US3565698A - Fast-annealing malleable cast iron method - Google Patents
Fast-annealing malleable cast iron method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3565698A US3565698A US711210A US3565698DA US3565698A US 3565698 A US3565698 A US 3565698A US 711210 A US711210 A US 711210A US 3565698D A US3565698D A US 3565698DA US 3565698 A US3565698 A US 3565698A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- cast iron
- annealing
- graphite
- casting
- fast
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 title abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 12
- 229910001296 Malleable iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 10
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 abstract description 22
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910001122 Mischmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 7
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 7
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 16
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 9
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 241001062472 Stokellia anisodon Species 0.000 description 3
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005997 Calcium carbide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000276489 Merlangius merlangus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000876852 Scorias Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003009 desulfurizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CLZWAWBPWVRRGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-[2-[2-[2-[bis[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-bromophenoxy]ethoxy]-4-methyl-n-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethyl]anilino]acetate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N(CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C(OCCOC=2C(=CC=C(Br)C=2)N(CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)=C1 CLZWAWBPWVRRGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002087 whitening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
- C22C37/10—Cast-iron alloys containing aluminium or silicon
Definitions
- Malleable cast iron is currently used in mechanical industries, notably in the construction of automobiles, for making miscellaneous castings.
- the rough-cast parts have a whitish structure comprising cementite and ferrite or pearlite, and must be free of graphite. In this condition, the castings are fragile and hardly machinable. A prolonged annealing at high temperature will decompose the cementite into ferrite and graphite, and a suitable heattreatment cycle will provide the desired structure.
- This annealing step is absolutely necessary although it takes a relatively long time; therefore, it is customary, in the case of a cast iron manufactured according to the cupola-furnace and reverberatory furnace duplex process, to carry out a first annealing step of 15 hours at 950 C. followed by 24-hour continuous heating step at 745 C. which, considering the time periods necessary for attaining the desired temperature and subsequently cooling the cast iron, involves processing times of 48 to 72 hours. In the case of modern installations wherein the cast iron is melted in high-frequency furnaces and annealed in thrust furnaces, the resulting cycles still take from 30 to 40 hours.
- the function of silicon is particularly important and the rapidity of the annealing step is subordinate to its content. If the silicon content increases, the annealing time decreases, but there is a risk of developing primary graphite in the white structure, this graphite being highly objectionable because it considerably reduces machineability.
- Casters are therefore prone to obtain the desired quality standard by maintaining a low silicon content and extending the annealing time, which, of course, is an expensive process.
- the liquid smelt may be processed by overheating same, thus sterilizing the graphite germs; alternately, the smelt may be oxidized by adding suitable oxidizing adjuncts or using adequate atmospheres. These methods promote the production of a white-structure cast iron and therefore permit the use of iron compositions having a more graphitizing tendency. Low-content whiting substances such as bismuth, tellurium, cerium, may be added into the casting ladle. These methods are adequate and usually completed by adding elements such as bore promoting the decomposition of cementite without developing primary graphite. Thus, by adhering to strict percentages of these various additions the silicon content may be increased up to 1.7 or 1.8%, but beyond this content the risk of producing primary graphite increases and precludes any reliability as to the regularity of the iron quality or grade.
- a cast iron is used of which the silicon content is such that it still represents at least 1.9% after ooling, and on the other hand mischmetall is added before the casting operation, the quantity of mischmetall thus added being suflicient to prevent said silicon content from causing lamellar graphite to develop in the casting during the setting thereof.
- the sulfur content is kept to a percentage low enough to prevent said mischmetall, in the presence of said sulfur, from promoting the formation of lamellar graphite.
- the annealing temperature ranges from 900 to 1,050 C.
- the high-silicon malleable cast iron according to this invention should contain a considerable percentage of lamellar graphite.
- mischmetall by reason of 0.1% to 0.3%, provided on the other hand that certain requirements, such as the sulfur content of the cast iron, are duly met, the whitening effect is such that no trace of primary graphite is found, even in stock having a relatively high cooling modulus, such as 60-mrn. or 2%" round castings.
- mischmetall is a mixture of high-cerium rare earth. Although the cerium content is about 50% as a rule, the proportions of the other components are variable. Thus, for instance, mischmetall may have the following compositions, by weight:
- An annealing time of less than 1 hour at 950 C. may be sufficient for completely decomposing the cementite; a maximum time of 2 hours gives the certainty of obtaining this decomposition under the most unfavorable conditions.
- After cooling in still air the castings show graphite nodules in a pearlitic structure.
- maintaining for four-hours at 700 C. provides a ferritic structure; therefore, the duration of a total ferritizing cycle is reduced to less than 10 hours.
- the smelting charge may advantageously consist of sheet-metal press scraps and malleable iron rejects, in the proportion of 50% each.
- the carbon make-up consists of graphite, and silicon is given by adding ferro-silicon containing 75% of Si.
- the charge is melted in a highfrequency induction furnace having an acid, basic or neutral lining. After the smelting the charge is heated during minutes at 1,550 C., which is favorable to the absence of primary graphite.
- the iron is then poured into the ladle and then mischmetall in the proportion of 0.2% by weight is delivered into the casting jet.
- the scoria are allowed to settle, and the castings are subsequently formed at a temperature within the range of 1,420 C. to 1,430 C.
- the mechanical properties of this casting were tested on specimens according to the AFFOMA specifications. The following values were obtained in the pearlitic structure:
- a crankshaft balance weight having a Brinell hardness of 146 showed a fine annealing graphite on a ferrite background.
- the mechanical tests carried out on a AFFOMA specimen gave the following results:
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR101646A FR1526120A (fr) | 1967-04-05 | 1967-04-05 | Fonte malléable à recuit rapide |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3565698A true US3565698A (en) | 1971-02-23 |
Family
ID=8628241
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US711210A Expired - Lifetime US3565698A (en) | 1967-04-05 | 1968-03-07 | Fast-annealing malleable cast iron method |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3565698A (en)) |
| AT (1) | AT294883B (en)) |
| BE (1) | BE711685A (en)) |
| CH (1) | CH485023A (en)) |
| CS (1) | CS160636B2 (en)) |
| FR (1) | FR1526120A (en)) |
| GB (1) | GB1205113A (en)) |
| NL (1) | NL6804881A (en)) |
| OA (1) | OA02772A (en)) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4054774A (en) * | 1975-09-12 | 1977-10-18 | Patsie Carmen Campana | Process and welding rod for the welding of malleable cast iron |
| US4362562A (en) * | 1980-02-20 | 1982-12-07 | Electro-Nite | Method for taking samples from pig-iron melts |
| US4450019A (en) * | 1982-04-01 | 1984-05-22 | Toyo Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Ductile cast iron |
| AT391878B (de) * | 1987-07-27 | 1990-12-10 | Voest Alpine Ag | Verfahren zur waermebehandlung von temperguss |
| US6342181B1 (en) | 2000-03-17 | 2002-01-29 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Corrosion resistant nickel-based alloy |
| EP1442818A1 (de) * | 2003-01-29 | 2004-08-04 | ES Automobilguss GmbH | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mischverbindungen zwischen schwarzen Temperguss und Stahl |
| DE10309386B4 (de) * | 2003-03-04 | 2005-02-24 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gusseisenwerkstoffes mit gezieltem Restkarbidanteil |
| DE102004040056A1 (de) * | 2004-08-18 | 2006-02-23 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Hoch- und verschleißfester, korrosionsbeständiger Gusseisenwerkstoff |
| DE102004040055A1 (de) * | 2004-08-18 | 2006-03-02 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gusseisenwerkstoff für Kolbenringe |
| US11739401B2 (en) | 2017-03-27 | 2023-08-29 | Proterial, Ltd. | Black heart malleable cast-iron and method for manufacturing same |
-
1967
- 1967-04-05 FR FR101646A patent/FR1526120A/fr not_active Expired
-
1968
- 1968-03-05 BE BE711685D patent/BE711685A/xx unknown
- 1968-03-06 CS CS1783A patent/CS160636B2/cs unknown
- 1968-03-06 CH CH327668A patent/CH485023A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1968-03-07 US US711210A patent/US3565698A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1968-03-14 GB GB02338/68A patent/GB1205113A/en not_active Expired
- 1968-03-16 OA OA53219A patent/OA02772A/xx unknown
- 1968-03-18 AT AT265568A patent/AT294883B/de active
- 1968-04-05 NL NL6804881A patent/NL6804881A/xx unknown
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4054774A (en) * | 1975-09-12 | 1977-10-18 | Patsie Carmen Campana | Process and welding rod for the welding of malleable cast iron |
| US4362562A (en) * | 1980-02-20 | 1982-12-07 | Electro-Nite | Method for taking samples from pig-iron melts |
| US4450019A (en) * | 1982-04-01 | 1984-05-22 | Toyo Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Ductile cast iron |
| AT391878B (de) * | 1987-07-27 | 1990-12-10 | Voest Alpine Ag | Verfahren zur waermebehandlung von temperguss |
| US6342181B1 (en) | 2000-03-17 | 2002-01-29 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Corrosion resistant nickel-based alloy |
| EP1442818A1 (de) * | 2003-01-29 | 2004-08-04 | ES Automobilguss GmbH | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Mischverbindungen zwischen schwarzen Temperguss und Stahl |
| DE10309386B4 (de) * | 2003-03-04 | 2005-02-24 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Gusseisenwerkstoffes mit gezieltem Restkarbidanteil |
| DE102004040056A1 (de) * | 2004-08-18 | 2006-02-23 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Hoch- und verschleißfester, korrosionsbeständiger Gusseisenwerkstoff |
| DE102004040055A1 (de) * | 2004-08-18 | 2006-03-02 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gusseisenwerkstoff für Kolbenringe |
| US11739401B2 (en) | 2017-03-27 | 2023-08-29 | Proterial, Ltd. | Black heart malleable cast-iron and method for manufacturing same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL6804881A (en)) | 1968-10-07 |
| AT294883B (de) | 1971-12-10 |
| BE711685A (en)) | 1968-07-15 |
| CS160636B2 (en)) | 1975-03-28 |
| GB1205113A (en) | 1970-09-16 |
| OA02772A (fr) | 1970-12-15 |
| FR1526120A (fr) | 1968-05-24 |
| CH485023A (fr) | 1970-01-31 |
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