US3530334A - Induction plasma generator having improved chamber structure and control - Google Patents

Induction plasma generator having improved chamber structure and control Download PDF

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Publication number
US3530334A
US3530334A US667786A US3530334DA US3530334A US 3530334 A US3530334 A US 3530334A US 667786 A US667786 A US 667786A US 3530334D A US3530334D A US 3530334DA US 3530334 A US3530334 A US 3530334A
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plasma
gas
chamber
coil
plasma chamber
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Merle L Thorpe
Kent W Harrington
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Humphreys Corp
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Humphreys Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/30—Plasma torches using applied electromagnetic fields, e.g. high frequency or microwave energy

Definitions

  • An induction plasma generator has a plasma forming chamber defined by sixty-seven axially extending metal tubes surrounded by a 3 /2 inch diameter ceramic tube that is 7% inches long. A six turn induction coil of inch copper tubing surrounds the ceramic tube. Extending into one end of this chamber is an assembly that defines a main gas injector and an auxiliary gas injector with a tube (2% inches LD. and 6% inches long) between the two injectors.
  • the main injector has twelve axial discharge ports, twelve radial discharge ports and twelve swirl ports, while the auxiliary injector has fortytwo axial ports, and six swirl ports.
  • This invention relates to induction plasma generators and more particularly to apparatus for inductively heating a gas with high frequency electrical energy.
  • Such generators create high temperature thermal plasma gas by inductive coupling high frequency electrical energy to ionized gas and are useful for a variety of purposes, including producing chemical reactions, material testing and treatment, and general industrial heating.
  • An object of this invention is to provide novel and improved induction plasma generators.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved induction plasma generator configuration which provides stable operation with a variety of gases and of a variety of plasma chamber configurations.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide novel and improved configurations of induction plasma generators particularly useful in industrial processes which involve either the heating of fluids or the injection of particles into a heated gaseous stream.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved plasma chamber configuration for use in induction plasma generators.
  • Plasma generators of the type to which the invention relates include a plasma chamber, an induction coil surrounding the chamber, and an injector for introducing gas into the chamber for conversion to thermal plasma condition under the influence of the electromagnetic field created by the induction coil.
  • a multiplicity of closely spaced, axially extending tubular elements are used to form the plasma chamber, together with means for passing a coolant material through the tubular elements.
  • Such a plasma chamber defining structure has been found to have greater resistance to damage at high heat flux than ceramic materials such as quartz and thus permits greater energy transfer to the output gas without significant reduction in the etficiency of the generator.
  • each tubular element be a small fraction of the angular extent of plasma chamber and it is preferred that that angular extent ice be less than twenty degrees.
  • the tubular elements are metal cylinders.
  • porous disc element as the axial flow distributor component in the injector structure.
  • Such disc elements provide axial gas flow over their entire surface areas and improve the distribution and volume of gas flow in stable plasma generator operations.
  • the porous element In order to provide uniform gas distribution it is desired that the porous element have a pressure drop of at least five inches of water and a pore size of less than twenty-five microns is preferred.
  • discharge nozzle arrangements which enable improved injection of particles for treatment by the stream of hot gas emerging from the generator; and which provide increased protection for elastorneric sealing members employed in the plasma generator.
  • Still another feature relates to an improved mode of operation of plasma generators.
  • the electrical system is provided with a continuously variable control (either an inductor or a capacitor) in the oscillator grid circuit 'which is adjusted to vary oscillator parameters and maximize the electric potential applied to the plasma chamber coil at no load (no plasma arc in the plasma chamber); gas in the plasma chamber is then ionized and the electric field couples to the ionized gas to establish the plasma condition; and then the variable control is further adjusted to increase current flow in the oscillator control circuit within the region of maximized electric potential on the plasma coil.
  • a continuously variable control either an inductor or a capacitor
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a first embodiment of an induction plasma generator constructed in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view, taken along the line 22 of FIG. 1 of the plasma chamber of the generator;
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a modified form of injector useful in the apparatus shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a second embodiment of a plasma generator constructed in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a sectional view along the line 55 of FIG. 4, details of the structure defining the wall of the plasma chamber;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of induction coil energizing circuitry for use with the induction plasma generator arrangements shown in FIGS. 1-5;
  • FIG. 7 is an end view of the inductor tuning arrangement used in the circuit of FIG. 6;
  • FIG. 8 is an enlarged side view of a portion of the inductor tuning arrangement shown in FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 9a, b and c are a series of three curves indicating variation in oscillator parameters of the circuit shown in FIG. 6 as a function of the position of the variable control inductor;
  • FIG. 10 is a modified form of nozzle useful for processing particulate matter with the generators shown in FIGS. 1 and 4.
  • the plasma generator as shown in FIG. 1 includes a base 10 having a central bore 12 in which a main gas injector assembly 14 is mounted.
  • a groove 16 in the bore houses an O-ring 18 which is employed as a seal against the injector assembly and set screws 20 secure the injector assembly 14 in axial position relative to base 10.
  • the injector assembly includes a cylindrical body 22 (two inches in diameter) having a central material introducing passage 24 and three axially extending gas flow passages 26, 28, and 30.
  • a counterbore 32 at the upper end of cylinder 22 provides a seat for a mixer head which is secured in place by stud 42 (that has a hollow passageway 43 which is aligned with and forms an extension of passageway 24).
  • Mixer head 40 includes a cylindrical block 44 (1.875 inches in diameter) having at its upper end an annular distributor channel 45 (0.062 inch deep and 0.312 inch wide) over which is secured a ring 46 having a series of twelve 0.026-inch axial discharge ports 47 disposed in it on 1.200-inch diameter center.
  • channel 45 Immediately below channel 45 are two peripheral distributor channels 48 (in communication with passage 26) and 50 (in communication with passage 30).
  • annular ring 52 On the wall of the seated mixer body is an annular ring 52 having a set of twelve radially extending ports 54 (each 0.026 inch in diameter) disposed immediately in front of distributor channel 48 and a set of twelve swirl ports 56 (each 0.026 inch in diameter) disposed in front of distributor channel 50.
  • a spacer 60 which houses a transition channel-auxiliary gas injector structure.
  • Housing 62 in which induction coil 64 and plasma chamber defining quartz tube 66 are disposed, is in turn mounted on spacer 60.
  • Through bolts 68 pass through base 10 and spacer cylinder 60 into housing 62 and secure that assembly together.
  • End cap 70 on the upper end of housing 62 secured in position by bolts 72.
  • Transition channel structure 80 of two inches inner diameter and 4% inches long, includes a water cooled section made up of walls 82 and 84, upper header 85, lower header 86 and cylindrical quartz separator 88 one-half inch in length, the end of which is located substantially in alignment with the lower power lead of coil 64.
  • auxiliary gas injector structure 89 Surrounding transition channel 80 is an auxiliary gas injector structure 89 that includes an annular axially extending buffer passage 90, inch in width, and a surrounding annular axially extending main passage 92, inch in width.
  • Auxiliary gas is supplied to butter channel 90 through port 94 and passage 96; while the main flow of auxiliary gas is supplied through port 98 to distributor channel 100 and through radial ports 102 (42 in number, each 0.026 inch in diameter), and through a second main inlet including port 104 to distributor channel 106 and through swirl ports 108 (12 in number, each 0.026 inch in diameter).
  • auxiliary gas distributor and transition channel structure formed as an integral unit, are mechanically positioned with respect to injector structure 14 so that a precise coaxial configuration results.
  • Quartz tube 88 forms an extension of the inner wall of transition structure 80 so that a smooth flow of plasma gas (separate from the auxiliary gas supplied by injector structure 89) is provided along the walls of the quartz extension 88.
  • a coolant passage inlet 110 extends from the mating surface between cylinder 60 and housing 62, to the channel between walls 82 and 84 and an outlet passage 112 extends radially outwardly from the channel between Walls 82 and 84 at the side opposite inlet 110.
  • Housing 62 of a suitable material of uniform high dielectric integrity, which is unaffected by the coolant employed, a suitable material being polytetrafiuoroethylene (Teflon), has attached tubular electrical terminals 120, 122, each of which has a water cooled passageway 124.
  • the upper terminal is connected to terminal block 126, which in turn is connected to one end of coil 64 -inch round copper wire wound to provide five turns over a length of about 4 inches, about 3% inch I.D.).
  • the other end of coil 64 is connected to block 128 to which terminal 122 is threadedly connected.
  • the coolant passage 124 of terminal 122 is connected to passage in housing 62 which passage is in turn aligned with passage 110 in section 60.
  • a second passage 132 connected to annular chamber 134 in which coil 64 is disposed, permits coolant fiow upwardly past coil 64 and around the upper end of quartz tube 66 for return through exit passage 136 to the passage 124 in upper terminal 120.
  • the nozzle 140 secured to end cap 70 provides a restricted orifice through which both the plasma gas and the auxiliary gas flows.
  • the nozzle structure extends down into the plasma chamber defined by quartz tube 66 sufiiciently to interpose a shield opaque to radiation from the arc region between that are region (indicated at 142) and the upper quartz tube support O-ring 144.
  • the transition channel structure 80 provides a similar radiation opaque protective shield for lower O-ring 146.
  • a number of other O-ring seals 148 are provided between the mating components of the generator, end cap 70 and housing 66; housing 66 and cylinder 60; and auxiliary injector 89 and cylinder 60 and base 10.
  • a plasma is initiated by introducing argon gas at 30 s.c.f.h. through axial inlet ports 46 (passage 28) and 80 S.C.f.h. through inlet ports 56 (passage 30).
  • the plasma may be initiated by suitable means such as temporary insertion of a graphite rod into the plasma chamber where it is heated by the electromagnetic field established by coil 64.
  • the plasma sustaining argon flow is adjusted to the following values:
  • the resulting are 142 is of configuration generally as indicated in FIG. 1.
  • a gasfor chemical reaction or for analysis purposes may be supplied through ports 94, 98, and 104.
  • Port 94 is primarily for buffering purposes while the main gas flow is through port 98 (with added gas through port 104 is desirable).
  • hydrogen as the auxiliary gas has been heated to a temperature of 2800 F. at a flow rate of 3600 S.c.f.h. distributed among the auxiliary ports in the following quantities:
  • FIG. 3 A modification of the main gas injector, useful particularly with argon as the are forming gas as it produced longer and hotter gas stream issuing from the torch with the same power and allows a substantial increase in power capability of the generator without failure of quartz tube 66, is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the center section defined by stud 42 was /2 inch in diameter. Porosities of 1.5 to 25 microns which produced pressure drops of 30-70 to 714 inches of water respectively were operated satisfactorily.
  • That plasma generator has a base in which is supported a plasma gas (main) injector structure with a mixer head diagrammatically indicated at 40' and an auxiliary gas injector transition channel structure 60'. Disposed in structure 60 is a transition channel insert 150, 2% inches in inner diameter, and 6 /2 inches in length.
  • This transition channel 150 includes a base 152 which is threadedly secured to the section 60'; an inner metal wall 154 to which is secured a header 156 on which is received quartz tubular extension 158; and a surrounding tubular wall member 160 which depends from header 156 and forms with wall 154 an annular coolant channel 162.
  • a third tubular member 164 also secured to header 156, has a series of 42 axial ports 166 (0.026 inch in diameter) and a series of 6 swirl ports 167 (0.026 inch in diameter) in communication with annular chamber 168 formed between members 160 and 164.
  • This insert structure 150 is secured in structure 60' which includes coolant inlet 170, coolant outlet 172, and auxiliary gas inlet 174.
  • 0 rings 176 provide seals to isolate the coolant from the auxiliary gas.
  • a plasma chamber defining structure which includes a base 180 (functioning as a header) to which are secured in a ring a series of inch O.D., 0.085 I.D. copper tubes 182 spaced 0.022 inch apart.
  • the lower ends of the tubes are soldered to base 180 for communication with distributor channel 184 which in turn is connected to inlet port 186 and outlet port 188.
  • the upper ends of tubes 182 are similarly connected to header 190.
  • the distance headers 180 and 190 is 5% inches and the inner diameter of each header is three inches.
  • a ceramic (Rotasil) tube 192 Surrounding the set of tubes 182 is a ceramic (Rotasil) tube 192, 3 /2 inches ID. and 7% inches long. A six turn induction coil 64' of inch O.D. copper tubing surrounds the tube 192 and is connected to the power supply.
  • this metal wall structure to define the plasma chamber has been found to have particular advantage in operating the generator without auxiliary gas flow.
  • generators in Which the plasma chamber is defined by the ring of metal tubes have been operated with percentages of hydrogen in the main gas flow in excess of those percentages which would cause cracking of the quartz tube in a generator of the type shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • higher power densities were obtainable with the ring of tubular elements.
  • a power density of 60 kilowatts was obtainable while a power density of kilowatts was the maximum obtainable using a one-inch diameter quartz tube.
  • Ignition of this plasma generator configuration may be obtained by contacting a graphite plate on stud 42 of mixer with an energized electrode introduced axially through the discharge end of the plasma chamber. A DC are is drawn, ionizing gas in the chamber to which the electric field produced by coil 64 couples.
  • Argon center core1l5 s.c.f.h.
  • the plasma chamber structure shown in FIG. 1 may be substituted while locating the coil64 at the end of the quartz extension 158 in the same relation as shown in FIG. 4. Operation with the following values (which may be compared with those indicated above) was obtained:
  • Argon center corel20 s.c.f.h.
  • the heat energy in the gas leaving the torch was measured to be in excess of 40% of the DC input energy to the generator.
  • FIG. 6 A schematic diagram of an electrical system used with these plasma generators is shown in FIG. 6. That system includes an oscillator tube 210 to which DC. power is applied over lines 212, 214.
  • the plate (output electrode) 216 of tube 210 is coupled by blocking capacitor 218 to the main tank circuit that includes capacitors 220, 222, an adjustable inductor coil 224 and generator coil 64.
  • Connected to the grid (control electrode) 226 of tube 210 is capacitor 228 and continuously variable inductor 230.
  • Diagrammatic end and side views of continuously variable grid inductor 230 are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
  • the inductor coil 230 has thirty-six turns, one of which is contacted by a tap in the form of two juxtaposed discs.
  • FIGS. 9AC Variation of system plate voltage, plate amperage, and grid amperage as a function of the position of the tap on coil 230' under no load operation is indicated in FIGS. 9AC.
  • region 240 is first located (the region of maximum plate voltage [FIG. 9B] and minimum plate amperage [FIG. 9A]).
  • the plasma are 142 is then ignited to establish a load.
  • the setting of the grid inductor is then varied to maximize the grid amperage within region 240 and the power ratings of the system.
  • a modified nozzle structure 140' which has particular utility for introducing particulate material into the flow of heated gas from the plasma chamber is indicated in FIG. 10.
  • the nozzle has a discharge passage section 250, 1 /2 inches in diameter, and a tapered transition section that includes a first segment 252 disposed at a 45 angle to the axis of the generator and a second segment 254 disposed at a 60 angle to the axes of the generator.
  • Extending from the outer wall of the nozzle to the discharge passage section 250 are two opposed passages 256, 258, each of which is 0.082 inch in diameter and which is drilled at an angle of to the direction of gas flow through the discharge passage 250.
  • Flanges 260 and 262 provide clamping and sealing surfaces for securing the nozzle to the plasma genera tor structure.
  • particulate matter is introduced through passages 256, 258 into the stream of hot gas issuing from the plasma chamber.
  • the particulate material is introduced in a direction countercurrent to the gas flow and at a point within the cylindrical discharge passage section 250 so that it is acted on by the hot gas flow for a substantial period of time while none of the heated particulate matter impinges on any surface of the nozzle structure disposed at an angle to the direction of gas flow through the nozzle structure. In this manner all the heated particulate matter is carried out of the nozzle structure by the gas flow in the heat treatment process and does not accumulate on nozzle surfaces.
  • An induction plasma generator comprising means defining a plasma chamber including a multiplicity of closely spaced, axially extending tubular elements, means for passing coolant fluid through said tubular elements,
  • a main gas injector spaced from one end of said chamber for introducing a first gas for flow into said plasma chamber and conversion to plasma are condition under the influence of said electric field
  • a stabilizing structure of smaller cross-sectional dimension than said plasma chamber for introducing said first gas from said main injector to said plasma chamber in the vicinity of said electrical coil in a main stream coaxial with and spaced from the wall of said plasma chamber.
  • each said tubular element is a metal cylinder and the spacing between each pair of adjacent cylinders is less than 0.1 inch.
  • said gas injector includes a gas distributor body having a recess therein, and a porous disc element disposed over said recess between said recess and said plasma chamber for passing gas from said recess in the axial direction for flow through said plasma chamber, said disc element having porosity producing a gas flow pressure drop across said disc element of at least five inches of water.
  • said disc element is a metal element having a pore size of less than twenty-five microns.
  • An indution plasma generator comprising means defining a plasma chamber, an electrical coil surrounding said chamber, a high frequency oscillator for energizing said electrical coil, said oscillator including a control device having an output circuit and a control electrode, a tank circuit connected across the output circuit of said control device, said tank circuit including said electrical coil and a continuously variable inductor connected to said control electrode, said continuously variable inductor including a helical coil, a rotatable shaft coaxially disposed inside said helical coil, and a tap structure mounted on said rotatable shaft, said tap structure having an end portion in wiping engagement with a portion of one turn of said coil and adapted to be moved along said coil in a helical path to traverse the length of said coil in response to rotation of said shaft and a main gas injector spaced from one end of said chamber for introducing a first gas for flow into said plasma chamber and conversion into plasma are condition under the influence of said electric field.
  • An induction plasma generator comprising means defining a plasma chamber, a high frequency electrical coil surrounding said chamber for creating an electric field within said chamber, a main gas injector spaced from one end of said chamber for introducing a first gas for flow into said plasma chamber and conversion to plasma arc condition under the influence of said electric field, and a nozzle structure at the output end of said plasma chamber remote from said main injector, said nozzle structure defining an axially extending discharge passage section of substantially smaller crosssectional area than the cross-sectional area of said plasma chamber and a tapered transition section between said plasma chamber and said discharge passage section, said nozzle structure defining an axially extending distion passage having an outlet in said discharge passage section for injecting material into the gas flow in said tapered transition section at an angle greater than to the direction of gas flow through said discharge passage section so that the injected material is carried through said discharge passage section without impingement on a surface of said nozzle structure.
  • An induction plasma generator comprising means defining a plasma chamber
  • said plasma chamber defining means includes a multiplicity of closely spaced, axially extending tubular elements, and further including means for passing coolant fluid through said tubular elements.
  • each said tubular element is a metal cylinder and the spacing between each pair of adjacent cylinders is less than 0.1 inch.
  • An induction plasma generator comprising means defining a plasma chamber
  • a main gas injector spaced from one end of chamber for introducing a first gas for flow into said plasma chamber
  • said main gas injector includes a gas distributor body having a recess therein, and a porous disc element disposed over said recess between said recess and said recess and said plasma chamber for passing gas from said recess in the axial direction for flow through said plasma chamber, said disc element having porosity producing a gas flow pressure drop across said disc element of at least five inches of water.
  • said disc element is a metal element having a pore size of less than twenty-five microns.
  • An induction plasma generator comprising means defining a plasma chamber
  • a main gas injector spaced from one end of said chamber for introducing a first gas for flow into said plasma chamber and conversion to plasma are condition under the influence of said electric field, and a high frequency oscillator for energizing said electrical coil
  • said oscillator including a control device having an output circuit and a control electrode, a tank circuit connected across the output circuit of said control device, said tank circuit including said electrical coil, and a circuit including a continuously variable inductor element and a capacitor element connected to said control electrode
  • said continuously variable inductor element includes a helical coil, a rotatable shaft coaxially disposed inside said helical coil, and a tap structure mounted on said rotatable shaft, said tap structure having an end portion in wiping engagement with a portion of one turn of said coil and adapted to be moved along said coil in a helical path to traverse the length of said coil in response to rotation of said shaft.
  • said main gas injector includes a gas distributor body having a recess therein, and a porous disc element disposed over said recess between said recess and said plasma chamber for passing gas from said recess in the axial direction for flow through said plasma chamber, said disc element having a pore size of less than twenty-five microns and producing a gas flow pressure drop across said disc element of at least five inches of water.
  • said means defining a plasma chamber includes a multiplicity of axially extending metal cylinders spaced less than 0.1 inch apart, and further including means for passing coolant fiuid through said cylinders.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
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  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
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JP (2) JPS5014116B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
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Cited By (10)

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US3866089A (en) * 1972-08-16 1975-02-11 Lonza Ag Liquid cooled plasma burner
US4306175A (en) * 1980-02-29 1981-12-15 Instrumentation Laboratory Inc. Induction plasma system
US5216330A (en) * 1992-01-14 1993-06-01 Honeywell Inc. Ion beam gun
WO1998057528A1 (en) * 1997-06-11 1998-12-17 The Regents Of The University Of California Plasma torch
WO2008000608A1 (de) 2006-06-28 2008-01-03 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und ofen zum schmelzen von stahlschrott
US20150294842A1 (en) * 2012-11-28 2015-10-15 Exelon Generation Company Llc Electrical transformer
CN107969061A (zh) * 2017-12-23 2018-04-27 四川大学 一种加工硅基材料的大气感应耦合等离子体发生器
US10172226B2 (en) 2016-10-28 2019-01-01 Tibbar Plasma Technologies, Inc. DC-AC electrical transformer
US10178749B2 (en) 2016-10-27 2019-01-08 Tibbar Plasma Technologies, Inc. DC-DC electrical transformer
US10334713B2 (en) 2017-05-22 2019-06-25 Tibbar Plasma Technologies, Inc. DC to DC electrical transformer

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JPS5945900U (ja) * 1982-09-17 1984-03-27 住友電気工業株式会社 高周波誘導プラズマ用ト−チ

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US3324334A (en) * 1966-03-15 1967-06-06 Massachusetts Inst Technology Induction plasma torch with means for recirculating the plasma
US3347698A (en) * 1964-01-10 1967-10-17 Metco Inc Radio frequency plasma flame spraying
GB1100211A (en) * 1965-04-26 1968-01-24 Charles Sheer Improvements in or relating to an apparatus and method of transferring large amounts of energy to fluid
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US3077108A (en) * 1958-02-20 1963-02-12 Union Carbide Corp Supersonic hot gas stream generating apparatus and method
US3264508A (en) * 1962-06-27 1966-08-02 Lai William Plasma torch
GB1049536A (en) * 1962-09-28 1966-11-30 British Oxygen Co Ltd Method and apparatus for producing plasma jets
US3246115A (en) * 1963-06-03 1966-04-12 Giannini Scient Corp Arc compounded combustion and flame arrangement
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US3347698A (en) * 1964-01-10 1967-10-17 Metco Inc Radio frequency plasma flame spraying
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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3866089A (en) * 1972-08-16 1975-02-11 Lonza Ag Liquid cooled plasma burner
US4306175A (en) * 1980-02-29 1981-12-15 Instrumentation Laboratory Inc. Induction plasma system
US5216330A (en) * 1992-01-14 1993-06-01 Honeywell Inc. Ion beam gun
WO1998057528A1 (en) * 1997-06-11 1998-12-17 The Regents Of The University Of California Plasma torch
CN101479395B (zh) * 2006-06-28 2013-10-30 西门子公司 用于使废钢熔化的方法和熔炉
US20110203412A1 (en) * 2006-06-28 2011-08-25 Thomas Matschullat Method and furnace for melting steel scrap
RU2441078C2 (ru) * 2006-06-28 2012-01-27 Сименс Акциенгезелльшафт Способ и печь для плавления стального лома
US8137432B2 (en) 2006-06-28 2012-03-20 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method and furnace for melting steel scrap
WO2008000608A1 (de) 2006-06-28 2008-01-03 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren und ofen zum schmelzen von stahlschrott
US20150294842A1 (en) * 2012-11-28 2015-10-15 Exelon Generation Company Llc Electrical transformer
US9799493B2 (en) * 2012-11-28 2017-10-24 Tibbar Plasma Technologies, Inc. Electrical transformer
US10178749B2 (en) 2016-10-27 2019-01-08 Tibbar Plasma Technologies, Inc. DC-DC electrical transformer
US10172226B2 (en) 2016-10-28 2019-01-01 Tibbar Plasma Technologies, Inc. DC-AC electrical transformer
US10334713B2 (en) 2017-05-22 2019-06-25 Tibbar Plasma Technologies, Inc. DC to DC electrical transformer
CN107969061A (zh) * 2017-12-23 2018-04-27 四川大学 一种加工硅基材料的大气感应耦合等离子体发生器
CN107969061B (zh) * 2017-12-23 2023-09-19 四川大学 一种加工硅基材料的大气感应耦合等离子体发生器

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DE1764978C3 (de) 1974-04-04
JPS5014116B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-05-24
GB1231093A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-05-05
JPS5246079B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1977-11-21
DE1764978A1 (de) 1972-01-27
DE1764978B2 (de) 1973-09-06

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