US3524764A - Photoconductive material for use in an electro-photographic process - Google Patents

Photoconductive material for use in an electro-photographic process Download PDF

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Publication number
US3524764A
US3524764A US390033A US3524764DA US3524764A US 3524764 A US3524764 A US 3524764A US 390033 A US390033 A US 390033A US 3524764D A US3524764D A US 3524764DA US 3524764 A US3524764 A US 3524764A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
sulphur
selenium
photoconductive layer
alloy
electro
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US390033A
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English (en)
Inventor
Louis Frederick William Lawes
Nicholas Gilbert Shreeve
Nandor Mihalik
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Arlside Ltd
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Arlside Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of US3524764A publication Critical patent/US3524764A/en
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/08—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic
    • G03G5/082—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor characterised by the photoconductive material being inorganic and not being incorporated in a bonding material, e.g. vacuum deposited
    • G03G5/08207—Selenium-based
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B19/00—Selenium; Tellurium; Compounds thereof
    • C01B19/04—Binary compounds including binary selenium-tellurium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/0005—Separation of the coating from the substrate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
    • C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
    • C23C14/0623—Sulfides, selenides or tellurides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
    • C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
    • C01P2004/84—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases one phase coated with the other
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values

Definitions

  • Photoconductive material useful in electro-photographic processes includes an electro-photographic member having a photoconductive layer comprising a binary alloy of a major proportion of selenium and a minor proportion of sulphur having a wide exposure range over which acceptable images may be formed, the binary alloy being prepared in situ on a surface of a support sheet which latter may be removed or permitted to remain when made of electrically conductive material.
  • This invention relates to a novel photoconductive material for use in electro photographic processes.
  • an electro-photographic member which includes a photoconductive layer of material, capable of being charged with and holding an electro-static charge Whilst maintained in the dark and discharging the applied charge when earthed and subjected to light.
  • a light pattern By applying a light pattern to a charged layer it is thus possible to produce an electro-static image which may be developed by the application of a suitable developer.
  • a number of materials have been disclosed as suitable for the photoconductive layer, for example sulphur, mixtures of sulphur and selenium with sulphur predominating and amorphous selenium alone.
  • an electro-photo graphic member includes a photoconductive layer comprising a binary alloy of a major proportion of selenium and a minor proportion of sulphur.
  • the alloy includes between 5% and by weight of sulphur.
  • a photoconductive layer according to the present invention is distinguished from this prior art in that it comprises a binary alloy, not a simple mixture, of selenium and sulphur, and in the alloy there is a major proportion of selenium.
  • the alloy is prepared by mixing selenium and sulphur together in the desired proportion, melting and fusing the mixture and then cooling the liquid mass.
  • the photoconductive layer may be formed by coating the alloy on a surface of a support sheet by a vacuum coating technique.
  • the layer may be built up of two or more films of the alloy applied one on top of the other by said technique.
  • the photoconductive layer may also be prepared by arranging for the alloying of the ingredients to take place on the surface of a support sheet, as well as by any other convenient method. The important feature is to ensure 'ice that the photoconductive layer consists of the said alloy.
  • the support sheet may serve as a permanent backing, in which case it is made of an electrically conductive material.
  • the base may be dissolved away leaving a selfsupporting photoconductive layer.
  • a photoconductive layer of sulphur alone has a pale yellow matt surface and a layer of selenium alone has a dark red/ black surface. Adhesion is fairly good in the case of sulphur but very poor in the case of selenium. With a photoconductive layer made from the binary alloy of selenium and sulphur, however, the layer is translucent with a deep glowing red colouration and with a high gloss finish; it has better adhesive properties than either sulphur alone or selenium alone. These adhesive properties improve as the ambient temperature increases.
  • Exposure time is important.
  • a photoconductive layer of selenium alone is comparatively fast and requires a critical exposure time to produce an optimum image.
  • a photoconductive layer of sulphur alone is too slow to be of practical value.
  • the binary alloy of selenium and sulphur exhibits photoconductive properties of considerable practical value.
  • the binary alloy of selenium and sulphur has a wide exposure range over which acceptable images can be formed.
  • the proportiona1 constitution of the binary alloy can be selected according to specific requirements.
  • the binary alloys may have varying proportions of selenium and sulphur but the procedure of preparation is the same as described above.
  • the aluminum vessel was heated by a tungsten spiral
  • the alloy can also be coated onto a suitable support by other methods such as vacuum deposition, coating, spraying, dipping.
  • the photoconductive layer may be also prepared by other means; one such method is by direct evaporation of a fine powder mix of selenium and sulphur in the required proportions, under vacuum, so that they condense and combine simultaneously in the required form on a suitable support.
  • the properties of the photoconductive layer may be varied and in certain respects improved by applying two or more separate coatings of the alloy, the coatings thus forming a composite layer.
  • improved members for electro-photographic purpose may be obtained by coating two or more consecutive layers of 3 gr. or 4 gr. of the alloy prepared as described above.
  • Electro-photographic members made from the binary alloy of selenium and sulphur in addition to possessing the characteristics referred to above are also characterised by greater flexibility and strength than heretofore has been known and are admirably suited for coating onto flexible belts and the like.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
US390033A 1963-08-22 1964-08-17 Photoconductive material for use in an electro-photographic process Expired - Lifetime US3524764A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB33289/63A GB1091862A (en) 1963-08-22 1963-08-22 Photoconductive material for use in an electro-photographic process

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3524764A true US3524764A (en) 1970-08-18

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ID=10350990

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US390033A Expired - Lifetime US3524764A (en) 1963-08-22 1964-08-17 Photoconductive material for use in an electro-photographic process

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3524764A (en, 2012)
CH (1) CH446902A (en, 2012)
DE (1) DE1249087B (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB1091862A (en, 2012)
NL (1) NL6409743A (en, 2012)
SE (1) SE308986B (en, 2012)

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2476042A (en) * 1946-12-26 1949-07-12 Gen Electric Selenium rectifier and process of fabrication
US2662832A (en) * 1950-04-08 1953-12-15 Haloid Co Process of producing an electrophotographic plate
US2753278A (en) * 1951-04-14 1956-07-03 Haloid Co Method for the production of a xerographic plate
US2955938A (en) * 1955-08-01 1960-10-11 Haloid Xerox Inc Xerography
US2965481A (en) * 1955-08-01 1960-12-20 Haloid Xerox Inc Electrostatic charging and image formation
US3139658A (en) * 1961-12-08 1964-07-07 Brenner Abner Production of tungsten objects

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2476042A (en) * 1946-12-26 1949-07-12 Gen Electric Selenium rectifier and process of fabrication
US2662832A (en) * 1950-04-08 1953-12-15 Haloid Co Process of producing an electrophotographic plate
US2753278A (en) * 1951-04-14 1956-07-03 Haloid Co Method for the production of a xerographic plate
US2955938A (en) * 1955-08-01 1960-10-11 Haloid Xerox Inc Xerography
US2965481A (en) * 1955-08-01 1960-12-20 Haloid Xerox Inc Electrostatic charging and image formation
US3139658A (en) * 1961-12-08 1964-07-07 Brenner Abner Production of tungsten objects

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE308986B (en, 2012) 1969-03-03
CH446902A (fr) 1967-11-15
GB1091862A (en) 1967-11-22
DE1249087B (en, 2012) 1967-08-31
NL6409743A (en, 2012) 1965-02-23

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