US3561358A - Gravure imaging system - Google Patents

Gravure imaging system Download PDF

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US3561358A
US3561358A US585432A US3561358DA US3561358A US 3561358 A US3561358 A US 3561358A US 585432 A US585432 A US 585432A US 3561358D A US3561358D A US 3561358DA US 3561358 A US3561358 A US 3561358A
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plate
photoconductive
gravure
cells
image
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John W Weigl
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/26Electrographic processes using a charge pattern for the production of printing plates for non-xerographic printing processes
    • G03G13/32Relief printing plates

Definitions

  • a printing ink is then applied to the resulting imaged member in such a manner such that the ink fills the cells void of the developer particles.
  • a print of the desired image is realized. The steps may be repeated to produce the number of copies desired.
  • Gravure printing is a reproduction process wherein the printing is done from an engraved image which has been etched below thesurface of the nonprinting reference areas of a cylinder or plate.
  • an imaged transparency and a gravure screen are used in successive exposures to harden a light sensitive, acid resistant material which has been coated on the surface of the plate.
  • An etchant solution such as ferric chloride permeates the resist material and etches the plate so as to produce recessed areas or tiny cells, a typical plate representing about 22,500 cells per square inch.
  • the engraved plate is rotated in an ink reservoir and a doctor blade wipes the surface of the plate clean of ink while each cell retains its capacity of ink.
  • the ink from the cells is transferred to the paper.
  • the cell depth is maintained substantially constant.
  • the dot pattern formed acts as a support for the doctor blade on the gravure presses thereby preventing the blade from wiping the fluid ink out of the etched depressions during the process of printing.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a printing system utilizing a novel gravure printing master prepared from a photoconductive plate.
  • Still a further object of this invention is to provide a process of using a novel gravure printingplate.
  • Still a further object of this invention is to provide a printing system wherein a novel gravure printing plate may be reused.
  • a photoconductive plate or cylinder the surface of which is formed into a gravure pattern comprising uniformly spaced recessed areas or tiny cells.
  • the surface of the photoconductive gravure plate is electrostatically charged and imaged in accordance with conventional xerographic techniques and the electrostatic latent image thus formed developed and affixed on the gravure surface in accordance with xerographic procedures.
  • the cells of the photoconductive gravure master are thereby occluded in an imagewise pattern.
  • a gravure printing ink is then applied to the imaged photoconductive gravure surface with the tiny gravure cells void of the developer material used to develop the latent image retaining the ink.
  • a positive image of the original may be reproduced directly by uniformly applying a resinous coating to the surface of the imaged gravure master.
  • the nonimaged cellular areas of the gravure surface take up the resinous coating while the surplus material is doctored from the remaining portion of the plate.
  • the original toner image is removed from the surface of the plate by any suitable technique, such as by a solvation action upon the application of a suitable solvent for the toner material, thereby leaving a cellular positive image of the original on the gravure plate.
  • a gravure printing ink the positive image is developed and upon contact with a transfer sheet the developed image transferred to produce a positive reproduction of the original document.
  • FIG. 1 represents a magnified cross section through a gravure dispensing member of the present invention with an electrostatic charge being developed thereon;
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the gravure plate of FIG. I under exposure
  • FIG. 3 further illustrates the gravure plate of FIG. 2 following development and fixing of the electrostatic latent image.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the development of the imaged plate of FIG. 3 with a gravure printing ink.
  • FIGS. 5 through 7 represent an alternate embodiment to the process of the present invention.
  • a gravure dispensing member generally designated 1 consisting of a support base 2, in this instance a conductive metal substrate, having coated on its surface a photoconductive insulating composition 3.
  • electrostatic charge 4 represented by a positive charge produced by charging unit 8, operating on the corona discharge principle, powered by voltage supply 9.
  • the charge in the exposed areas is dissipated thereby leaving an electrostatic latent image 12 on the surface of the gravure plate.
  • FIG. 3 represents the exposed plate of FIG. 2 following development of the electrostatic latent image 12 with a resinous toner material 14 and fixing of the developed image thereby leaving a cellular pattern 16 in the surface of the resulting plate.
  • the toner particles are removed from the tips of the cells prior to fixing of the image by a suitable technique such as electrostatically or by an adhesive pickofl procedure.
  • FIG. 4 is seen the development of the plate of FIG. 3 prepared according to the process of the present invention wherein a gravure printing ink 23 from source 24 is discharged onto the surface of the gravure plate I by dispensing member 25 to develop the gravure pattern and fill the tiny cells I6 of the gravure master as indicated.
  • the printing ink should be so selected such that it does not have a detrimental effect upon the developer material.
  • a steel blade or squeegee 28 is attached to the dispensing member 25 so as to remove excess ink from the surface of the printing master 1.
  • FIGS. 5 through 7 represent an alternate embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is seen the gravure plate identified in FIG. 3 overcoated with a fluid resinous material 17 source as to fill the cellular areas 16 of the gravure plate, the excess having been doctored from the surface.
  • FIG. 6 represents the gravure plate of FIG. following fixing of the resinous coating and removal of the toner 14 to expose cellular areas 21. In this instance the toner removal is executed by the application of a solvent which will selectively remove the fused toner composition while not disturbing the applied resinous overcoating 17 in the nontoner areas.
  • HO. 7 is seen the development of the plate of FIG.
  • a gravure printing ink 18 from source 19 is discharged onto the surface of the gravure plate 1 by dispensing member 20 to develop the gravure pattern and fill the cells 21 vacated by the removal of the toner material as illustrated in FIG. 6.
  • a squeegee blade 22 is attached to the dispensing member 20 so as to remove excess ink from the surface of the printing master 1.
  • any suitable technique may be used to prepare the gravure pattern on the surface of the plate of the present invention.
  • One such technique would be to impress a photoconductive coated plate with a relief or embossed plate having a corresponding dot pattern etched into its surface.
  • a second technique which may be utilized in the preparation of the gravure master entails incorporating a photoconductive material with a photohardenable polymeric composition which permits the fabrication of a gravure plate by a simple operation of washing away the unexposed areas of the photopolymer.
  • Typical photohardenable binder materials include cinnamate esters of polyvinyl-alcohol, cinnamate esters of cellulose, bichromated shellac, phenolicresins and nylon.
  • the photoconductive gravure plate may be prepared from a photoconductive enamel plate according to the process described in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 562,201 filed Jul. 1, 1966.
  • the gravure pattern may be formed in the surface of a photoconductive coating by mechanically etching utilizing a stylus to produce the uniform pocket pattern.
  • the photoconductive gravure pattern may also be formed by coating or vacuum depositing, as in the case of selenium, the photoconductive composition on the surface of a preformed gravure support.
  • the photoconductive gravure plate is prepared by the embossing procedure or by the process which utilizes photohardenable polymers.
  • the photoconductive coating may comprise a photoconductor dispersed in an insulating binder composition, a solution of photoconductor and binder or may consist of a homogeneous photoconductive composition.
  • a photoconductive layer When used in the dispersed phase a photoconductive layer generally may consist of an organic or inorganic photoconductive material dispersed in an insulating binder composition. Any suitable photoconductive material may be used in the course of this invention.
  • Typical inorganic photoconductive materials are: sulfur, selenium, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, zine cadmium sulfide, zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium selenide, zinc silicate, calcium-strontium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, mercuric iodide, mercuric oxide, mercuric sulfide, indium trisulfide, gallium triselenide, arsenic disulfide, arsenic trisulfide, arsenic triselenide,
  • Typical organic photoconductors are triphenylamine; 2,4-bis (4,4'-diethyl-aminophenyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazo1; N- isopropylcarbazole; triphenylpyrrol; 4,5-diphenylimidazolidinone; 4,5-diphenylimidazolidinethione; 4,5-bis- (4'-amino-phenyl)-imidazolidinone; 1,5-dicyanonaphthalene; 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene; aminophthalodinitrile; nitrophthalodinitrile; 1 ,2,5,-tetraazacyclooctatetraene- (2,4,6,8); 2-mercapt0ben2thiazole, -2-phenyl-4-diphenylidene-oxazolone; 6-hydroxy-2,3-di( p-me) triphenylamine; 2,4-bis (4,4'-diethyl-aminophen
  • any suitable binder material may be incorporated, when desirable, within the photoconductive insulating layer of the photoconductive gravure plate of the present invention.
  • Typical binder materials are similar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,121,006 and 3,121,007.
  • the specific binder material chosen will depend upon the nature of the photoconductive pigment utilized to prepare the photoconductive gravure plate used in conjunction with the present invention.
  • the binder material employed with the photoconductive compound is such that it is an insulator to the extent that an electrostatic charge may be supported on the photoconductive layer, at least in the absence of illumination.
  • the binder material is adhered tightly to the base of the plate and provides an efficient dispersing medium for the photoconductive pigment.
  • Typical nonphotoconductive organic binders are: polystyrene, epoxy resins such as the Epon resins. commercially available from the Shell Chemical Company, epoxy-phenolic compounds, epoxy-novolaks, silicone resins such as DC801, DC804 and DC996 commercially available from the Dow Corning Corp., polysulfone, acrylic and methacrylic polyesters such as Acryloid A-lO and Acryloid B- 72 polymerized ester derivatives of acrylic and alpha acrylic acids all commercially available from Rohm and Haas Co., Lucite, a polymerized butyl methacrylate commercially available from E.l. duPont de Nemours & Co., vinyl polymers and copolymers such as polyvinylchloride and polyvinylacetate, and mixtures thereof.
  • a homogeneous layer of the binder may be used to coat the surface of the gravure printing master.
  • the specific resistivity of the binder be at least 10" ohmscm. to satisfactorily fulfill the requirements of the resulting photoconductive insulating plate.
  • Typical photoconductive binders are selenium, sulfur, polyvinyl carbazole, anthraccne, and resinous charge transfer complexes, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. applications Ser. Nos. 426,409 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,408,183; 426,431 now U.S. Pat. No.
  • the photoconductive gravure printing master may be prepared from a glass binder photoconductive plate of the nature disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,151,982.
  • the gravure master lends itself to a reusable system wherein the fused toner image may be removed from the surface of the gravure printing plate thus preparing the plate for reimaging.
  • any suitable toner or developer may be used in the course of this invention for development of the electrostatic latent image such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,788,288, 3,079,342 and Re 25,136.
  • the toner is generally a resinous material which, when fixed, will mask those cellular or porous areas in which it has been deposited.
  • Typical developer powders are styrene polymers, including substituted styrenes such as the Piccolastic resins commercially available from the Pennsylvania industrial Chemical Corp., phenol formaldehyde resins, as well as other resins having similar properties.
  • the developer powder or eleetroseopic marking particles may be applied directly to the latent image of the photoconductive gravure plate or admixed with a carrier such as glass beads.
  • the toner may be applied in the form of a mixture with magnetic particles, such as magnetic iron, to impart a charge to the developer particles triboelectrically.
  • a developer particle is so chosen that it is attracted electrostatically to the charged image and/or repelled from the background area to the charged image and held thereon by electrostatic attraction.
  • Liquid developers may also be used when suitable in the course of the present invention.
  • Typical developers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,890,174 and 2,899,335.
  • the developer comprises a liquid combination of mutually compatible ingredients which when brought into contact with an electrostatic latent image, will deposit upon the surface of the image in an imagewise configuration.
  • the composition may comprise a finely-divided opaque powder, a high resistance liquid and an ingredient to prevent agglomeration.
  • Typical high resistance liquids include such organic Kerosene, liquids as carbon tetrachloride, kerosene,
  • any of the finely-divided opaque solid materials known in the art such as carbon black, talcum powder or other pigments may be used in the liquid developer.
  • Other developer components or additives are vinyl resins such as carboxy vinyl polymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, methylvinylether-maleic anhydride interpolymers, polyvinyl alcohols, cellulosics such as sodium carboxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, cellulose derivatives such as esters and ethers thereof, alkali soluble proteins, casein, gelatin, and acrylate salts such as ammonium polyacrylate and sodium polyacrylate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Any suitable development means may be used in the course of this invention; such as cascade development, more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,618,551 and 2,618,552, powder cloud development more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,725,305 and 2,918,910 and magnetic brush development more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2, 791,949 and 3,015,305.
  • cascade development more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,618,551 and 2,618,552
  • powder cloud development more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,725,305 and 2,918,910
  • magnetic brush development more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2, 791,949 and 3,015,305.
  • any suitable material may be used to prepare the support base for the gravure master of the present invention.
  • the preferred support material will have an electrical resistance less than the photoconductive layer so that it will act as a ground when the electrostatically charged photoconductive coating is exposed to light.
  • Typical materials are aluminum, brass, steel, copper, nickel, zinc, conductive rubber and conductive glass such as tin oxide coated glass.
  • the selection of theparticular support base material used may depend upon the desired use of the gravure printing master. For example, if the master is to take the shape of a flat printing plate then it may be more desirable to select a support substrate which will add additional strength and durability to the system.
  • the support surface may be cylindrical in nature or it may consist of a solid core'such as a solid conductive rubber roll.
  • any suitable gravure printing ink may be used in the course of the present invention such as those disclosed in Chapter 21 of the publication Rotogravure" by H. M. Cartwright and R. MacKay, MacKay Publishing Co., lnc., Lindon, Kentucky.
  • the particular ink selected should be of such a nature that it will not have a detrimental efi'ect upon the fixed developer particles.
  • the preferred ink composition will be an without disturbing the secondarily applied resin.
  • a polyethylene filler in conjunction with a removal process calling for the application of an aromatic organic solvent, such as benzene, which will selectively remove the toner without affecting the polyethylene resin coating.
  • aromatic organic solvent such as benzene
  • Typical resinous materials are the beforementioned polyethylene, copolymcrs of polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutadiene, polyurethane, silicone resins, polyisoprene, polybutadienc, polyvinylchloridc and mixtures thereof.
  • EXAMPLE 1 About 48 grams of Epon 1007, an epoxy resin solution commercially available from Shell Chemical Co., 20 grams of a 20 percent low molecular weight polyethylene dispersion in Toluene commercially available from Allied Chemical Co., 3 grams of a metal-free phthalocyanine pigment, Monolite Fast Blue, 20 grams of methylethylketone, 10 grams of cellosolve and 10 grams of toluene are blended into a 4 ounce glass jar containing about 300 grams of one-eighth inch steel shot and milled for approximately 1 hour. A sheet of aluminum is coated with the pigment dispersion using a 060 wire drawdown rod, and the coating air dried for approximately 1 hour and then force air dried for about 5 minutes at about 100 C.
  • the dry film coating is about 25 microns thick.
  • the aluminum photoconductive plate is positioned over a copper letterpress plate which is preformed and etched so as to form a 110 line, 30 percent tonal value screen dot pattern about 0.002 in. in depth and the photoconductive surface impressed with the dot pattern in the relief plate and the entire composite placed in a hydraulic press and pressure applied to the composite until the indicator dial reaches 20,000. After about 3 seconds the pressure is released and the composite plate separated.
  • the gravure surface of the photoconductive aluminum sheet is charged to a potential of about +800 volts by means of a corona discharge unit. The charged plate is selectively exposed to a tungsten light source operating at 2,900 K. to
  • EXAMPLE 11 A photoconductive composition consisting of about 60 grams of a 10 percent dichloromethane solution of Lexan, a polycarbonate resin commercially available from General Electric Corp., 30 grams of cyclohexanone and 1 gram of xform, metal-free phthalocyanine prepared according to the process described in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 375,191 is milled as described in Example 1. The resulting composition is coated on the surface of an aluminum support and air dried first for about 30 minutes and then force air dried for about 5 minutes at a temperature of about C. The plate is then matted to produce a gravure pattern as described in Example 1. The polycarbonate gravure film is stripped from the aluminum substrate to yield a self-supporting master.
  • the nonconductive master is charged, exposed and developed in a EXAMPLE lll
  • a sheet of aluminum foil is coated using a 060 wire bar. The coating is air dried for approximately 3 hours under low illumination levels. The coating is then contact exposed with a 150 line contact screen for about 1 minute under a U-V carbon arc lamp.
  • the plate is developed in ketone containing developer for about 2 minutes and then forced air dried for about 3 hours at a temperature of about 100 C.
  • the resulting gravure-pattern plate is imaged, inked and printed from, according to the process of Example I. images similar to those obtained in Example I are achieved.
  • a prefonned aluminum gravure roller is vacuum coated with a layer about microns thick of vitreous selenium.
  • the surface of the roller is charged to about +400 volts by means of a laboratory corotron unit powered by a high voltage power supply.
  • the charging current is about 0.1 of a milliamp at about 7,500 volts.
  • the surface of the selenium coated roller is selectively exposed through a transparent positive image to a light source consisting of a tungsten filament at about 2,800 K. for an exposure of about 2 foot-candle-seconds.
  • the electrostatic latent image produced is developed with a toner material comprising polystyrene by the cascade method of development.
  • the resulting toner image is fused to the gravure roller by the application of heat.
  • a conventional alcohol based gravure printing ink is then applied to the surface of the gravure roller thereby developing the cellular areas not occluded by the toner image.
  • the resulting developed plate is contacted with the surface of the copy sheet transferring a negative imprint of the original to the surface of the copy sheet. The process is repeated thereby demonstrating the duplicating capabilities of the printing master.
  • Example V The process of Example IV is repeated up to and including the step of fixing the polystyrene toner image to the surface of the photoconductive gravure printing plate. Following the development of the toner image the surface is flow coated with a film of polyethylene, the excess polyethylene removed, and the resulting coated plate allowed to air dry and the polyethylene coating to solidify. The plate is then immersed in a bath solution containing a benzene solution for approximately 3 minutes. The plate is then removed from the bath and allowed to air dry thereby allowing for the evaporation of the residual solvent from the surface of the plate. A gravure plate is then contacted with a gravure applicator thereby coating the surface of the plate with a conventional gravure alcohol based printing ink. The inked plate is then contacted with a paper copy sheet with a positive image of the original being developed thereon. The inking and transfer steps are repeated demonstrating the duplicating capabilities of the printing master.
  • any of the above listed typical materials may be substituted when suitable in the above examples with similar results.
  • steps used to prepare the printing plate of the present invention other steps or modifications may be used if desirable.
  • the amount of ink applied during the printing phase of the process may be controlled in such a manner so as to produce varying gradations in densities and tone of the resulting transferred image.
  • other materials may be incorporated in the photoconductive plate. toner composition, gravure ink, the overcoating resin, or substrate which will enhance, synergize or otherwise desirably effect the properties of these materials for their present use.
  • the spectral sensitivity of the plates prepared may be modified to the inclusion of photosensitizing dyes therein.
  • a process for preparing a gravure printing master which comprises providing a photoconductive plate comprising a support base having fixed to the surface thereof a photoconductive insulating layer, the surface of which is provided with gravure cells over substantially the entire surface, forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of said photoconductive plate, developing said latent image with clcetroscopie developer particles so as to selectively occlude the cells of the gravure master in conformance with said image, and fixing said particles in said cells to produce said gravure printing master.
  • said photoconductive composition comprises an insulating binder material having dispersed therein a photoconductive pigment.
  • said dispersed pigment is an organic photoconductive pigment comprising phthalocyanine.
  • said dispersed pigment is an inorganic photoconductive pigment comprising zinc oxide.
  • said insulating binder material comprises a glass frit.
  • a method of preparing multiple copies from the gravure printing master which comprises:
  • a photoconductive plate comprising a support base having fixed to the surface thereof a photoconductive insulating layer the surface of which is provided with gravure cells over substantially the entire surface;
  • said support base comprises a rotogravure cylinder and said photoconductive composition comprises a photoconductive pigment dispersed in a glass binder insulating material.
  • a method of preparing multiple copies from a gravure printing master which comprises:
  • a photoconductive plate comprising a support i. applying a printing ink to the plate surface in such a base having fixed to the surface thereof a photoconducmanner that the ink is distributed thereon in an imugcwisc tive insulating layer; configuration; b. forming a uniform pattern of gravure cells on the surface j. contacting said inked surface with a copy sheet thereby of said photoconductive layer; transferring said ink held in the recessed areas of said c. forming an electrostatic latent image on the surface of Plate the urfa f aid C py Sh t in an imugcwisc said plate; configuration; and d.
  • Steps i and j the desired Copies developer particles; 7 produced- I e. fixing said particles within the cells of said gravure plate; l0 The Pmcess as dFscnbed clalm h P' f. applying'a resinous coating to the surface of said gravure P subslrat? p -5 f rologralful'e cylinder plate so as to occlude the remaining cells of said plate; Ph fi f f conllpnses, a photoFmduct'vc g. fixing said resinous coating in the respective cells; P' dlspcrsgd a glass bmder msulatmg matenal h. removing the developer particles of step d; i 5

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
  • Manufacture Or Reproduction Of Printing Formes (AREA)
  • Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Liquid Developers In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Photosensitive Polymer And Photoresist Processing (AREA)
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Cited By (16)

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US3902421A (en) * 1973-06-08 1975-09-02 Rank Xerox Ltd Method for forming a picture image
US3909256A (en) * 1973-12-26 1975-09-30 Xerox Corp Electrostatographic process for preparing screen printing member
US3928669A (en) * 1972-12-12 1975-12-23 Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd Image-forming method
US3948655A (en) * 1973-12-26 1976-04-06 Xerox Corporation Electrostatographic process for preparing gravure printing member
US4058637A (en) * 1971-02-18 1977-11-15 Research And Development Laboratories Of Ohno Co., Ltd. Electrostatic developing method
WO1980001614A1 (en) * 1979-02-02 1980-08-07 Eastman Kodak Co Imaging elements containing microvessels and processes for forming images therewith
US4307165A (en) * 1980-10-02 1981-12-22 Eastman Kodak Company Plural imaging component microcellular arrays, processes for their fabrication, and electrographic compositions
EP0050474A2 (de) * 1980-10-14 1982-04-28 EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY (a New Jersey corporation) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Elementen, die ineinandergefügte Serien von in mikroskopischen Bereichen angeordneten Zusammensetzungen enthalten, und diese Elemente
US4375507A (en) * 1980-09-08 1983-03-01 Eastman Kodak Company Imaging with nonplanar support multicolor filter elements
US4387146A (en) * 1980-09-08 1983-06-07 Eastman Kodak Company Multicolor filters with nonplanar support elements
US4387154A (en) * 1980-09-08 1983-06-07 Eastman Kodak Company Receivers with nonplanar support elements
US5191834A (en) * 1988-10-14 1993-03-09 Man Roland Druckmaschinen Ag Printing system with printing form having a ferro-electric layer
US20030025241A1 (en) * 2001-08-01 2003-02-06 Hauptmann Gerald Erik Printing form and process for producing the printing form
US20030170553A1 (en) * 2001-02-08 2003-09-11 Eberlein Dietmar C. Electrostatic printing plate possessing a tiered surface
US20080192105A1 (en) * 2007-02-13 2008-08-14 Xerox Corporation Digital printing apparatus fittable in a flexographic printing system
CN115304757A (zh) * 2022-07-20 2022-11-08 成都托展新材料股份有限公司 一种嵌段型油墨树脂及其制备方法

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GB1201819A (en) 1970-08-12

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