in the form of a homogeneous conductive material such as aluminum.
  • conductive layer 2 On the surface of conductive layer 2 is a relatively thick layer of organic insulating material 3.
  • insulating layer 3 On the surface of insulating layer 3 is a relatively thin photoconductive layer 4.
  • Insulating layer 3 may be formed on conductive substrate 2 by any conventional methods. Typical coating methods include spraying, dip-coating, Mayer bar draw down, roll coating, electrostatic deposition, and any desirable combination of these.
  • the photoconductive layer 4 may be coated onto insulating layer 3 by any suitable method. Vacuum evaporation is an especially desirable method for coating materials such as selenium.
  • Powered photoconductors may be applied to the insulating layer 3 by first coating a thin layer of oil thereover and then cascading the powder against the oiled surface. Where the photoconductor is in solution the suspension may be coated onto the surface by any suitable method.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a reflex imaging method especially suitable for use with the plate of FIG. 1.
  • the plate is first given a uniform electrostatic charge.
  • a corona discharge unit 5 is passed across the surface of the plate laying down a uniform positive charge on the plate surface.
  • Typical corona discharge processes are described by Carlson in U.S. Pat. 2,588,699.
  • the plate could be charged triboelectrically as described by Carlson in U.S. Pat. 2,797,691, by means of a roller held at a high potential as described by Gregay et al. in U.S. Pat. 2,980,834 or by means of a conductive liquid at a high potential as described by Walkup in U.S. Pat. 2,987,600. Any suitable charging means may be used.
  • the charged plate is then exposed in a reflex rnode as shown in FIG. 2b.
  • An original 6 to be copied is placed face down on the charged surface of the plate. Dark, light absorbing original image areas 7 are in contact with the plate. Uniform light is then directed through the substrate 1 against the original 6. Light striking areas 7 is absorbed. Light striking the original sheet 6 between areas 7 is reflected back into the photoconductive layer.
  • the quantity of light imposed is regulated so that light passing through the photoconductive layer 4 to impinge on original 6 is not quite enough to discharge the photoconductor. However, when in background areas the reflected light is added to the originally impinging light, the photoconductive layer 4 is discharged. The discharge appears to be by charge injection from photoconductive layer 4 into and through insulating layer 3.
  • the latent electrostatic image may then be developed by any suitable means.
  • Typical development methods include cascade development as described by Walkup in US. Pat. 2,618,551; fluidized bed development as described by Mott et al. in US. Pat. 3,008,826; liquid development as described by Mayer et al. in US. Pat. 2,897,133; magnetic brush development as described by Giamo in US. Pat. 2,930,351; powder cloud development as described by Carlson in Us. Pat. 2,221,776 and any desirable combination thereof.
  • electroscopic marking particles 8 are cascaded across the photoconductive layer 4 from container 9. Particles which contact the charged areas of photoconductive layer corresponding to original image areas 7 are attracted and held to the surface. Other particles pass on and are caught in container 10.
  • FIG. 2(d) shows the final imaged plate.
  • the developed image at 11 consisting of particles fixed to the surface corresponds to original image 7.
  • the particles could be transferred to a receiving sheet, such as paper as by the method described in Schaffert, US. Pat. 2,576,047. The particles would then be fused to the paper and the photoconductive plate could then be reused as in the above described process.
  • this is a simple process eliminating complex optical systems.
  • this system is capable of using photoconductors, such as selenium, which in the ordinarily used thicknesses are insufliciently transparent for reflex imaging.
  • photoconductors such as selenium
  • these plates have surprisingly high photosensitivity as well be seen from the examples below.
  • FIG. 3 is indicative of the surprising sensitivity of the plate of this invention.
  • Three plates are prepared as described in Example XIV below. Each plate is charged and exposed. Sensitivity measurements indicate that a plate having a thin photoconductive layer over a relatively thick substantially insulating layer (curve A) is much more sensitive than the same photoconductive layer alone on a conductive substrate (curve B) and has sensitivity comparable to a photoconductive layer as thick as the photoconductive and insulating layers of the plate of the present invention (curve C). Also, the charge acceptance of the thin selenium layer when used alone has very low charge acceptance, as indicated by curve B.
  • potential on the plate is indicated on the vertical axis, while time in seconds after initial charging is indicated along the horizontal axis. As can be seen from each curve, there is a sharp drop in potential upon exposure to light which is turned on after 7 seconds. The greater and more rapid the potential dissipation, the more sensitive the plate.
  • EXAMPLE I Initially, a xerographic plate is prepared. About 10 parts of Staybelite 5, a glycerol ester of hydrogenated rosin available from the Hercules Powder Company is dissolved in about 50 parts of toluene. The solution is coated onto the conductive surface of a NESA glass sheet (tin oxide ,coated glass available from Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company). The resin is dried onto the plate surface and has a dry thickness of about 4 microns. A layer of vitreous selenium is then vacuum evaporated onto the resin surface to a thickness of about 0.2 micron by the process described by Bixby in U.S. Pat. 2,970,906.
  • the thus formed plate is then uniformly electrostatically charged to a positive potential of about 450 volts by corona discharge means as described by Carlson in US. Pat. 2,588,699.
  • the charged plate is exposed to an original by projection using a conventional black-and-white transparency. Exposure is by means of a tungsten lamp about 10 inches from the plate. Exposure is about 10 foot candle seconds.
  • the latent electrostatic image resulting on the plate is then developed by cascading electroscopic marking particles comprising a pigmented resin across the plate, as described by Walkup in US. Pat. 2,618,551.
  • the powder image is then transferred to a paper receiving sheet and fused thereon, as described by Schaifert in US. Pat. 2,576,047. An excellent image corresponding to the original is observed on the paper sheet.
  • EXAMPLE II A second xerographic plate is prepared as in Example I except that here the Staybelite 5 resin layer has a dried thickness of about 2 microns and the selenium layer has a thickness of about 0.1 micron. This plate is charged to a positive potential of about 470 volts, exposed and developed as in Example I. Here, the toner image is fused directly to the plate. A good image corresponding to the original results.
  • EXAMPLE H1 The xerographic plate is first prepared. On the conductive surface of a NESA glass sheet, a layer of Staybelite 5 having a dried thickness of about 4 microns is formed. The surface of the resin film is moistened with a thin film of Dow No. 200 fluid, a silicone oil available from the Dow Chemical Company. Cadmium sulfide powder, available from the Radio Corporation of America under the trade name RCA 2103 is then cascaded over the plate surface. This plate is then charged by corona to a positive potential of about 400 volts. The plate is then electro metered. Dark decay is found to be negligible. Upon exposure to white light, the potential on the plate is observed to rapidly decay by about volts.
  • a xerographic plate is prepared as in Example III above except that in place of the cadmium sulfide powder the resin surface is coated with a layer of powdered Rhodamine B, a fluorescent dye chemically described as 9-(0- carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylarnino) 3 xanthene 3 xylidine-diethyl-chloride, available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company.
  • the plate is charged by corona to a positive potential of about 400 volts. Upon exposure to while light, the potential of the plate is observed to rapidly decay by about 200 volts.
  • EXAMPLE V A plate is prepared as in Example III above except that in place of the cadmium sulfide powder the resin surface is coated with powdered zinc oxide (Florence Green Seal #8, available from New Jersey Zinc Company). This plate is charged to a positive potential of about 380 volts by corona discharge means. Upon exposure to white light,
  • the plate is observed to rapidly discharge to a potential of about 150 volts.
  • a xerographic plate is first prepared. About 10 parts polyvinyl chloride is dissolved in about 30 parts methyl ethyl ketone. This solution is dip coated onto the conductive surface of a NESA glass sheet to a dry thickness of about 2 microns. Onto the surface of the polyvinyl chloride is then evaporated a 0.2 micron layer of amorphous selenium. This plate is then charged to a positive potential of about 750 volts. The plate is then electrometered. Dark decay is found to be negligible. Upon exposure to a 4000 angstrom light the potential on the plate is observed to decay by about 120 volts in about 0.2 second.
  • EXAMPLE VIII A plate is prepared as in Example VII, except that in place of the evaporated selenium layer the surface of the polyvinyl chloride is coated with a layer of RCA 2103 cadmium sulfide powder dispersed in a gelatin binder. This plate is charged to a positive potential of about 620 volts. The plate is then electrometered. Dark decay is found to be negligible. Upon exposure to white light, the potential on the plate is found to decay to nearly zero volts.
  • a xerographic plate is prepared as follows. About 10 parts VYNS, a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer available from the Union Carbide Corporation, is dissolved in about 30 parts methyl ethyl ketone. To this solution is added about 2 parts 2,5-bis-(p-amino phenyl)- 1,3,4-oxadiazole, available from Kalle & Company. This solution is dip coated onto the conductive surface of a NESA glass substrate to a dry thickness of about 4 microns. On the resin surface is evaporated about a 0.5 micron layer of amorphous selenium.
  • a second plate is prepared by evaporating a 7 micron layer of amorphous selenium directly onto the conductive surface of a NESA glass substrate. Each plate is then corona charged to a positive potential of about 700 volts. Each plate is then exposed using a 4000 angstrom monochromatic light. The light decay curve starting at about 700 volts continues down to about 160 volts residual and then levels out. It is noted that the light decay slope is equal for each of the two plates. Thus, it is seen that a very thin layer of selenium over a sensitized resin layer has equal photosensitivity to a much thicker layer of amorphous selenium.
  • EXAMPLE X About 8 parts zinc oxide powder (Florence Green Seal #8) is placed in about 20 parts methanol. To this mixture is added about 0.03 part Rhodamine B. The methanol is then evaporated off, leaving the Rhodamine B adsorbed onto the surface of the zinc oxide. A sheet of mil Mylar (polyethylene terephthalate available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company), having a thin layer of aluminum on the surface is coated with a solution of Staybelite ester 10 (a glycerol tri-ester of 50% hydrogenated wood resin, available from the Hercules Powder Company) in toluene to a film thickness of about 2 microns. The dyed zinc oxide particles are then cascaded across the surface to form a substantially uniform layer about 1 micron thick. The plate is then heated to about 65 C. to cause the Zinc oxide particles to sink into the resin surface slightly and adhere thereto.
  • Staybelite ester 10 a glycerol tri-ester of 50% hydrogenated
  • the thus formed electrographic plate is charged to a negative potential of about volts.
  • the plate is then exposed to white light; total exposure being about 80 foot-candleseconds. Electrometer measurements indicate a potential drop due to light exposure of about 80 volts continuing with further exposure beyond 80 foot-candleseconds to zero volts.
  • EXAMPLE XI An electrophotographic plate is prepared as in Example III, except that in place of the cadmium sulfide the plate surface is coated with finely divided Monolite Fast Blue GS, a mixture of the alpha and beta forms of metal-free phthalocyanine, available from the Arnold Hoffman Company. The plate is charged to a negative potential of about volts by corona discharge means. The plate is then exposed to a 4000 angstrom lamp. Electrometer measurements indicate a loss in potential due to light exposure of about 80 volts in about 1.5 seconds continuing with more exposure to Zero volts.
  • Monolite Fast Blue GS a mixture of the alpha and beta forms of metal-free phthalocyanine
  • a xerographic plate is prepared as follows. About 10 parts polyvinyl carbazole is dissolved in about 20 parts benzene. To this solution is added about 0.5 part 2,4,7- trinitro-9-fluorenone. The conductive surface of a NESA glass substrate is coated with this solution to a dry thickness of about 3 microns. About a 0.1 micron layer of amorphous selenium is then evaporated onto the resin surface. This plate is then charged to a positive potential and electrometerd. Low dark decay is observed. The plate is then exposed to white light. The charge on the plate is observed to rapidly decay to a low potential.
  • EXAMPLE XIII A plate is prepared as in Example XII. The plate is then uniformly electrostatically charged to a positive potential of about 450 volts by corona discharge means. The charged plate is then placed in face-to-face contact with a sheet of paper having black images on the surface. The plate is then exposed through the NESA substrate to the light from a Number 1 Xerox camera for 10 seconds. The original is then separated from the selenium surface and electroscopic marking particles are cascaded across the selenium surface. A powder image is observed corresponding to the original. The powder image is electrostatically transferred to a paper receiving sheet and heat fused thereon. An excellent image corresponding to the original results. The plate is then reused with another original as by the above described process.
  • EXAMPLE XIV Three xerographic plates are prepared as follows.
  • the first plate consists of about a 4 micron layer of Staybelite 5 on the conductive surface of NESA glass. A 0.1 micron layer of vitreous selenium is formed over the resin layer.
  • the second plate consists of a 0.1 micron layer of selenium on the conductive surface of a NESA glass sheet.
  • the third plate consists of a 4.1 micron layer of vitreous selenium on a NESA substrate.
  • Each of these plates is uniformly charged by means of a corona discharge unit held at about 6000 volts. Dark decay of these plates is measured for a few seconds and then each is exposed to a tungsten lamp. Electrometer curves for these plates are shown in FIG. 3.
  • the composite plate of this invention accepts a potential of about 420 volts and has excellent sensitivity, comparable to that of the thick selenium plate (curve C).
  • the thin selenium layer when used alone (curve B) has 'very low charge acceptance, less than 20 volts, and low sensitivity.
  • the layers may have various electrical and dye sensitizers added thereto if desired.
  • An electrophotographic plate comprising:
  • An electrophotographic plate comprising:
  • photoconductor is selected from the group consisting of selenium, phthalocyanine, cadmium sulfide, 9-(o-carboxyphenyl) 6 diethylamino)-3-xanthene-3-xylidine-diethyl chloride, zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof.
  • An electrophotographic plate comprising:
  • An electrophotographic plate comprising:
  • An electrophotographic plate comprising:
  • An imaging process comprising the steps of:
  • an electrophotographic plate comprising a layer comprising a substantially insulating organic resin having a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 50 microns and overlying said insulating layer a photoconductive layer having a thickness of less than about 1 micron;
  • said insulating resin layer has a thickness of from about 2 to 4 microns and said photoconductive layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 to 0.2 micron.
  • An imaging process comprising the steps of:
  • an electrophotographic plate comprising a layer comprising a substantially insulating organic resin having a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 50 microns and overlying said insulating layer a photoconductive layer having a thickness of about .2 micron;
  • An imaging process comprising the steps of:
  • an electrophotographic plate comprising a conductive substrate, a layer comprising a substantially insulating organic resin overlying said substrate, said layer having a thickness of from about 2 to 4 microns and a photoconductive layer overlying said insulating layer, said photoconductive layer having a thickness of from about 0.1 to less than about 1 micron, said plate being at least partially transparent;
  • An imaging process comprising the steps of:
  • an electrophotographic plate comprising a conductive substrate, a layer comprising a substantially insulating organic resin overlying said substrate, said layer having a thickness of from about 2 to 4 microns and a photoconductive layer overlying said insulating layer, said photoconductive layer having a thickness of from 0.1 to about .2 micron, said plate being at least partially transparent;
  • An imaging process comprising the steps of:
  • an electrophotographic plate comprising a first layer comprising a substantially insulating organic resin having a thickness of from about 0.5 to 50 microns, said first layer comprising polyvinyl carbazole and overlying said insulating layer a photoconductive layer having a thickness of from about 2 to 4 microns;
  • An imaging process comprising the steps of:
  • an electrophotographic plate comprising a conductive substrate, a first layer having a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 50 microns comprising a substantially insulating organic resin ll 1 overlying said substrate and a photoconductive layer having a thickness of less than about 1 micron overlying said insulating layer said first layer comprising polyvinyl carbazole, said plate being at least partially transparent;
  • An imaging process comprising the steps of:
  • an electrophotographic plate comprising a conductive substrate, a layer having a thickness of from about 0.5 to about 50 microns comprising a substantially insulating organic resin overlying said substrate and a photoconductive layer having a thickness of less than about 1 micron overlying said insulating layer, said photoconductive layer being selected from the group consisting of selenium, phthalocyanine, cadmium sulfide, 9-(0- carboxyphenyl) 6 (diethylamino)-3-xanthene-3- xylidine-diethyl chloride, zinc oxide, and mixtures thereof, said plate being at least partially transparent;
  • An imaging process comprising the steps of:
  • an electrophotographic plate comprising a conductive substrate, a layer having a thickness of from about 0.5 to about microns comprising a substantially insulating organic resin overlying said substrate and a photoconductive layer having a thickness of less than about 1 micron overlying said insulating layer said photoconductive layer comprising phthalocyanine, said plate being at least partially transparent;

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
US608606A 1967-01-11 1967-01-11 Electrophotographic plate and process Expired - Lifetime US3573906A (en)

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US60860667A 1967-01-11 1967-01-11

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US (1) US3573906A (de)
JP (1) JPS5238726B1 (de)
BE (1) BE725173A (de)
DE (1) DE1622364C3 (de)
GB (1) GB1217726A (de)

Cited By (30)

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US3713822A (en) * 1970-08-31 1973-01-30 Rca Corp Pyroelectric photoconductive elements and method of charging same
US3725058A (en) * 1969-12-30 1973-04-03 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Dual layered photoreceptor employing selenium sensitizer
US3791826A (en) * 1972-01-24 1974-02-12 Ibm Electrophotographic plate
US3839034A (en) * 1972-07-31 1974-10-01 Kalle Ag Electrophotographic recording material
US3850631A (en) * 1973-04-24 1974-11-26 Rank Xerox Ltd Photoconductive element with a polyvinylidene fluoride binder
US3850629A (en) * 1971-10-06 1974-11-26 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Photosensitive materials in electrophotography
US3869910A (en) * 1973-06-18 1975-03-11 Xerox Corp Diagnostic test device for developer materials
US3877935A (en) * 1970-12-01 1975-04-15 Xerox Corp Novel xerographic plate containing photoinjecting polynuclear quinone pigments
US3879199A (en) * 1971-12-03 1975-04-22 Xerox Corp Surface treatment of arsenic-selenium photoconductors
US3879200A (en) * 1970-12-01 1975-04-22 Xerox Corp Novel xerographic plate containing photoinjecting bis-benzimidazole pigments
US3884690A (en) * 1973-09-27 1975-05-20 Xerox Corp Polyester photoconductors and matrix materials
JPS50112039A (de) * 1974-01-23 1975-09-03
US3907557A (en) * 1971-02-08 1975-09-23 Avery Products Corp Pressure-sensitive electrostatic imaging labels
US3928034A (en) * 1970-12-01 1975-12-23 Xerox Corp Electron transport layer over an inorganic photoconductive layer
US3953207A (en) * 1974-10-25 1976-04-27 Xerox Corporation Composite layered photoreceptor
US3964904A (en) * 1974-08-22 1976-06-22 Xerox Corporation Manifold imaging member and process employing a dark charge injecting layer
US4010031A (en) * 1974-01-23 1977-03-01 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic system
US4025339A (en) * 1974-01-18 1977-05-24 Coulter Information Systems, Inc. Electrophotographic film, method of making the same and photoconductive coating used therewith
US4088483A (en) * 1974-02-13 1978-05-09 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic plate with charge transport overlayer
US4106935A (en) * 1970-08-26 1978-08-15 Xerox Corporation Xerographic plate having an phthalocyanine pigment interface barrier layer
US4123271A (en) * 1974-01-22 1978-10-31 Mita Industrial Company, Limited Alkali metal dichromate as memory resistance improver for zinc oxide photoconductors in electrostatic photography
US4191567A (en) * 1974-02-01 1980-03-04 Elfotec A.G. Procedure for making a reusable photoconducting charge image carrier and charge image carriers prepared by this method
US4214907A (en) * 1978-01-05 1980-07-29 Mita Industrial Company, Ltd. Photosensitive material for electrophotography having a polyvinyl carbazole derivative, phthalocyanine, and an electron-acceptor
US4307166A (en) * 1974-02-01 1981-12-22 Elfotec A.G. Process for improving the photoelectric properties of a laminated charge image carrier
US4485161A (en) * 1983-06-20 1984-11-27 Eastman Kodak Company Electrophotographic elements having barrier layers of crosslinked polymers of aliphatic or aromatic monomers containing α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carbonyl-containing substituents
US4939054A (en) * 1986-04-09 1990-07-03 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Photosensitive member composed of amorphous carbon charge transporting layer and charge generating layer
US5000831A (en) * 1987-03-09 1991-03-19 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Method of production of amorphous hydrogenated carbon layer
US5324608A (en) * 1992-11-23 1994-06-28 Mitsubishi Kasei America, Inc. Photoconductor drum, having a non-conductive layer, with an area of electrical contact and method of manufacturing the same
US5554473A (en) * 1994-11-23 1996-09-10 Mitsubishi Chemical America, Inc. Photoreceptor having charge transport layers containing a copolycarbonate and layer containing same
US6017665A (en) * 1998-02-26 2000-01-25 Mitsubishi Chemical America Charge generation layers and charge transport layers and organic photoconductive imaging receptors containing the same, and method for preparing the same

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US4173472A (en) * 1976-06-15 1979-11-06 Eastman Kodak Company Polyester interlayer and binder component in multilayer photoconductive element
JPS5768845A (en) * 1980-10-16 1982-04-27 Fujitsu Ltd Electrophotographic light sensitive material
JPS5857994A (ja) * 1981-10-01 1983-04-06 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd 電子写真製版材料
US4579801A (en) * 1983-08-02 1986-04-01 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic photosensitive member having phenolic subbing layer
JPS60166956A (ja) * 1984-02-09 1985-08-30 Canon Inc 感光体及びそれを用いた画像形成方法
JPS6241971U (de) * 1985-09-02 1987-03-13

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3725058A (en) * 1969-12-30 1973-04-03 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Dual layered photoreceptor employing selenium sensitizer
US4106935A (en) * 1970-08-26 1978-08-15 Xerox Corporation Xerographic plate having an phthalocyanine pigment interface barrier layer
US3713822A (en) * 1970-08-31 1973-01-30 Rca Corp Pyroelectric photoconductive elements and method of charging same
US3928034A (en) * 1970-12-01 1975-12-23 Xerox Corp Electron transport layer over an inorganic photoconductive layer
US3879200A (en) * 1970-12-01 1975-04-22 Xerox Corp Novel xerographic plate containing photoinjecting bis-benzimidazole pigments
US3877935A (en) * 1970-12-01 1975-04-15 Xerox Corp Novel xerographic plate containing photoinjecting polynuclear quinone pigments
US3907557A (en) * 1971-02-08 1975-09-23 Avery Products Corp Pressure-sensitive electrostatic imaging labels
US3850629A (en) * 1971-10-06 1974-11-26 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Photosensitive materials in electrophotography
US3879199A (en) * 1971-12-03 1975-04-22 Xerox Corp Surface treatment of arsenic-selenium photoconductors
US3791826A (en) * 1972-01-24 1974-02-12 Ibm Electrophotographic plate
US3839034A (en) * 1972-07-31 1974-10-01 Kalle Ag Electrophotographic recording material
US3850631A (en) * 1973-04-24 1974-11-26 Rank Xerox Ltd Photoconductive element with a polyvinylidene fluoride binder
US3869910A (en) * 1973-06-18 1975-03-11 Xerox Corp Diagnostic test device for developer materials
US3884690A (en) * 1973-09-27 1975-05-20 Xerox Corp Polyester photoconductors and matrix materials
US4025339A (en) * 1974-01-18 1977-05-24 Coulter Information Systems, Inc. Electrophotographic film, method of making the same and photoconductive coating used therewith
US4123271A (en) * 1974-01-22 1978-10-31 Mita Industrial Company, Limited Alkali metal dichromate as memory resistance improver for zinc oxide photoconductors in electrostatic photography
JPS50112039A (de) * 1974-01-23 1975-09-03
US4010031A (en) * 1974-01-23 1977-03-01 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic system
US4191567A (en) * 1974-02-01 1980-03-04 Elfotec A.G. Procedure for making a reusable photoconducting charge image carrier and charge image carriers prepared by this method
US4307166A (en) * 1974-02-01 1981-12-22 Elfotec A.G. Process for improving the photoelectric properties of a laminated charge image carrier
US4386148A (en) * 1974-02-01 1983-05-31 Elfotec A.G. Process for improving the photoelectric properties of a laminated charge image carrier
US4088483A (en) * 1974-02-13 1978-05-09 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Electrophotographic plate with charge transport overlayer
US3964904A (en) * 1974-08-22 1976-06-22 Xerox Corporation Manifold imaging member and process employing a dark charge injecting layer
US3953207A (en) * 1974-10-25 1976-04-27 Xerox Corporation Composite layered photoreceptor
US4214907A (en) * 1978-01-05 1980-07-29 Mita Industrial Company, Ltd. Photosensitive material for electrophotography having a polyvinyl carbazole derivative, phthalocyanine, and an electron-acceptor
US4485161A (en) * 1983-06-20 1984-11-27 Eastman Kodak Company Electrophotographic elements having barrier layers of crosslinked polymers of aliphatic or aromatic monomers containing α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carbonyl-containing substituents
US4939054A (en) * 1986-04-09 1990-07-03 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Photosensitive member composed of amorphous carbon charge transporting layer and charge generating layer
US5000831A (en) * 1987-03-09 1991-03-19 Minolta Camera Kabushiki Kaisha Method of production of amorphous hydrogenated carbon layer
US5324608A (en) * 1992-11-23 1994-06-28 Mitsubishi Kasei America, Inc. Photoconductor drum, having a non-conductive layer, with an area of electrical contact and method of manufacturing the same
US5554473A (en) * 1994-11-23 1996-09-10 Mitsubishi Chemical America, Inc. Photoreceptor having charge transport layers containing a copolycarbonate and layer containing same
US6017665A (en) * 1998-02-26 2000-01-25 Mitsubishi Chemical America Charge generation layers and charge transport layers and organic photoconductive imaging receptors containing the same, and method for preparing the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1622364B2 (de) 1977-09-15
BE725173A (de) 1969-06-09
DE1622364A1 (de) 1970-10-29
DE1622364C3 (de) 1978-05-11
JPS5238726B1 (de) 1977-09-30
GB1217726A (en) 1970-12-31

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