US3568387A - Structural element - Google Patents

Structural element Download PDF

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Publication number
US3568387A
US3568387A US824739A US3568387DA US3568387A US 3568387 A US3568387 A US 3568387A US 824739 A US824739 A US 824739A US 3568387D A US3568387D A US 3568387DA US 3568387 A US3568387 A US 3568387A
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Prior art keywords
block
blocks
structural element
major surfaces
major
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US824739A
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English (en)
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Gunter Grabow
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Individual
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Priority claimed from DE1966G0035588 external-priority patent/DE1983225U/de
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/54—Slab-like translucent elements
    • E04C2/546—Slab-like translucent elements made of glass bricks

Definitions

  • a structural element which is particularly suitable for use in the erection of wall structures.
  • the element comprises at least one block of vitreous material.
  • This block has a first and a second major surface and at least one of these major surfaces is at least in part inclined to a central plane of the block whereby the thus-inclined portion has a predetermined relationship with the central plane of the block as well as with a general plane of the structural element.
  • the present invention relates to structural elements in general, and more particularly to structural elements for use in wall structures. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to structural elements including blocks of vitreous material.
  • the present invention overcomes the disadvantages above with respect to the prior art.
  • the present invention provides a structural element comprising one or more blocks, which affects the propagation of light waves and of sound waves in a highly desirable manner which was not heretofore known in elements of this type.
  • light factor refers to the propagation of light waves in general, namely to the transmission of light waves through a glass block, the reflection of light waves, the dispersion of light waves, and the refraction of light waves; in short, any effect on the propagation of light waves which impinge against an exposed surface of a glass block or of a wall made from such glass blocks or of an element incorporating such blocks or constituted of such blocks and useable for the erection of walls.
  • one feature of my invention relates to the provision of a structural element which is particularly suitable for use in wall structures.
  • This structural element in accordance with my invention, comprises at least one block which consists of vitreous material.
  • the block has a first and a second major surface, and at least the first major surface has at least a portion which is inclined to a central plane of the block so as to have with this plane a predetermined relationship, and at the same time to have a predetermined relationship with a general plane of the structural element.
  • the selection of such predetermined relationship is made, of course, in order to effect a specific desired influence on light waves and/or sound waves impinging upon the novel structural element.
  • the improved light factor is of particular advantage under circumstances where light impinges upon the exposed surface of the novel structural element at an angle of less than 30 degrees.
  • This latter angle namely 30 degrees, is the ordinary angle of incidence of light but it is considerably decreased under certain circumstances, for instance if the wall forms a part of a building facing onto a relatively narrow street, or under similar restrictively narrow street, or under similar restrictive circumstances.
  • the amount of light which can pass through the structural elements known from the prior art is relatively small and it is clear that the amount of light which is then available on the other side of the structural element, namely on the side opposite that onto which the light impinges, is undesirably decreased.
  • the structural element has at least one and preferably two exposed major surfaces which may be smooth or which may be provided with a suitable pattern of projections or depressions
  • the structural element consists of several building blocks then its exposed major surfaces are in turn constituted by the individual major surfaces of the respective building blocks, and these individual major surfaces of the building blocks or portions of such surfaces will in conjunction with one another provide a pattern on the major surface or surfaces of the structural element.
  • the major surfaces of the individual building blocks may be provided with suitable patterns so that in effect a larger pattern resulting from the cooperation of portions of the individual major surfaces of the various building blocks is superimposed on a smaller pattern which is provided on each of the major surfaces of the individual blocks.
  • both major surfaces of the novel structural element are provided with identical geometric configurations, and I prefer to have these configurations be arranged in mirror-reversed relationship with reference to a common plane of symmetry. It is also advantageous if these configurations are angularly offset with respect to one another.
  • the novel element For circumstances where it is particularly important that incident light impinging on one major surface of the novel element be conveyed to the other major surface of the element, and thereby enter the interior of the room of whose wall or walls the novel element constitutes a portion, I found it to be particularly advantageous if the geometric configuration of one major surface is identical with that of the other major surface, but constitues a negative replica. thereof.
  • the positive and the negative configuration can be angularly offset with respect to one another although -I prefer not to do so because it is advantageous that the structural element, and in this context particularly the individual building block have identical thickness throughout.
  • An improvement in the light factor, and indeed in many instances in the defusion of sound waves can also be achieved by so constructing the individual building block that at least one minor surface, namely one of the surfaces which extend between and connect the major surfaces of the block is of an outline other than rectangular.
  • a particularly advantageous configuration for this is a parallogram or a parallelepiped outline. With such an arrangement the transmissivity of the block is increased for passage of light which impinges onto one of the major surfaces at an angle thereto.
  • an outward projection is the preferred geometric configuration of one or both of the major surfaces of the novel element.
  • Such outward projection should advantageously extend over the entire area of the respective surfaces and it has been found that it is particularly effective to have this projection be convex.
  • other configurations are also advantageous.
  • the projections have at least one plane of symmetry which extends normal to the central plane of the element.
  • the projection may have two planes of symmetry which preferably extend normal to one another as well as to the central plane of the element.
  • the geometric configuration of the respective major surface be constituted of a plurality of mutually inclined smooth facets, although the facets can of course themselves be provided with patterns or the like. In this context it is to be understood that if the projection is convexly curved, then it will of course incorporate an infinite number of such facets.
  • the term comprises both a single block and a plurality of such blocks, preferably two, four or another even number. If more than one block is involved, the element will have at least one major exposed face which is composed of the major faces of the various constituent blocks. Inasmuch as the geometric configuration of the major surfaces of the respective blocks together constitute the superimposed larger-dimensioned or larger-pattern geometric configuration of the exposed face of the composite element, it is advantageous that where the major surfaces of the respective blocks are identical with one another,
  • An advantage of a wall structure erected with the elements of the present invention is the increased structural stability which is obtained, as well as the fact that the geometric configuration of the individual major surfaces of the blocks as well as the superimposed geometric configuration of the exposed face of the element together so influence the transmissivity of light through the element that it is impossible to see through the element and to make out details in the interior of a room or the like.
  • At least One edge of one of the major surfaces of the block which constitutes a part of the exposed face of the multi-block element, and which abuts a similar one of an adjacent block comprise two mutually inclined portions.
  • the geometric structural configuration of at least one of the major surfaces of the respective blocks is such that at least two opposite lateral edges of at least one of the major surfaces of at least one of the blocks of the element extend beyond the general plane of the element by at least part of their extension, and that they are offset longitudinally with respect to one another.
  • This also acts to further enhance the desired light factor because ofl'setting the abutting edges makes it possible, particularly if the light impinges at an angle, for more light to penetrate than would other- 'wise be the case, because not as much of the light will encounter the abutting edges.
  • a similar result, or an improvement of the aforementioned result can be obtained by having at least one lateral edge of at least one of the major surfaces of the respective block consist of two portions which are mutually inclined with respect to one another and to a plane which is normal to the general plane of the element.
  • This configuration is particularly advan- .tageous if the element consist only of a single block.
  • Another advantageous embodiment according to the present invention provides that at least two lateral edges of at least one of the major surfaces of a block be inclined with respect to the central plane of the block which results in particularly advantageous improvements in the light factor and in the influence on the propagation of sound waves.
  • the bars will be straight, but it is of course possible to provide them with inclined portions if it is necessary to provide such inclinations of the lateral edges of the major surfaces, or angling of these edges, that exposure of the bars would become unavoidable unless they were themselves provided with inclined portions.
  • the minor surfaces of each block that is the surfaces extending from one to the other of the major surfaces, are provided with recesses or grooves in which the rods or bars are received, and which recesses or grooves can then be filled with cement or mortar to thereby firmly embed the rods or bars therein.
  • the outline of my novel elements and specifically in this case of my individual blocks, be quadratic or rectangular.
  • This it will be understood, refers to the outline of the major surfaces and is by no means exclusive because other outlines can be chosen without detracting from the favorable light factor values and in fluences on propagation of sound waves which are achieved with the present invention.
  • the minor surfaces are in all instances substantially normal to the general plane of the structural element but it must again be emphasized that an inclination of these minor surfaces relative to this general plane is by no means to be excluded.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a building block in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of the block shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a wall portion comprising four structural elements each of which includes four of the building blocks shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a side view of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 1, but showing another embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a side view of the FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 3, but showing the building blocks illustrated in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 8 is a side View of FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 9 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention in form of another building block.
  • FIG. 10 is a side view of the building block shown in FIG. 9;
  • FIG. 11 is yet a further embodiment of my novel build ing block shown in a perspective view
  • FIG. 12 is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 11;
  • FIG. 13 is a view similar to FIG. 7 'but illustrating the use of the building blocks of FIG. 11;
  • FIG. 14 is a perspective illustration somewhat similar to FIG. 13, but illustrating a modified wall portion erected with the building blocks shown in FIG. 11;
  • FIG. 15 is a perspective view of yet an additional embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 16 is a top-plan view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 15;
  • FIG. 17 is a view similar to FIG. 13 but employing the novel block shown in FIG. 15
  • FIG. 18 is a view similar to FIG. 14 but also employing the novel block shown in FIG. 15;
  • FIG. 19 illustrates an additional embodiment of the invention in a perspective view
  • FIG. 20 is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 19;
  • FIG. 21 is a view somewhat similar to FIG. 3, but using the embodiment shown in FIG. 19;
  • FIG. 22 is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 21;
  • FIG. 23 is yet a further embodiment of the present invention shown in a perspective view
  • FIG. 24 is a side view of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 23;
  • FIG. 25 shows a modification of the embodiment of FIG. 23 in a side view
  • FIG. 26 shows another modification of the embodiment of FIG. 23, also in a side view
  • FIG. 27 shows yet a further embodiment of the novel invention in a perspective view
  • FIG. 28 is a side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 27;
  • FIG. 29 is a modification of the embodiment shown in FIG. 27, illustrated in side view.
  • FIG. 30 is a further modification, also shown in side view, of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 27.
  • each individual building block shown in the drawing has two opposite major surfaces which are joined by four mutually inclined minor surfaces, the inclination of these minor surfaces relative to one another being degrees.
  • each of the minor surfaces is located in a plane which is normal to central plane of the respective building block or, where an element comprises two or more blocks, normal to the general plane of the element.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 it will be seen that the novel building block illustrated therein will constitute, in conjunction with additional identical building blocks, a structural element of the type illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • the building block shown in FIG. 1 is identified generally with reference numeral 17 and is of identical thickness throughout.
  • the block comprises two opposite major surfaces 10 and 11, and it will be seen that each of these major surfaces is subdivided by a diagonally extending line 22 into a first portion 21 which extends parallel to the central plane of the block and a second portion 20 which is inclined to this central plane and to the diagonal line 22, as is clearly evident from both FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • An inspection of FIG. 3 clearly shows that four blocks of the type shown in FIG.
  • the building block shown in FIG. 5 is identified generally with reference numeral 17a and differs from that shown in FIG. 1 in that the major surfaces of the block in FIG. 5, which are identified with reference numerals and 11' respectively, are each subdivided into two identical portions 20' and 21' along a diagonal 22 in the case of the surface 10 and a diagonal 22 in the case of the surface 11.
  • the inclination of the respective portions 20', and 21 with respect to a central plane of the block 17a is identical with the result that a plane coincident with the diagonal 22 or 22" and being normal to the central plane of the block constitutes a plane of symmetry for the portions 20 and 21' of the respective major surfaces 10' and 11.
  • the diagonal 22" which in FIG. 5 is shown on the rearwardly directed major surface 11' and is therefore indicated in dashed lines, is angularly offset by 90 degrees with respect to the diagonal 22", that is it extends normal to the latter.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 show a portion of a wall structure erected from blocks identical with that shown in FIG. 5.
  • the wall structure has two exposed faces 18 and 19 which as a result of angular offsetting of the blocks 17a with respect to one another are provided with a plurality of identically configurated pyramid-shaped projections 31 which each has a quadratic base, and it is to be noted that each base line constituted by one of the diagonals 22 in the case of the face 18' and one of the diagonals 22 in the case of the face 19 is common to two adjacent pyramid-shaped projections.
  • each of the blocks is quadratic in this embodiment but it is clear from FIGS. 7 and 8 that those of the minor surfaces which are located in a common horizontal or vertical plane (compare FIG. 8, for example) and belonging to abutting ones of the blocks together form a zig-zag shaped configuration. It will be evident from FIG. 8 in particular, that this zig-zag shaped inclination of the minor surfaces results in a total base width of for each of the blocks shown in FIG.
  • each block illustrated there is generally indicated with reference numeral 17b.
  • This block is of quadratic outline and its major surfaces 10b, 11b are each subdivided into four identical quadrants by two major dividing lines 41, 42 which cross one another at right angles.
  • each section of the respective major surface corresponding to one of the quadrants is inclined to two planes, coincident with the lines 41 and 42 and normal to the central plane of the block.
  • eachv of the resulting quadrants is further subdivided into two mutually inclined portions by additional secondary lines 44, 44, 44", and 44" which extend through the juncture of the lines 41 and 42 and to the corners 45 of the block 17b.
  • All portions of the respective major surfaces are in this embodiment smooth and planar and the minor surfaces 13b, 14b, 15b and 16b are similarly planar and of other-than-rectangular outline.
  • FIGS. 11 and 12 A further embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12 where the block shown there is generally indicated with reference numeral 170.
  • This block is provided with two major surfaces 10" and 11", each of which is composed of two mutually inclined surface portions 48 and 49 which are symmetrically inclined to a plane normal to the central plane of the block and which include with one another an acute angle.
  • FIGS. 12 and 14 both show that this block has lateral minor surfaces 14" of rectangular outline and horizontal minor surfaces 13 of other-than-rectangular outline, can be used to erect a structure such as that which is illustrated in FIG. 13 in which each of the blocks 17c constitutes a wall element per se.
  • FIG. 13 is self-explanatory and need not be further described.
  • FIG. 14 shows that two of the blocks 170, with their positions suitably reversed so that the major surface 10" of one is located at the same side as the major surface 11" of the other, can together constitute a structural wall element 12".
  • FIGS. 15 and 16 where the block is generally identified with reference numeral 174, differs from the preceding embodiments in that its ma or surfaces 10d and 11d are parallel in planes parallel to each other and do not comprise surface portions which are lnclined with reference to one another. Rather each of the major surfaces 10d and 11d is planar, but is inclined at an angle in its totality to the central plane of the block. and thus also to the general plane 79 of a structural element composed of several of the blocks 17d, as indicated 1n FIG. 16.
  • FIGS. 17 and 18 show that the block shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 can be used for composing structural wall elements of different configurations, for instance the wall elements 12d in FIG. 17, where two of the blocks 17d together constitute a wall element, or the wall elements 12e shown in FIG. 18, where again two of the blocks 17d together constitute one wall element but in an arrangement different from that employed in FIG. 17.
  • the differences between FIGS. 17 and 18 are so obvious that a specific detailed description of these figures is not believed to be necessary since there can be no doubt as to the arrangements from a perusal of these figures.
  • FIGS. 17 and 18 are so arranged that their surfaces are inclined in the horizontal to the general plane of the wall structure
  • FIGS. 19 and 20 is generally identified with reference numeral 17 and comprises two planar major surfaces and 11] both of which are disposed in planes parallel to one another and inclined to the general central plane of the block.
  • the block shown in FIGS. 19 and is inclined to the central plane not only in one direction but in two directions; in other words, the particular inclination here is obtained by rotating the major surfaces through two axes which are parallel to the original general plane of the block and which are normal to one another.
  • each of the minor surfaces 13 and 14 defines in its embodiment a parallelogram-shaped outline.
  • FIGS. 21 and 2.2 An example of a combination of the blocks shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 into composite structurel elements is illustrated in FIGS. 21 and 2.2.
  • the wall portion shown in FIG. 21 is composed of four structural elements 121, 12g, 12h, and 121' of which each in turn consists of four of the blocks 14] which are angularly rotated with reference to one another, as is clearly evident from FIG. 21, to thereby obtain a pyramid-shaped projection and an adjoining pyramid-shaped depression.
  • This is so because, if one draws an imaginary diagonal 58 on each of the visible major surfaces 10f-10i of the four blocks constituting one of the structural elements, then these imaginary diagonals 58 can be considered the base lines of the pyramid which, as is clearly evident from FIG. 21, has a quadratic base.
  • each visible major surface of each block that is those surface portions which do not contribute to the pyramid-shaped projection
  • these remaining surface portions 59 of adjacent ones of the blocks cooperate to provide pyramid-shaped impressions which, with reference to the base lines of the pyramid-shaped projection, are mirror-symmetrical replicas of this projection.
  • each of the major surfaces 10k and 11k is provided with a pyramid-shaped configuration 61, 62' of which, as is evident from FIG. 24, the configuration 6 1 is a concavity whereas the configuration 62 is convex.
  • the base lines of both configurations are coincident with or very close the edges of the respective major surfaces.
  • FIGS. 25 and 26 illustrate modifications of the embodiment shown in FIG. 23, in that FIG. 25 illustrates a block 17m in side view whose two major surfaces 10m and 11m are both provided with mirror-symmetrical concavities of pyramidal configuration, whereas the block 17p shown in FIG. 26 is provided on both major surfaces 10p and 11p thereof with pyramidshaped convex projections.
  • FIGS. 23, 25 and 26 are of rectangular outline in these illustrated embodiments. It goes without saying that the various embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 23, 25 and 26, can also be combined with one another in a single structural element to obtain desired light factor characteristics or desired influences on the propagation of sound waves, as well as to obtain specific patterns and appearances.
  • FIGS. 27 and 28 where the novel block is generally indicated with reference numerals 17r, it will be seen that this is somewhat similar to the embodiment in FIGS. 23 and 24.
  • the block is again provided with substantially quadratic major surfaces 10r and 111', and the minor surfaces Br and 15r are of rectangular outline. Unlike the embodiment in FIGS. 23 and 24, however, the block shown in FIGS. 27
  • FIGS. 29 and 30 are actually self-explanatory modifications of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 27 and 28.
  • FIG. 29 shows a block 17s which differs from the block 17r in FIG. 27 in that both of its major surfaces 10s and 11s are provided with mirror-symmetrical arcuate recesses of constant curvature.
  • the minor surfaces 14s are again of rectangular outline.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 30 illustrates a block 17t whose minor surfaces 14t are also of rectangular outline whereas both of its major surfaces 10! and 11t are provided with arcuate pro ections 10! and III corresponding to the projection 11r illustrated in FIG. 28 and, in accordance with what has been said in that figure, of constant curvature to thereby constitute sectors of a sphere.
  • FIGS. 27-30 which have been mentioned with respect to FIGS. 23-26, namely the blocks 17r, 17s and 171 in FIGS. 27, 39 and 30 can be combined with one another in any desired manner to obtain a composite structural element or to obtain certain light factors or to permit influencing of the propogation of sound waves impinging on such a structural element.
  • a wall construction comprising a plurality of structural elements each of which has four contact surfaces forming a rectangular polygon having four corners, four edge surfaces, and integral front and rear visible surfaces spaced from each other by said edge surfaces, said front surface including first pairs of right isosceles triangles the apices of which extend in diametrically opposite directions to two diagonally opposite corners and with the bases of said triangles extending along a common line between the other diagonally opposite corners, the triangles of said first pair being disposed in obtuse angular relation, the rear surface of said element having a second pair of right isosceles triangles the apices of which are rotated 90 relative to the apices of the first pair of triangles, said second pair of triangles extending in diametrically opposite directions to two diagonally opposite corners and with the bases of said triangles extending along a common line between the other diagonally opposite corners, the triangles of said second pair being disposed in obtuse angular relation, whereby the wall formed from a plurality of said elements includes at
  • a structural element for use in a Wall comprising four contact surfaces forming a rectangular polygon having four corners, four edge surfaces, and integral front and rear visible surfaces, said front surface including first pairs of right isosceles triangles the apices of which are arranged to extend in diametrically opposite directions to two diagonally opposite corners and with the bases of said triangles extending along a common line between the other diagonally opposite corners, the triangles of said first pair being disposed in obtuse angular relation, the rear surface of said element having second pairs of right isosceles triangle the apices of which are rotated relative to the apices of the first pair of triangles, said second pair of triangles extending in diametrically opposite directions to two diagonally opposite corners of the element and with the bases of said last-named triangles extending along a common line, between the other diagonally opposite corners, the triangles of said second pair being disposed in obtuse angular relation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Securing Of Glass Panes Or The Like (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
US824739A 1966-06-13 1969-05-07 Structural element Expired - Lifetime US3568387A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEG0047147 1966-06-13
DE1966G0035588 DE1983225U (de) 1966-10-11 1966-10-11 Platten- oder tafelfoermiges glaswandelement.

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US3568387A true US3568387A (en) 1971-03-09

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US824739A Expired - Lifetime US3568387A (en) 1966-06-13 1969-05-07 Structural element

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US (1) US3568387A (de)
AT (1) AT282901B (de)
BE (1) BE699855A (de)
CH (1) CH463067A (de)
GB (1) GB1183493A (de)
LU (1) LU53858A1 (de)
NL (1) NL6707795A (de)
SE (1) SE326016B (de)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3809141A (en) * 1972-01-26 1974-05-07 J Loerop Ventilator and simulated structure panel
US4288960A (en) * 1977-08-01 1981-09-15 Auras Olivier W Interlocking building block
US4307814A (en) * 1977-06-01 1981-12-29 Sekisui Koji Kabushiki Kaisha Unit panel for use in storage tank construction
US4532748A (en) * 1982-01-06 1985-08-06 Rotherham William D B Building block
US5303525A (en) * 1990-05-18 1994-04-19 University Of Arkanas Siding or roofing exterior panels for controlled solar heating
US5493826A (en) * 1993-09-14 1996-02-27 Kalwall Corporation Insulating light transmitting flat structure panel providing the illusion of a three-dimensional array of step-like block structures, and method of constructing the same
US20040139702A1 (en) * 2001-07-19 2004-07-22 Philip Morris Incorporated Laminated metal foil packaging material and method of making

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AT374228B (de) * 1982-01-13 1984-03-26 Freiler Willibald Fensterkonstruktion und verfahren zur herstellung eines fensters
GB8425516D0 (en) * 1984-10-09 1984-11-14 Master Designer Ltd Solar shield/canopy
GB2443679A (en) * 2006-11-07 2008-05-14 David Bartlett Non parallelepipedal glass building block

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3809141A (en) * 1972-01-26 1974-05-07 J Loerop Ventilator and simulated structure panel
US4307814A (en) * 1977-06-01 1981-12-29 Sekisui Koji Kabushiki Kaisha Unit panel for use in storage tank construction
US4288960A (en) * 1977-08-01 1981-09-15 Auras Olivier W Interlocking building block
US4532748A (en) * 1982-01-06 1985-08-06 Rotherham William D B Building block
US5303525A (en) * 1990-05-18 1994-04-19 University Of Arkanas Siding or roofing exterior panels for controlled solar heating
US5493826A (en) * 1993-09-14 1996-02-27 Kalwall Corporation Insulating light transmitting flat structure panel providing the illusion of a three-dimensional array of step-like block structures, and method of constructing the same
US20040139702A1 (en) * 2001-07-19 2004-07-22 Philip Morris Incorporated Laminated metal foil packaging material and method of making
US7857128B2 (en) 2001-07-19 2010-12-28 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Laminated metal foil packaging material and method of making

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CH463067A (de) 1968-09-30
GB1183493A (en) 1970-03-04
BE699855A (de) 1967-11-16
DE1609646A1 (de) 1971-12-30
LU53858A1 (de) 1967-08-14
AT282901B (de) 1970-07-10
SE326016B (de) 1970-07-13
NL6707795A (de) 1967-12-14

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