US3528355A - Camera-processor - Google Patents

Camera-processor Download PDF

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Publication number
US3528355A
US3528355A US665048A US3528355DA US3528355A US 3528355 A US3528355 A US 3528355A US 665048 A US665048 A US 665048A US 3528355D A US3528355D A US 3528355DA US 3528355 A US3528355 A US 3528355A
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Prior art keywords
film
chamber
processing
exposure
aperture
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US665048A
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John Edward Blackert
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/22—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G03G15/26—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is obtained by projection of the entire image, i.e. whole-frame projection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03B—APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS OR FOR PROJECTING OR VIEWING THEM; APPARATUS OR ARRANGEMENTS EMPLOYING ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ACCESSORIES THEREFOR
    • G03B1/00—Film strip handling
    • G03B1/42—Guiding, framing, or constraining film in desired position relative to lens system
    • G03B1/48—Gates or pressure devices, e.g. plate
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing

Definitions

  • Rapid processing may be defined as a technique that produces a usuable picture in much less time, usually in the order of a few seconds, than is possible by conventional processing means.
  • the rapidity of processing micro-images has become of significant importance in recent years due to the large advance of industry, government, and others to move to a microfilmsystem for the storage of information.
  • a migration imaging member comprising a conductive substrate'with a layer of softenable or soluble material containing photosensitive particles overlying the conductive substrate is imaged in the following manner: a latent image is formed on'the photoconductive surface, for example by uniform electrostatic charging and exposure to a pattern of activating radiation. The softenable or soluble layer is then developed by exposing the plate to a solvent which dissolves or softens only the solublelayer.
  • the photoconductive particles which have been exposed to radiation migrate through 'the softenable layer as'it is'softened and dissolved leaving an image on the conductive substrate'conforming to a negative of the original.
  • Onetherefore gets a positive to negative image.
  • either positive to positive or positive to negative images may be made depending on the materials used and other factors.
  • Those portions of the photoconductivelayer which do not migrate to the conductive substrate are typically washed away by the solvent with the soluble layer or form a background in or on the softenable layer where the softenable layer issoftened-instead of dissolved during development.
  • a layered configuration comprising a substrate coated with a layer of softenable material containing a layer of photoconductive material, usually incoherently embedded at the upper surface of the softenable layer; a binder structure in which the photoconductive particles are dispersed throughout the softenable layer which overcoats-a substrate; and an overcoated structure in which a substrate is overcoated with .a layer of softenable material followed by an overcoating of photoconductive particles and a second overcoating of softenable material which sandwiches the photoconductive particles.
  • the migration imaging process generally comprises a combination of process steps including the formation of a latent image and the developing thereof with a solvent, a vapor, or heat, or combinations thereof.
  • I967 filed in the names of M. Levy and W.L. Goffe discloses structure for migration imaging using a process which includes forming a latent image on a photoconductive surface such as by uniformly electrostatically charging under dark room conditions, and exposing to a pattern of activating radiation.
  • the softenable layer of the material, which is of the type described above is then developed for a few seconds in a solvent vapor while still being kept under dark room conditions thereby causing a selective migration of photoconductive particles in the areas exposed to radiation. These particles move down to or near the conductive substrate.
  • the vapor developed structure is then subjected to heat causing the photoconductive particles in the areas unexposed to radiation to agglomerate or flocculate often accompanied by fusion of the photoconductive particles thereby resulting in a very low background density.
  • Another sequence of processing steps resulting in the same imaging is that the migration image, that was previously uniformly charged and exposed may be formed by heat followed by exposure to solvent vapors and then heated for a second time.
  • the vapor technique of forming a migration image it should be noted that there is no wash-away of any portion of the material found in or on the film base.
  • a further object of this invention is to improve automatic camera-processors for making continuous film reproductions of original objects.
  • Another object of this invention is to improve migration imaging camera-processors as well as camera-processors for exposing and developing silver halide films.
  • Still another object is to improve an automatic cameraprocessor for migration imaging films.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a vertical camera-processor unit
  • 1 FIG. 2 isa side elevation partly in section of a cameraprocessor partly-in section with covers removed to show essential components
  • FIG. 3 is an end view with parts broken away to show essential components
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic electrical wiring diagram of the exposure and processing operations of the camera-processor;
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic electrical wiring diagram of the corotron charging circuit;
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the simultaneous operation of the exposure and developing of silver halide film
  • FIGS. 7 through 9 are block diagrams showing the simultaneous exposure and processing of migration imaging film
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram for the processing of the migration imaging film of FIG. 7;
  • FIG. 11 is the valve timing diagram for the processing system of FIG. 10;
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram for the processing of the photographic film of FIG. 6.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram for the processing of the migration imaging film of FIG. 8.
  • FIG. I a schematic representation of a camera-processor in accordance with the invention hereof.
  • the apparatus shown in this representative embodiment may be used for exposing and processing silver halide film, both transparent and opaque type, as well as the new migration imaging films described hereinabove.
  • the schematic shows a vertical camera orientation wherein the film to be processed is maintained in a horizontal position during both exposure at the exposure station 22 and processing at the processing station 24.
  • the film 20 is held on a film supply spool 26 and is threaded through a pair of rollers including an idler roller 28 and a pressure roller 30 which contact the film on either side thereof at a common tangent between the two rollers.
  • a film drive roller 32 which co-acts with a pressure roller 34 at a common tangent through the surface of the film.
  • the film is driven by the roller 32 to the film take-up spool 36 which is biased to maintain a slight tension on the film such that it gathers the film being fed thereto from the drive roller 32.
  • the film once threaded is driven past the exposure station 22 and the processing station 24 as well as a heating unit 38 which is interposed at the path of the film between the drive roller and take-up spool 36 although it may be operably positioned at any place along the film path after the processing station.
  • the heater may be of any form, for example, a radiant heater as shown, or an oven or heated roll or the like.
  • a lens and shutter and bellows assembly generally designated 40.
  • a corotron 42 for uniformly electrostatically charging the migration imaging films that may be used in this system is also located at exposure station 22.
  • a chamber 44 having an inlet 46 and outlet 48 with a heating element 50 juxtaposed to the film but within the chamber. The heating element is spaced from the film such that there is a hollow portion of the chamber through which the processing fluids flow to contact the film surface clamped against the chamber during the processing step.
  • An aerosol can 45 is shown connected to ingress port 46.
  • the can contains a development vapor for migration imaging films. The vapor is released into the chamber 44 to contact the sensitive film surface by pressing the valve 47 on the can. The vapor may exit to the atmosphere or a container (not shown).
  • the back pressure plate 52 of the camera-processor is held by bracket 54 for movement to contact the rear surface of the film 20 causing a pressure fit between the front or sensitive surface of film 20 and the exposure and processing stations of the camera-processor unit.
  • the film contacting portion of the back plate 52 contains a film exposure vacuum back 56 which maintains the film in a fiat plane at the focal length of the lens within assembly 40.
  • the vacuum back operates through a vacuum tube 58 connected toa vacuum pump (not shown).
  • the film contacting portion of back plate 52 located at the processing station 24 of the camera-processor contains a rubber pressure pad 60 which maintains the film in a tight relationship against the aperture of the chamber 44 so that the fluids flowing therein are not likely to escape between the aperture of the chamber 44 and the contacting surface of the film 20.
  • the bracket 54 which positions't'he back plate 52 of the camera-processor tightly against the film 20 and exposure and processing stations is attachedto the back plate 52 by any means or formed as an integral part thereof.
  • the bracket is pinned or otherwise attached to a solenoid 64 and connecting shaft 66 for moving the back plate 52 into and out of pressure contact with the film for exposing and processing or for indexing.
  • the back plate 52 is removed from contact with the film 20 which then may be driven by drive roller 32 toward take-up spool 36 and indexed in such a way that a new portion of film 20 is presented at exposure station 22 for exposure to an object or document while that portion of film 20 which'was previously exposed at exposure station 22 is positioned to processing station 24.
  • the portion of the film previouslv exposed becomes a frame and may be processed simultaneously with the exposure of the next frame of the film while the back plate 52 again contacts and maintains the film 20 against the exposure station 22 and processing station 24.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown a side view of a camera-processor apparatus encompassing the invention herein.
  • a housing 68 Enclosed within a housing 68 is apparatus somewhat similar to that shown schematically in FIG. 1.
  • a film supply spool 26 engaged by a cam 70 to load a spring acting much the same as a friction clutch for variable drag on the supply spool 26.
  • the film 20 fed from supply spool 26 passes over guide rollers including a drop center idling roller 72 and a pressure roller 74 both suitably journaled for rotation within a mounting plate 76 which is spring biased by spring 78.
  • a set screw 80 bracketed onto the housing 68 by a bracket 82 held through a screw 84 regulates the pressure the roller 74 exerts on the film.
  • the set screw is positioned by nut 86 such that the mounting plate 76 and the rollers mounted thereon maintain the film 20 out of contact with the exposure station 22 and the processing station 24 when the back pressure plate 88 is out of engagement with the rear side of the film 20.
  • the positioning of the mounting bracket 76 by the set screw is such that it further insures contact between the film 20 and the grounding strips 90 which is necessary in processing electrostatic sensitive films.
  • the grounding strips 90 are mounted by a screw 92 to the housing frame by a conductive strip 94.
  • a lens and shutter assembly designated as number 40 and an adjustable bellows 96 for forming a focused image at the film plane established by the vacuum pressure platen 56 of back pressure plate 88.
  • the pressure plate 56 consists of a hard material such as a hard rubber plate 98 to maintain flat ness of the film 20 in the proper plane at the exposure station.
  • the plate 98 is channeled to hold the film flat over its entire surface when a vacuum is drawn through tubing 58.
  • the back plate 88 not only locates the film in the correct plane for exposure, but also seals the film against the processing chamber during operation of the processing and exposure cycle.
  • the focusing is accomplished by moving the bellows and lens and shutter away from or closer to the exposure station of the camera by hand turning knob 102 thereby moving frame 104 along rails 106.
  • Shutter tripping may be manually set or automatically operated by a solenoid.
  • the focus of the object at the film plane may be visibly examined by substituting a ground glass plate for the channeled hard vacuum back member 98 and the film exposure vacuum'back 56. This may easily be accomplished by sliding the vacuum back with the channeled platen 56 attached, to one side or the other of the exposure station and inserting therein a piece of ground glass at the image plane of the exposure station.
  • a corona charging member such as corotron 107 held in position by screws 108 and maintained in a shield 110 which holds the corotron wire and the corotron electrical lead 112.
  • the corotron wire is positioned approximately 0.6 inches from the film.
  • the film is held against the aperture 114 of the exposure station 22 by the channeled vacuum back member 98 held within the back plate 88 of the camera-processor.
  • the back plate 88 maintains the film against the aperture 114 of the exposure station 22 by the channeled member 98 while holding another portion of the film tight against the processor chamber 116 by 7 rubber pressure pad 118.
  • the operation of the back plate 88 is controlled by the back plate drive gear box 120 which is mounted by screws 122 to the housing 68 and pinned at pin 124 to a threaded shaft 126 maintaining a limit nut 128 thereon which is alternately brought into contact with limit switches 130 and 132.
  • the limit nut is intimately connected with latching pin 134 which is kept in operative contact with back plate 88 by a back release pin 136 mounted in a slot 138 of back plate 88 and removable from said slot to release the back plate 88 from the latching pin 134 and the back plate drive mechanism for easy maintenance of theexposure and processing areas of the apparatus.
  • the back plate 88 is pivotably mounted at pivot shaft 140 both for normal cycle indexing and for maintenance.
  • the housing 68 has a back door, the frame 141 for which is shown in FIG. 3. This makes removal of parts easier. There are also side doors for film threading or general repair work. The frames 143 are shown for them.
  • the processingchamber 116 has an ingress port 142 and an egress port 144 and an intermediate fluid flow portion 146 at which position the fluid passing through chamber 116 contacts the film 20 located at the aperture of the chamber 116.
  • the fluid is directed to the chamber 116 by any connecting means such as tubing 148.
  • the film is driven by drive roller 32 and held tightly thereagainst by pressure roller 34.
  • the film is then threaded or positioned over a heated roller 150 and then to take-up spool 36 which is driven to keep tension on the film maintained thereon by a drive belt 152 which is connected to drive roller 32.
  • FIG. 3 is an end view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 and represents an embodiment of a horizontal camera-processor capable of exposing and processing several types of photosensitive films.
  • the supply reel 26 with the film 20 coming therefrom to be passed over the grounding strips 90 and to the exposure station 22 and processing station 24 before passing through drive roller 32 and pressure roller 34 for deposition upon take-up spool 36.
  • the corotron 107 At the exposure station 22 is shown the corotron 107 within its shield 110 at one of its two normal stop'positions to the sides of the exposure aperture 114.
  • the corotron and its shield are driven by a small synchronous drive motor M-l mounted on a mounting plate 154 and supported by a frame 156.
  • the drive operates through a timing belt, reduction gear and left-right hand cylindrical cam (none shown).
  • the corotron drive motor brings the corona emitting corotron and its shield across aperture 114 at about 0.8 inches per second to charge a migration imaging film for subsequent exposure and processing.
  • a voltage range from about 100 to 300 volts on the film has been 7 found to yield particularly good results on a film having a photoconductive surface of selenium in the thermoplastic resin on a metalized Mylar base.
  • optimum results are obtained when the voltage is from about to 150 volts.
  • Corotron voltages may reach 7,000 volts and higher. When the corotron reaches the other side of the aperture 114 from where it is shown at rest it once again comes to rest and remains so until the next frame of film is required for charging and exposing.
  • the face view of the chamber 116 with its flow plate 146 there is shown the face view of the chamber 116 with its flow plate 146.
  • the chamber is fastened to the body of the camera-processor housing 68 by such means as screws 158.
  • the chamber obtains its fluids via intake tubing 159 and the fluids, after processing, are removed from the chamber and brought to a waste station or are recirculated via outlet tubing 160. Both the intake tubing 159 and outlet tubing 160 are passed through the wall of the housing 68 through suitable apertures placed therein.
  • the pivot pin 140 is shown in its relative position to the exposure and processing stations of the camera-processor.
  • At the lower portion of the back plate 88 below the pivot pin 140 are two slotted bosses 162 and 163 both of which are notched to retain the latching pin 134 -which is connected through suitable linkage to the gear box for driving the back plate into and out of pressure contact with the rear surface of the film.
  • the back plate drive linkage 164 engages the latching pin 134 to cause the actual movement of the back plate.
  • the pin 136 and a connecting shaft 166 perpendicular to the pin are movable upward to disengage the retaining pin 134 which may then be slipped through the drive linkage 164 which will allow the back plate 88 to pivot around its pivot pin for easier maintenance of the exposure and processing stations.
  • the back plate drive gear box 120 (shown in FIG. 2) is driven by a reversible main motor M-2 through a gear head 168, a coupling 170 and a shaft 172 held by bearing blocks 174 and 176.
  • the drive of the motor M-2 is connected with the gear box 120 by a timing belt 178 mounted on a pulley 180 and a shaft 182 which is held in position by a bearing 184 mounted on a frame member 186.
  • the operation of the back plate through the gear box 120 is directed through a clutch mechanism 188 which acting with the reversible motor M-2 provides the necessary forward and back movement to release the back plate from the rear surface of the film and move it back thereto after the film has been indexed.
  • a flexible coupling 190 has been added to shaft 192 in order to avoid the problems of alignment.
  • the drive pulley 32 which actually drives the film '20 through the exposure station and processing station and eventually to the take-up spool 36 is driven by the same motor M-2 that drives the back plate.
  • the operation of the drive roller however is through the bearing blocks 176 and 172 and. an electric slip clutch 194 and an electric brake 196 the latter being necessary to insure precise single frame indexing of the exposed film.
  • the drive shaft serves to turn a drive pulley 198 which in turn drives a timing belt 202 and a second pulley 204.
  • Pulley 204 is co-axially shafted to pulley 32 by a shaft 206 and separated from pulley' 32 by a spacer 208 and a pulley 210 around which the drive belt 152 operates to turn the take-up pulley 36.
  • the shaft 206 is the drive shaft for drive pulley 32 which actually moves the film through the camera-processor.
  • Pressure roller 34 is spaced to engage the rear portion of the film at drive pulley 32 by a spacer 212 and is equipped with a knot 214 to permit an operator to remove the roller 34 for easier threading of the film 20 around the drive pulley 32.
  • the heated roller 150 is joumaled through a bearing in the housing 68 to make it freely rotatable moving frictionally with the film as the latter passes over it.
  • the heated roller 150 may be intermittently heated and cooled or constantly held up to operating temperature. It can be maintained against the film in a between frame position or can be rotated out of position after the index step. An oven or radiant heater can be substituted for the roller 150 with the same results being achieved on the film as is necessary for the processing cycles hereinafter described.
  • the melting temperature of a typical film base such as Mylar is 340F.
  • the heat required to agglomerate migration imaging film background is approximately l90F., therefore, the roller can remain in contact with the film even when the film is stationary without causing damage. This is also the case with an oven or radiant or combination heater.
  • FIGS. 69 show the cycles of the cameraprocessor for exposing and processing the different types of film indicated in the uppermost block of each of the FIGS.
  • the cyclic operation of the camera-processor is shown in these figures by reading down the blocks.
  • the activities listed on parallel lines indicates simultaneous action and for individual activities placed along the same line as other individually listed activities indicates sequential operation.
  • the film is loaded with the pressure platen 88 being in its nonoperating rearward position in relation to the exposure station and the chamber. This permits the easy threading of the film through the camera-processor.
  • the pressure roll 74 and the lower pressure roll 34 are moved away from the guide rollers 72 and 32, respectively, so that the film passes therebetween to be threaded over and fed on the take-up spool 36.
  • the pressure platen 88 closes the seats against the block housing the exposure station and the processor chamber. This places the film in the correct plane for exposure and firmly seats the previously exposed film portion against the process chamber.
  • the amount of pressure which the back plate 88 places against the chamber can be varied by controlling the current level of the drive clutch 188.
  • the back plate 88 pivots away from the process chamber and exposure station, the vacuum is removed from the channeled hard exposure back 98 and the film is indexed one frame by operation of motor M-2 acting through clutch 194 and electric break 196. The back plate 88 then closes and the cycle at the exposure station and the process station may be repeated.
  • FIG. 4 shows an electrical schematic diagram of the simultaneous operation of the exposure and processing stations of the camera-processor.
  • Start switch SW-l has two contacts. The first contact denoted SW-1A sends power to relay CR-l which closes the contact CR-l. This energizes the motor M-l which moves the corotron 107 across the aperture 114 to charge the film portion at the exposure station 22. As the corotron moves past the aperture, it opens normally closed limit switch LS-1. This de-activates the motor M-l. A second limit switch LS-2 is normally open but is closed by the corotron reaching the end of its sweep of the film.
  • Closing of switch LS-2 activates time delay relay CR-Z momentarily closing contact CR-2A thereby activating solenoid SOL-1 used for tripping the shutter at the exposure station.
  • the time delay relay CR-2 also closes contact CR-2B which activates relay CR-3 in turn closing contact CR-3 which thereafter maintains relay CR-3 in an energized state while indicating the end of the exposure cycle.
  • the start button closes contact SW-lB activating the solenoids on the fluid valves in the proper sequence to process the film at the process station.
  • a relay closes contact CR-4 which maintains the relay CR-4 (not shown) in an energized state and indicates the end of the processing cycle.
  • relay CR-S is activated thus permitting the start of the indexing cycle.
  • a contact opens de-activating the entire system by de-energizing all of the relays and thereby readying the system for a subsequent restart.
  • FIG. 5 is an electrical schematic of the switch-over of the corotron voltage from positive to negative to achieve certain results herein mentioned for development of the migration imaging films.
  • a contact relay CR-6 maintains the output of a high voltage power supply such that the polarity of the voltage contacting the corotron wire 107 is positive by having the contact CR-6A connect the positive pole output of the high voltage power supply to the corotron wire and the contact CR-6B connect the negative pole of the high voltage power supply to the corotron shield or ground.
  • the contacts CR-6A and CR-6B switch the output poles of the high voltage power supply to the corotron wire and shield thus making the corotron wire negative thereby producing a negative corona discharge on the corotron for contact with the photoelectrosolographic film.
  • a resistor R-l is placed in the line leading from contact CR-6B to the corotron wire thereby reducing the effective negative voltage reaching the corotron wire when the relay CR-6 is activated. This permits a lower voltage supply to the corotron wire when in the negative mode then is supplied to the wire when in the positive mode.
  • Switch SW-3 turns the high voltage power supply on and off.
  • SILVER HALIDE PROCESSING The operation of processing silver halide film is shown in the block diagram of FIG. 6.
  • a silver halide roll film input is threaded as is the film 20 in FIGS. 1-3.
  • an input original is illuminated by any suitable radiation emitting source and the first frame at exposure station 22 is exposed to the light rays of the input original for a time sufficient to affect the photosensitive materials.
  • the film is then indexed so that the frame just exposed enters into the processing station 24 and a second frame is brought to the exposure station 22.
  • the back plate 88 of the camera-processor is moved away from the film when this index step takes place and then is moved to its operating position to clamp the film 20 to the exposure station 22 and the processing station 24 such that there is a fluid tight seal at the chamber 116.
  • the film is held flat at the exposure aperture 114.
  • silver halide developer solution such as hydroquinone phenidone flows past the previously exposed frame of the silver halide film thus reducing to metallic silver those portions of the film exposed to the light.
  • the fluid flows in a laminar flow stream against gravity in a highly controlled manner to activate the photosensitive substances in the silver halide film. Both the exposure and processing occur simultaneously.
  • the flow of the developer fluid is withdrawn by suitable valves external to the camera-processor and a fix solution, for example ammonium thiocyanate, flows past the film at the chamber.
  • the fix solution valve cuts off the flow and a third source of fluid supply provides a rinse fluid, usually water, to the chamber to remove any residual developer and the fix solution.
  • a rinse fluid usually water
  • the film is dried in the chamber either by an internal heater such as is shown schematically in FIG. 1 and designated by the numeral 50 or warm air or the like brought into contact with the film by flowing through the chamber.
  • the motor M-2 is activated and acting through belt 178 and clutch 188 the apparatus causes the back plate gear box to rotate, bringing the limit nut 126 toward limit switch 132 and causing the back plate 88 to pivot on its axis so that the upper portion moves away from the back portion of the film.
  • the clutch 188 is disengaged and the movement of the back plate 88 ceases.
  • electric clutch 194 operates to turn the drive roller 32 in a clockwise direction causing the film to move toward take-up spool 36.
  • the electric brake 196 stops the operation of the drive roller 32 and the film comes to rest.
  • the clutch 188 operates to cause the gear box 120 to rotate in the opposite direction to that which removed the back plate 88 from the film.
  • This causes limit nut 128 to move toward limit switch 130 and through the linkage with back plate 88.
  • This causes the back plate to return to its active position clamping the film 20 against the exposure aperture and the chamber such that the portion of the film previously exposed is now within the processing area at the opening of the chamber and a new unexposed and unprocessed portion of the film 20 is at the exposure station.
  • the completed output from a continuous cycling would be a roll of film in a form collated according to the input supplied and completely processed, fixed and dried.
  • FIG. 7 represents a block diagram for the development of a migration imaging film. After the exposure of the first frame and the first indexing, there is at the exposure station 22 a portion of film that has been neither activated, exposed nor processed while, at the processing station 24, there is a section of film that has been both charged and exposed. The cycle continues with a migration imaging film input designated in the preceding figures by the numeral 20. At the exposure station 22 the film is charged with a uniform charge of between and 300 volts depending on the material and on results required such as positive or negative imaging, etc.
  • a liquid developer such as trichloroethane or the like capable of dissolving the soluble layer is brought into contact with the film surface at the processing station.
  • the solvent dissolves only the soluble layer.
  • the photosensitive coating of particles migrates through the soluble layer in image configuration as the soluble layer dissolves, leaving an image of migrated particles correspond ing to the radiation pattern of an original on the substrate with material of the soluble layer and the unmigrated portions of the photosensitive coating being substantially completely washed away with removal thereof through the egress tubing 144.
  • the photosensitive coating is made generally and preferably of selenium or alloys or compositions thereof.
  • the portions that are removed are in image configuration are either the background on a positive image system or the image areas on a negative imaging system (depending on previous action such as described in the preceding paragraph).
  • the valve leadingto the source of the development liquid is then closed and the chamber is allowed to drain or is positively cleaned of the development liquid.
  • the film is dried by using the heater mechanism designated numeral 50 in FIG. 1 or by passing warm air through the chamber to dry the film surface.
  • the control mechanism operates motor M-2.
  • M-2 functions in the same manner as described above for silver halide film and the entire roll of film is indexed one frame for the continuation of the cycle described above.
  • the output of the finished roll of film is a single roll collated in accordance with the input originals and fully processed and dried.
  • FIG. 8 shows another method which the apparatus described in FIGS. 1-3 is capable of achieving for exposing and processing migration imaging film.
  • the cycle continues for the remainder of the film that is to be exposed in that the corotron 107 traverses the exposure aperture 114 through the action of motor M-l as described for the process represented by FIG. 7.
  • the cylindrical cam which drives the corotron is a double cam to permit motion of the corotron and shield in either direction across the aperture 114. For each single frame, however, the movement of the corotron across-the aperture need be only in one direction.
  • the processing of the previously charged and exposed frame is done simultaneously with the charging and exposing of the frame located at the exposure station 22. With this method, however, an easier processing system is employed.
  • a simple chamber such as the type shown schematically in FIG. 1 may be used and the only fluid flow need be a vapor of trichloroethylene or a similar substance to cause a migration of the surface particles of the film through the softened interface layer, such layer being softened by the application of the vapor trichloroethylene.
  • the migration is caused by the strong attraction due to the electrostatic charge on the surface of the film. After the migration there are particles of the selenium or other photosensitive surface coating of the film at the surface and other particles at the conductive substrate of the film and a visible but difficult to discern image now appears on the film.
  • FIG. 9 represents an alternative means of achieving the same results and employing the same method for exposing and processing migration imaging film as'shown in the block diagram of FIG. 8.
  • the major difference here being that the application of heat to the exposed and partially processed sensitive film occurs not in the chamber nor in the processing area but at a time after the indexing of the film.
  • the simultaneous charging, exposure and processing in this operation occurs with only the vapor development in the chamber.
  • the vapor development occurs in a matter of -15 seconds depending on vapor concentration and temperature.
  • the indexing occurs and the film is passed through a heating means such as an oven or radiant heater of the type depicted in FIG.
  • the heating element be it an oven or radiant heat source or roller or the like, may be constantly in operation or may be operated intermittently while the film is being indexed. It can be activated either while the film is moving or after it has come to a stop for another frame to be processed.
  • the film should be heated to approximately 190F. for agglomeration of the background particles.
  • the output from the cameraprocessor is again a roll of film that has been processed and fixed.
  • the fluid handling system of FIG. 10 shows a schematic dia- 7 gram of the flow system employed in the processing of the migration imaging film described by the block diagram of FIG. 7. It shows in conjunction with the valve timing diagram of FIG. 11, the flow system for bringing the necessary fluids to the process chamber to develop the film through liquid development.
  • the lines above the valve numbers indicate the valves are open.
  • a line below the valve number shows the valve is closed.
  • the vacuum pump P-l is continually operating throughout the operation of the cameraprocessor.
  • the valve V-l is normally in the open position and as the process starts, the valve V-3 closes and V-2 opens its a port.
  • a developer liquid such as trichloroethylene comes from the development solution sump 300 and passes through the tubing leading therefrom through valve V-2a through the ingress port 216 of the chamber where it contacts the previously charged and exposed migration imaging film and then exits the chamber at port 218 passing through the open valve V-l to be deposited in the solution separator tank 302 where the spent solution is permitted to separate out and air is drawn through the vacuum pump.
  • V-2 After the 2 second development, a timer shifts V-2 to its b position. Valve V-3 opens at the same time so that the pump P-l can clear the solvent out of the tubing from V-3 to the pump by pulling the air from the atmosphere through V-3 and bringing the solution in the line down through V-l to be separated at tank 302. With V-2b open, gravity causes the flow of liquid from the chamber side of V-3 through the tubing of V-2 through outlet b and to either a waste container 304 or through a filter 306 to be recirculated in the development solution held in tank 300. The filter 306 removes any solid material such as selenium photoconductor that has been washed off the film during the development cycle. This drain step takes approximately 2 seconds.
  • valve V-4 opens and valve V-3 closes at the same time.
  • Air held under pressure of approximately 20 pounds per square inch in container 308 pushes through open valve V-4, bypassing closed valve V-3, to enter the chamber in a reverse manner from the developer fluid flow i.e. entering port 218 and exiting from port 216, and then passes through valve V-2b where the air is allowed to escape through the waste container 304.
  • This movement of air not only acts to dry the film in the chamber but also to dry the lines of liquid and vapor that have accumulated therein.
  • This step takes approximately 5 seconds.
  • valves V-l, V-2b and V-4 close preventing any flow of any substance through the chamber while the film is indexed.
  • the air in container 308 may be heated to more rapidly provide a drying of the film at the chamber but this is not essential.
  • the cycle repeats itself in the same manner as described above.
  • FIG. 12 shows the fluid handling system for development of silver halide emulsion film in the camera-processor.
  • the steps are very similar to those for liquid development of the photoelectrosolographic film except that two extra tanks are added to the developer tank 300. These contain a fixer and a rinse solution.
  • the vacuum pump P-l is constantly running as long as the camera-processor is in operation.
  • the valves V-l, V-2a and V-S open. (All valves are closed unless otherwise indicated.) Valve V-2 is open to its a" position.
  • a developer fluid such as hydroquinone phenidone passes through valves V-S and V-2a into the chamber through valve V-ll and down to the separator tank 302 which traps the liquid developer and allows air to go through the pump to be dispersed to the atmosphere.
  • valve V-2 closes at its a position and opens to its b position permitting drainage of the developer from valve V-3 through the chamber and through the tubing leading from valve V-2. This drain is deposited in a waste container 304.
  • the valve V-3 opens to permit the vacuum pump to clear solution from the lines from a point at valve V-3 through valve V-l and to the solution separator container 302.
  • the system cycles through the develop end and drain steps to bring the fixer solution in contact with the film and drained to the waste position.
  • valve V-6 and V-3 close and V-7 opens allowing a rinse solution such as water to circulate from the rinse tank 312 through the develop and drain steps just as the developer and fixer solutions did before.
  • Valve V-7 now closes as does V-3.
  • Valve V-4 opens permitting air to come through valve V-4 to the chamber and down through valve V-2b to dry the film and drive out all the fluids from the tubing system.
  • the tanks holding the developer fixer and rinse solutions are immersed in a water bath 314 for temperature control.
  • FIG. 13 shows the fluid handling system for development of migration imaging films by a vapor as shown by the block diagrams in FIGS. 8 or 9.
  • a schematic method of vapor generating which is only by way of example.
  • the vapor generator is always in operation as long as the camera-processor is in operation and it bubbles air under pressure in tank 320 through a valve V-8 into a liquid bath of the solution required to be vaporized held with a container 322.
  • a vacuum pump P-2 which has a vacuum control valve V-9 in the fluid release line with a port designated b open to atmosphere.
  • valve V-I0 opens permitting a flow of vapor from the vapor generator container 322 through the process chamber and through and out of the vacuum pump.
  • valve V10 opens to its b position to permit air to flow through the chamber thus clearing it and the tubing leading therefrom of vapor which is evacuated through pump P-2.
  • valve V-9 is opened to its air b position closing off the vacuum pulling through the process chamber without requiring the shutdown of the vacuum pump.
  • Apparatus for imaging on photosensitive film comprising:
  • indexing means for advancing photosensitive film through a predetermined path
  • an exposure station positioned along said path incorporating means to expose said film to a radiation pattern
  • means to seal the chamber aperture with the film comprising a film back pressure plate mounted for movement to contact the film back, which is the side of the film opposite said film front facing said chamber aperture, causing a pressure fit between the front surface of the film and the portions of the chamber defining the aperture to thereby contact and cover the aperture with the front surface of the film; and
  • fluid transport means to transport at least one fluid to said chamber wherein said fluid contacts and affects a sensitive side of said film.
  • the apparatus of claim 1 including in combination a heating means within said chamber and adjacent said aperture.
  • Apparatus for imaging on photosensitive film comprising:
  • indexing means for advancing photosensitive film through a predetermined path
  • an exposure station positioned along said path incorporating optical projection means to expose said film to a radiation pattern and further incorporating means to position the film in the focal plane of said optical projection means comprising a fiat vacuum platen parallel to the focal plane on the side opposite said optical projection means from the film, such that the film is interposed therebetween;
  • c. means to present a vacuum at said vacuum platen for drawing the film thereat to said platen such that the sensitive surface of the film lies substantially in the focal plane and substantially flat;
  • a processing chamber along the path of the film after said exposure station, the processing chamber having an aperture in the chamber wall, said film being positioned to en- 7 gage the chamber at the aperture;
  • fluid transport means to transport at least one fluid to said chamber wherein said fluid contacts and affects a sensitive side of said film.
  • Apparatus for imaging on photoelectrically sensitive film comprising:
  • a. indexing means for advancing said film through a predetermined path
  • an exposure station positioned along said path incorporating means to expose said film to a radiation pattern
  • fluid transport means to transport at least one fluid to said chamber wherein said fluid contacts and affects a sensi tive side of said film
  • a light-tight box adapted to contain said exposure station and said processing chamber and portions of said film therein, the apparatus further including within said box an electrostatic charging means positioned along the path of the film and adapted to sensitize the film before'the film is exposed.
  • said electrostatic charging means includes a corona generating means fixedly attached to said light-tight box and operatively positioned transverse to the film path such that it charges that portion of the film entering the exposure station as the indexing means moves the film to such station whereby the film traverses the corona generating means in the film path.
  • Apparatus for imaging on photoelectrically sensitive film comprising:
  • a. indexing means for advancing said film through a predetermined path
  • electrostatic charging means positioned along the path of the film and adapted to sensitize the film before it is exposed; wherein said electrostatic charging means has a power supply and control circuit associated therewith to activate said charging means to selectively emit a positive or negative charge as the film and electrostatic charging means move relative to one another;
  • an exposure station positioned along said path incorporating means to expose said film to a radiation pattern
  • a processing chamber along the path of the film after said exposure station, the processing chamber having an aperture in the chamber wall, said film being positioned to engage the chamber at the aperture; wherein said chamber has associated therewith means to seal the chamber aperture with the film causing a pressure fit between the film and the exterior portions of the chamber wall defining the periphery of the aperture to thereby cover the aperture with film, to prevent escape of fluids from said chamber during processing of the film;
  • a light-tight box adapted to contain said exposure station and said processing chamber and portions of said film therein;
  • fluid transport means to transport at least one fluid to said chamber wherein said fluid contacts and effects a sensitive side of said film.
  • said fluid transport means includes a vaporgenerator adapted to contain at least one fluid and conduit means connected between said generator and said chamber whereby the vapor is made operable at the chamber.
  • Apparatus for imaging on photoelectrically sensitive film comprising:
  • a. indexing means for advancing said film through a predetermined path
  • electrostatic charging means positioned along the path of the film and adapted to sensitize the film before it is exposed;
  • a processing chamber along the path of the film after said exposure station, the processing chamber having an aperture in the chamber wall, said film being positioned to engage the chamber at the aperture; wherein said chamber has associated therewith means to seal the chamber aperture with the film causing a pressure fit between the film and the exterior portions of the chamber wall defining the periphery of the aperture to thereby cover the aperture with film, to prevent escape of fluids from said chamber during processing of the film;
  • a light-tight box adapted to contain said exposure station and said processing chamber and portions of said film therein;
  • fluid transport means to transport at least one fluid to said chamber wherein said fluid contacts and effects a sensitive side of said film
  • said fluid transport means including a vapor generator means adapted to contain at least one fluid, conduit means connected between said generator and said chamber whereby the vapor is made operable at the chamber and wherein said vapor generator means includes a pressurized container means adapted to contain at least one fluid operable at the chamber.
  • Apparatus for imaging on photoelectrically sensitive film wherein said photoelectrically sensitive film includes a layer between a sensitive surface comprising a photoconductor and a base, said layer being dissolvable by at least one of the fluids operable on the film at the chamber; the apparatus comprising:
  • indexing means for advancing said film through a predetermined path;
  • electrostatic charging means positioned along the path of the film and adapted to sensitize the film before it is exposed;
  • an exposure station positioned along said path incorporating means to expose said film to a radiation pattern
  • a processing chamber along the path of the film after said exposure station, the processing chamber having an aperture in the chamber wall, said film being positioned to engage the chamber at the aperture; wherein said chamber has associated therewith means to seal the chamber aperture with the film causing a pressure fit between the film and the exterior portions of the chamber wall defining the periphery of the aperture to thereby cover the aperture with film, to prevent escape of fluids from said chamber during processing of the film;
  • a light-tight box adapted to contain said exposure station and said processing chamber and portions of said film therein;
  • fluid transport means to transport at least one fluid to said chamber wherein said fluid contacts and effects a sensitive side of said film.
  • Apparatus for imaging on photoelectrically sensitive film wherein said photoelectrically sensitive film includes a layer between a sensitive surface comprising a photoconduc tor and a base, said layer being softenable by at least one of the fluids operable on the film at the chamber; the apparatus comprising:
  • a processing chamber along the path ofthefil m after said exposure station, the processing chamber having an aperture in the chamber wall, said film being positioned to engage the chamber at the aperture; wherein said chamber has associated therewith means to seal the chamber aperture with the film causing a pressure fit between the film and the exterior portions of the chamber wall defining the periphery of the aperture to thereby cover the aperture and said processing chamber and portions of said fil rn therein;
  • fluid transport means to transport at least one fluid to said chamber wherein said fluid contacts and effects a sensitive side of said filmv 15.
  • said fluids operable at said chamber include:
  • liquid capable of dissolving said layer whereby portions of the sensitive surface migrate, in radiation pattern image configuration toward the base, said liquid adapted to be transported through said chamber by said fluid transport means for a length of time sufficient to form a visible image on said film by selectively removing some of the sensitized surface from the film and washing it away with the dissolvable layer;
  • a hot fluid adapted to be transported through said chamber by said transport means for a length of time sufficient to permit an agglomeration of the background of the image on the film.
  • the apparatus of claim 16 including in combination a heating means within said chamber and adjacent said aperture for heating the film after the time the film has been exposed to the fluids operable at said chamber.
  • the apparatus of claim 16 including in combination a heating means in the path of the film after said processing chamber for heating the film after the film has been advanced in its path past said processing chamber.
  • heating means includes an oven through which the film passes.
  • heating means includes a radiant heat source.
  • said indexing means incorporates means for step advancing said film through the predetermined film path and wherein said film back pressure plate further incorporates in combination means to lift said pressure plate away from said film at both said exposure station and said processing chamber to permit said indexing means to step advance another portion of said film, respectively, into said exposure station and said processing chamber, said pressure plate further incorporated in combination with means to bring said film back pressure plate into pressing contact with the film back once again at both said exposure station and said processing chamber after said film has been step advanced.
  • Apparatus according to claim 22 including in combination a heating means within said chamber and adjacent said aperture; a light-tight box adapted to contain said exposure station and said processing chamber and portions of said film therein; and an electrostatic charging means positioned in the path of the film adapted to sensitize the film before the film is exposed.
  • Apparatus according to claim 23 further including at said exposure station means to position the film in the focal plane of said optical projection means comprising a flat vacuum platen parallel to the focal plane on the side of the film opposite said optical projection means, such that the film is interposed therebetween and means to present a vacuum at 7 said vacuum platen for drawing the film thereat to said platen such that the sensitive surface of the film lies substantially in the focal plane and is substantially flat.
  • heating means includes a heated roller positioned to contact the film.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
  • Photographic Developing Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Photographic Processing Devices Using Wet Methods (AREA)
US665048A 1967-09-01 1967-09-01 Camera-processor Expired - Lifetime US3528355A (en)

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BE (1) BE720022A (no)
CH (1) CH516171A (no)
DE (1) DE1797177B2 (no)
ES (1) ES357651A1 (no)
FR (1) FR1586179A (no)
GB (1) GB1244641A (no)
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Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3645619A (en) * 1970-05-05 1972-02-29 Terminal Data Corp Document camera system
US3716295A (en) * 1971-03-12 1973-02-13 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Electrostatic micro copying apparatus including film cutting, slitting, and inserting means for aperture cards
US3792488A (en) * 1971-08-18 1974-02-12 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Fixing apparatus
US3864035A (en) * 1973-09-14 1975-02-04 Coulter Information Systems Shutterless camera system
US3866236A (en) * 1972-05-19 1975-02-11 Xerox Corp Imaging process using vertical particle migration
US3975195A (en) * 1964-10-12 1976-08-17 Xerox Corporation Migration imaging system
US4011568A (en) * 1974-11-01 1977-03-08 Colorkrome, Inc. Electrophotographic camera
US4014031A (en) * 1975-03-28 1977-03-22 Sakata Shokai Ltd. Electrophotographic typesetting method and apparatus therefor
US4025183A (en) * 1974-03-15 1977-05-24 Xerox Corporation Camera/processor/projector and sub-systems
USRE29254E (en) * 1971-11-24 1977-06-07 Quantor Corporation Microfiche recorder and processor
US4035074A (en) * 1975-12-15 1977-07-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Step and repeat camera having an improved film processor
JPS52152238A (en) * 1977-06-20 1977-12-17 Canon Inc Liquid developing device
US4122475A (en) * 1976-01-26 1978-10-24 Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation Microfiche developer
FR2387469A1 (fr) * 1977-04-16 1978-11-10 Payne John Appareil photographique portatif permettant une photocopie electrostatique
US4240725A (en) * 1978-11-30 1980-12-23 Harry Arthur Hele Spence-Bate Electrostatic camera
US4278335A (en) * 1980-01-25 1981-07-14 Xerox Corporation Camera with development and viewing means
US4392734A (en) * 1980-04-28 1983-07-12 Photon Chroma, Inc. Electrophotographic camera
US4600291A (en) * 1984-02-09 1986-07-15 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Electro-photographic device with a processing head having multiple chambers
US4624554A (en) * 1984-10-22 1986-11-25 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Charging and exposing head for use in electrophotographic apparatus
US4697912A (en) * 1983-03-08 1987-10-06 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Process head for electrophotographic apparatus
US4727393A (en) * 1985-10-18 1988-02-23 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Processing head for electrophotographic apparatus
US4760425A (en) * 1985-12-23 1988-07-26 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Developer supply apparatus for electrophotographic system
US4797709A (en) * 1986-10-09 1989-01-10 Wicks & Wilson Limited Integrated scanner/plotter for microfilm aperture cards
US5664255A (en) * 1996-05-29 1997-09-02 Eastman Kodak Company Photographic printing and processing apparatus
CN113171146A (zh) * 2021-03-23 2021-07-27 中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第一附属医院 一种可控压测压的腹腔临时闭合装置

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4461561A (en) * 1982-07-30 1984-07-24 Photon Chroma, Inc. Apparatus for imaging and developing electrophotographic microformats

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3975195A (en) * 1964-10-12 1976-08-17 Xerox Corporation Migration imaging system
US3645619A (en) * 1970-05-05 1972-02-29 Terminal Data Corp Document camera system
US3716295A (en) * 1971-03-12 1973-02-13 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Electrostatic micro copying apparatus including film cutting, slitting, and inserting means for aperture cards
US3792488A (en) * 1971-08-18 1974-02-12 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Fixing apparatus
USRE29254E (en) * 1971-11-24 1977-06-07 Quantor Corporation Microfiche recorder and processor
US3866236A (en) * 1972-05-19 1975-02-11 Xerox Corp Imaging process using vertical particle migration
US3864035A (en) * 1973-09-14 1975-02-04 Coulter Information Systems Shutterless camera system
US4025183A (en) * 1974-03-15 1977-05-24 Xerox Corporation Camera/processor/projector and sub-systems
US4011568A (en) * 1974-11-01 1977-03-08 Colorkrome, Inc. Electrophotographic camera
US4014031A (en) * 1975-03-28 1977-03-22 Sakata Shokai Ltd. Electrophotographic typesetting method and apparatus therefor
US4035074A (en) * 1975-12-15 1977-07-12 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Step and repeat camera having an improved film processor
US4122475A (en) * 1976-01-26 1978-10-24 Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation Microfiche developer
FR2387469A1 (fr) * 1977-04-16 1978-11-10 Payne John Appareil photographique portatif permettant une photocopie electrostatique
JPS52152238A (en) * 1977-06-20 1977-12-17 Canon Inc Liquid developing device
US4240725A (en) * 1978-11-30 1980-12-23 Harry Arthur Hele Spence-Bate Electrostatic camera
US4278335A (en) * 1980-01-25 1981-07-14 Xerox Corporation Camera with development and viewing means
US4392734A (en) * 1980-04-28 1983-07-12 Photon Chroma, Inc. Electrophotographic camera
US4697912A (en) * 1983-03-08 1987-10-06 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Process head for electrophotographic apparatus
US4600291A (en) * 1984-02-09 1986-07-15 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Electro-photographic device with a processing head having multiple chambers
US4624554A (en) * 1984-10-22 1986-11-25 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Charging and exposing head for use in electrophotographic apparatus
US4727393A (en) * 1985-10-18 1988-02-23 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Processing head for electrophotographic apparatus
US4760425A (en) * 1985-12-23 1988-07-26 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Developer supply apparatus for electrophotographic system
US4797709A (en) * 1986-10-09 1989-01-10 Wicks & Wilson Limited Integrated scanner/plotter for microfilm aperture cards
US5664255A (en) * 1996-05-29 1997-09-02 Eastman Kodak Company Photographic printing and processing apparatus
CN113171146A (zh) * 2021-03-23 2021-07-27 中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第一附属医院 一种可控压测压的腹腔临时闭合装置
CN113171146B (zh) * 2021-03-23 2022-08-02 中国人民解放军陆军军医大学第一附属医院 一种可控压测压的腹腔临时闭合装置

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NO128296B (no) 1973-10-22
NL6812169A (no) 1969-03-04
DE1797177A1 (de) 1970-12-17
SE338503B (no) 1971-09-06
CH516171A (de) 1971-11-30
DE1797177B2 (de) 1971-06-24
FR1586179A (no) 1970-02-13
LU56774A1 (no) 1969-06-10
ES357651A1 (es) 1970-03-16
GB1244641A (en) 1971-09-02
AT303513B (de) 1972-11-27
BE720022A (no) 1969-02-27

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