US3521590A - Ship's bow construction - Google Patents

Ship's bow construction Download PDF

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Publication number
US3521590A
US3521590A US750582A US3521590DA US3521590A US 3521590 A US3521590 A US 3521590A US 750582 A US750582 A US 750582A US 3521590D A US3521590D A US 3521590DA US 3521590 A US3521590 A US 3521590A
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United States
Prior art keywords
bow
ice
bulbous
ship
construction
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Expired - Lifetime
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US750582A
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English (en)
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John German
Scott E Alexander
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Alexbow Canada Ltd
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Alexbow Canada Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63BSHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B35/00Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
    • B63B35/08Ice-breakers or other vessels or floating structures for operation in ice-infested waters; Ice-breakers, or other vessels or floating structures having equipment specially adapted therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63BSHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B1/00Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils
    • B63B1/02Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving lift mainly from water displacement
    • B63B1/04Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic features of hulls or of hydrofoils deriving lift mainly from water displacement with single hull
    • B63B1/06Shape of fore part
    • B63B1/063Bulbous bows
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63BSHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B35/00Vessels or similar floating structures specially adapted for specific purposes and not otherwise provided for
    • B63B35/08Ice-breakers or other vessels or floating structures for operation in ice-infested waters; Ice-breakers, or other vessels or floating structures having equipment specially adapted therefor
    • B63B35/12Ice-breakers or other vessels or floating structures for operation in ice-infested waters; Ice-breakers, or other vessels or floating structures having equipment specially adapted therefor having ice-cutters
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T70/00Maritime or waterways transport
    • Y02T70/10Measures concerning design or construction of watercraft hulls

Definitions

  • a bulbous bow was developed for incorporation into the design of the hulls of ocean going ships to provide certain deep sea advantages that are now well known, principally good seakeeping qualities combined with a relatively low fluid resistance to travel through the water.
  • a bulbous bow consists of a portion of the ships hull that projects forwardly below the waterline. This projection is generally circular or may be pear-shaped in transverse cross-section, the area of this cross-section diminishing as the bow tapers forwardly towards a curved, bulbous (roughly semi-spherical) nose portion.
  • This bulbous nose portion generates a wave system, when the ship is underway, that sets up an interference pattern with the wave system produced by the remainder of the bow, the overall results being a diminution in the total fluid resistance experienced by the ship.
  • the bulbous type of bow construction can be made to be especially well suited to ice breaking duty by the adoption of certain essential dimensional changes in the bows construction.
  • the major change required to render the bow suitable for the performance of an ice-breaking function is to modify its cross-sectional shape (at least in the forward portion of the bulbous how) such that the horizontal distance in the plane of the centerline ofthe bulb as measured from one side edge to the other of the bulbous bow is greater than the vertical distance in such vertical centreline plane from the top to the bottom surface of the bulbous bow.
  • the bulbous bow can be said to be flattened somewhat, that is to be made wider than it is "ice high, at least in the area that projects forward of the stem.
  • prior art bulbous bows have generally been made higher than they are Wide, or, in some instances, of the same height as width (i.e. circular in cross-section).
  • the preferred ratio of width to height is of the order of 1 /221, although in some circumstances this ratio may go as low as approximately 1% :1, or as high as approximately 2:1.
  • Another feature of the preferred embodiment of the present invention is the provision of an addition to the main bulbous bow portion in the form of an upstanding blade projecting upwardly to a sharp top edge, this blade extending along the central upper part of the main portion of the bulbous bow to perform an ice splitting function.
  • this term is to be interpreted in the light of the function that is to be performed by the part in question and in the light of typical ship surfaces.
  • the so-called sharp top edges of this blade will typically be formed of a round bar of say 1 diameter, or greater or less depending on the size of the ship.
  • FIG. 1 is a general front perspective view of the bow, this view being furnished more as an artists impression to provide a general pictorial appreciation of the shape of the bow and not to attempt to represent accurately the relative dimension of the various parts;
  • FIG. 2 is a typical ships hull diagram of buttock lines of the bow construction in FIG. 1, that is, a series of sections taken on vertical fore-and-aft planes starting from the ships centre line and progressing to one side;
  • FIG. 3 is a set of body sections of the bow construction, i.e. sections taken on transverse vertical planes;
  • FIG. 4 is a pair of waterlines of the construction, i.e. sections taken on two horizontal planes;
  • FIG. 5 is a variant of FIG. 1.
  • the body sections shown by the curved lines in FIG. 3 are taken on transverse sections known respectively as 16; 16 /2; 17; 17 /2; 18; 18 /2; 19; 19%; 19 /2; 19%; 20; and three additional sections forward of the hull proper, designated A, B and C, the lines along which section 19 and those sections forward of it are taken being shown in FIG. 2, and all the section lines being shown in FIG. 4.
  • These body sections have thus been identified in FIG. 3 by corresponding reference numerals.
  • the crosssectional shape of the bulbous bow 29, that is the portion forward of the body section 20, is not circular.
  • this cross-section will be seen to comprise, on each side of the centreline CL, a relatively flat main upper face 30 and a relatively flat lower face 31, these faces joining one another at a curved edge 32. Faces 30 constitute bow tumblehome surfaces.
  • the faces 31 on each side of the centreline CL meet each other in a sharp ridge 33 and are so inclined outwardly and upwardly as to exhibit substantial deadrise.
  • these faces 30 and 31 and more particularly the lower faces 31 may be formed with some curvature which will normally be a convex curvature, except perhaps in parts of the upper faces 30 where some concave curvature may be used, even as far forward as section C.
  • the face 30 on each side of the centreline CL merges into an almost vertically upstanding wall 34, the two walls 34 being joined together along their tops by a strong bar 35 to provide a sharp top edge and thus define a so-called splitter blade 36.
  • the blade 36 will be seen to form an additional portion of the cross-sectional shape of the bulbous bow, the main portion of which is essentially symmetrical about the bulb centreline plane BCL, at least at a location as far forward as section C. While inclusion of the blade 36 is preferred, this part is optional, since it is not essential to the basic bow design.
  • a second feature of section C (and to a large extent also of sections B and A and even 20, although to a lesser degree as the cross-sectional shape moves aft) resides in the fact that the width dimension W taken from one edge to the other on the plane BCL is significantly greater than the height dimension H taken vertically along the centreline CL between the ridge 33 and the point 38 Where the upper faces 30 intersect one another, i.e. ignoring for these considerations the added splitter blade 36 and considering only the cross-sectional shape of the main portion of the bulbous bow.
  • the splitter blade 36 will be seen to taper in height from a front portion 40, where it merges into a sharp nose portion 41 of the bow (at line D), up to a central portion 42 having a maximum height between sections A and 20.
  • a rearmost portion 43 merges into the stem 44.
  • the stem 44 has a negative rake angle, i.e. slopes upwardly and rearwardly, at the load waterline WL and for some substantial distance above this waterline.
  • a bow portion 45 sweeps smoothly downward and rearwardly to a bottom line 46.
  • tumblehome surface 47 that represents a rearward extension of the upper face or bow tumblehome surface 30 and extends rearwardly and outwardly 0t merge into the ships hull surface 48.
  • This surface 47 which functions as an ice deflecting surface for displacing sideways ice that has been broken by the bulbous bow 29, faces upwardly and outwardly so as to be able temporarily to support the ice that it is deflecting as the ship moves forward and cuts a channel.
  • the surface 47 retains this upward facing inclination all the way to the hull surface 48 (in the vicinity of body section 16 and aft thereof), which latter surface 48 represents the maximum width of the hull, .for all the parts thereof, except for projecting sponson portions 49 that are provided one on each side of the ship below the waterline and are centered on the bulb centreline plane BCL (see FIGS. 3 and 4).
  • the latter figure also shows how, at about body section 16 /2, the sponson 49 disappears by merging into the hull sunface 48.
  • the sponson portions 49 may, however, be omitted, depending on requirements.
  • the how has, on each side, a flared surface 52, i.e. a surface that faces outwardly and downwardly.
  • Lines E, F and G indicate the upper deck, the focsle and the bulwark.
  • the merging tumblehome surfaces 30 and 47 define a profile that is comparatively pointed in the forward direction (apart from the splitter blade 36), and rather more sharply pointed than the horizontal profile at the bulbcenterline BCL.
  • the bulbous bow performs under normal deep sea conditions essentially in the same manner as prior constructions of bulbous bow, that is to say it will help to provide good seakeeping qualities, good behaviour in rough seas, a relatively low fluid resistance to travel through the water and an incremental increase to the total buoyancy of the vessel.
  • the ratio W:H is greater than unity, preferably of the order of 1 /2 :1
  • the bow has excellent ice-breaking characteristics.
  • Broken ice is deflected outwards and upwards along the continuously expanding tumblehome surfaces 30 and 47 and subsequently outwardly and downwardly by the flared surfaces 52. These surfaces extend outwardly to the area shown at 50 in FIG. 3, which area is above the waterline WL. The result is that broken ice deflected upwardly and outwardly along the surfaces 47 and finally downwardly by the surfaces 52 tends to be piled up on top of the sheet ice beside the vessel, rather than being pushed under to reappear in its wake. This effect tends to have the result of producing a cleaner channel behind the ship, freer from pieces of floating ice than has been customary heretofore with conventional ice-breakers.
  • the underside of the bow portion defined by the faces 31 will tend to act in the manner of a conventional ice-breaker, i.e. to press down on the ice and break it by downward pressure, and then deflect the broken pieces of ice laterally outwardly by virtue of the deadrise built into the inclination of the faces 31.
  • the bow will penetrate below the ice, so that the principal breaking and deflecting action will be upwards.
  • the bow has sharp ice-cutting surfaces, i.e. the ridge 33 below and the blade 36 above.
  • the V form of the underside of the bow portion is also useful in minimising slamming in open water.
  • the sponson portions 49 it is possible to form the hull with surfaces 51 of significant tumblehome nearer to the maximum breadth of the main hull than is possible without the sponson portions. This feature results in a channel being broken through the ice, that is wider than the maximum breadth of the main hull, before entry of such maximum breadth into the channel, thus minimising jamming and facilitating turning.
  • FIG. shows an alternative construction in which the nose portion 41 at the bulb center line BCL is less sharp than the nose portion 41 of FIGS. 1 to 4.
  • the bow of FIG. 5 embodies all the main features of the bow of FIG. 1, especially the greater than unity ratio of W to H and the provision of the splitter blade 36.
  • a ships bow construction for both ice breaking and normal seagoing service comprising a stem and a bulbous bow projecting forwardly of the stem below the load Waterline, said stem having a negative rake angle at and above said load waterline and ⁇ said bulbous bow defining a horizontally and forwardly extending bulb centreline plane, said bulbous bow being symmetrical about the main vertical centreline plane of the ship and having a cross-sectional width and height that expand continuously from a nose portion to surfaces merging outwardly and rearwardly into the hull of the ship,
  • said cross-section being of such a shape, at least in the forward parts of a main portion of said bulbous bow, that (i) the horizontal distance in said bulb centreline plane from one side edge to the other of the bulbous bow is greater than the vertical distance in said vertical centreline plane from the top surface of the main portion of the bulbous bow to the bottom surface thereof, and
  • said merging surfaces being such as to define a forwardly pointed profile as seen in horizontal section at the load waterline and including further tumblehome surfaces forming rearward continuations of said bow tumblehome surfaces and extending up to the load waterline for receiving, temporarily supporting and deflecting ice in an outward direction as the ship moves forward.
  • sald bulbous bow includes an additional portion comprising an upstanding blade projecting upwardly to a sharp top edge from the central upper part of said main portion.
  • cross-sectional shape is such as to include substantially flat underside faces sloping downwardly and inwardly towards each other to define said bottom surface as a sharp ridge.
  • cross-sectional shape is such as to include substantially flat upper faces sloping upwardly and inwardly towards said blade.
  • said merging surfaces include deflecting surfaces rearward of said bulbous bow portion that extend rearwardly and outwardly to merge into the ships hull, said deflecting surfaces including surfaces facing upwardly and outwardly to receive and temporarily support ice and deflect it in an outward direction as the ship moves forward.
  • deflecting surfaces include flared surfaces above the waterline facing outwardly and downwardly to deflect ice outwardly and downwardly onto sheet ice beside the ship as it moves forward.
  • said merging surfaces include deflecting surfaces rearward of said bulbous bow, said surfaces comprising smooth continuations of said substantially flat upper faces and extending rearwardly and outwardly to merge into the ships hull, said deflecting surfaces including tumblehome surfaces facing upwardly and outwardly to receive arid temporarily support ice and deflect it in an outward direction as the ship moves forward and flared surfaces above said tumblehome surfaces facing downwardly and outwardly.
  • a ships bow construction for both ice breaking and normal seagoing service comprising a stern and a bulbous bow projecting forwardly of the stem below the load waterline, said bulbous bow defining a horizontally and forwardly extending bulb centreline plane, said bulbous bow being symmetrical about the main vertical centreline plane of the ship and having a cross-section that expands from a nose portionto merge rearwardly into the hull of the ship, characterized by said cross-section being of such a shape, at least in the forward parts of a main portion of said bulbous bow, that the horizontal distance in said bulb centreline plane from one side edge to the other of the bulbous bow is greater than the vertical distance in said vertical centreline plane from the top surface of the main portion of the bulbous bow to the bottom surface thereof, wherein said bulbous bow includes an additional portion comprising an upstanding blade projecting upwardly to a sharp top edge from the central upper part of said main portion.
  • cross-sectional shape is such as to include substantially fiat underside faces sloping downwardly and inwardly towards each other to define said bottom surface as a sharp ridge.
  • cross-sectional shape is such as to include substantially fiat upper faces sloping upwardly and inwardly towards said blade.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Cleaning Of Streets, Tracks, Or Beaches (AREA)
  • Physical Water Treatments (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
US750582A 1967-08-15 1968-08-06 Ship's bow construction Expired - Lifetime US3521590A (en)

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CA997888 1967-08-15

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JP (1) JPS4831238B1 (es)
CA (1) CA855485A (es)
DK (1) DK125779B (es)
ES (1) ES357264A1 (es)
FI (1) FI46141C (es)
FR (1) FR1576292A (es)
GB (1) GB1215530A (es)
NL (1) NL6811436A (es)
NO (1) NO126261B (es)
SE (1) SE352584B (es)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3690281A (en) * 1970-12-21 1972-09-12 Exxon Research Engineering Co Stern construction for icebreaking vessels
JPS5116393U (es) * 1974-07-23 1976-02-05
US3946687A (en) * 1974-08-06 1976-03-30 Newport News Shipbuilding And Drydock Company Conical bulbous bow
DE3031239A1 (de) * 1980-08-19 1982-04-01 Heinz-Herrmann Dipl.-Ing. 2100 Hamburg Suerken Vorschiffsform
US4643121A (en) * 1984-05-31 1987-02-17 Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha Method of adding propulsive force to ice breaker
US4732101A (en) * 1985-07-03 1988-03-22 Thyssen Nordseewerke Gmbh Stern apron for ice breakers
US20070034189A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2007-02-15 Isao Kanno Watercraft propulsion system and control method of the system
US20070039532A1 (en) * 2005-08-22 2007-02-22 Lockheed Martin Corporation Multi-Hull Vessel Adapted for Ice-Breaking
US20080149014A1 (en) * 2005-03-09 2008-06-26 Ulsteinvik Design As Foreship Arrangement for a Vessel of the Displacement Type
WO2010033058A1 (en) * 2008-09-19 2010-03-25 Stena Rederi Ab Hull form intended for vessels provided with an air cavity
JP2012520201A (ja) * 2009-03-12 2012-09-06 エーカー アークティック テクノロジー インコーポレイテッド 氷で覆われた水域で動作する船又は浮体構造物、及びそれを使用する方法
RU2536568C1 (ru) * 2013-12-10 2014-12-27 Закрытое акционерное общество "Спецсудопроект" Носовая оконечность корпуса судна повышенной ледопроходимости
WO2015125033A1 (en) 2014-02-18 2015-08-27 Fincantieri S.P.A. Ship for navigating in icy waters having improved propulsion performances
USD742803S1 (en) 2013-10-11 2015-11-10 Ulstein Design & Solutions As Stern of ship hull
CN109131738A (zh) * 2018-09-30 2019-01-04 中船黄埔文冲船舶有限公司 一种球鼻艏制作方法
CN109501952A (zh) * 2018-11-09 2019-03-22 南通中远海运川崎船舶工程有限公司 一种新型破冰船船艏结构及破冰方法
RU200935U1 (ru) * 2020-08-14 2020-11-19 Акционерное общество «Инженерный центр судостроения» Корпус универсального сухогрузного судна повышенной ледовой проходимости
RU2758657C1 (ru) * 2020-07-28 2021-11-01 Акционерное общество "Центральное конструкторское бюро "Лазурит" Носовая оконечность арктического судна с бульбом

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4850333B2 (ja) * 2000-10-23 2012-01-11 ユニバーサル造船株式会社 砕氷船及び船型改良法
JP4494670B2 (ja) * 2001-05-16 2010-06-30 ユニバーサル造船株式会社 砕氷船
ES2249965B1 (es) * 2003-12-23 2006-12-01 Miguel Angel Carballo Castellano Diseño de casco "s" para esloras pequeñas.
JP4744329B2 (ja) * 2006-03-08 2011-08-10 三井造船株式会社 船舶
RU2537988C2 (ru) * 2013-04-08 2015-01-10 Анистрад Григорьевич Васильев Судовой движитель
FI125961B (en) * 2013-12-20 2016-04-29 Aker Arctic Technology Oy Icebreaker and method of operating an icebreaker
NL2016506B1 (en) * 2016-03-29 2017-10-06 Hermitage Family Office Sarl Yacht.

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US593664A (en) * 1897-11-16 inma n
US3306244A (en) * 1965-08-25 1967-02-28 Lindenau Schiffswerft Bow bulb for ships

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US593664A (en) * 1897-11-16 inma n
US3306244A (en) * 1965-08-25 1967-02-28 Lindenau Schiffswerft Bow bulb for ships

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3690281A (en) * 1970-12-21 1972-09-12 Exxon Research Engineering Co Stern construction for icebreaking vessels
JPS5116393U (es) * 1974-07-23 1976-02-05
JPS5310713Y2 (es) * 1974-07-23 1978-03-22
US3946687A (en) * 1974-08-06 1976-03-30 Newport News Shipbuilding And Drydock Company Conical bulbous bow
DE3031239A1 (de) * 1980-08-19 1982-04-01 Heinz-Herrmann Dipl.-Ing. 2100 Hamburg Suerken Vorschiffsform
US4643121A (en) * 1984-05-31 1987-02-17 Nippon Kokan Kabushiki Kaisha Method of adding propulsive force to ice breaker
US4732101A (en) * 1985-07-03 1988-03-22 Thyssen Nordseewerke Gmbh Stern apron for ice breakers
US20070034189A1 (en) * 2002-07-12 2007-02-15 Isao Kanno Watercraft propulsion system and control method of the system
EP2530008B1 (en) 2005-03-09 2017-04-05 Ulstein Design & Solutions AS A vessel with an improved foreship arrangement
US20080149014A1 (en) * 2005-03-09 2008-06-26 Ulsteinvik Design As Foreship Arrangement for a Vessel of the Displacement Type
US7658159B2 (en) * 2005-03-09 2010-02-09 Ulsteinvik Design As Foreship arrangement for a vessel of the displacement type
US20110120361A1 (en) * 2005-03-09 2011-05-26 Ulsteinvik Design As Foreship arrangement for a vessel of the displacement type
US7712424B2 (en) * 2005-08-22 2010-05-11 Lockheed Martin Corporation Multi-hull vessel adapted for ice-breaking
US20070039532A1 (en) * 2005-08-22 2007-02-22 Lockheed Martin Corporation Multi-Hull Vessel Adapted for Ice-Breaking
CN102171093A (zh) * 2008-09-19 2011-08-31 斯坦纳·雷德里公司 用于设置有空气腔的船舶的船型
CN102171093B (zh) * 2008-09-19 2014-09-17 斯坦纳·雷德里公司 用于设置有空气腔的船舶的船型
WO2010033058A1 (en) * 2008-09-19 2010-03-25 Stena Rederi Ab Hull form intended for vessels provided with an air cavity
JP2012520201A (ja) * 2009-03-12 2012-09-06 エーカー アークティック テクノロジー インコーポレイテッド 氷で覆われた水域で動作する船又は浮体構造物、及びそれを使用する方法
US9003987B2 (en) 2009-03-12 2015-04-14 Aker Arctic Technology Inc. Vessel or floating structure operating in ice-covered waters and method of using it
USD742803S1 (en) 2013-10-11 2015-11-10 Ulstein Design & Solutions As Stern of ship hull
RU2536568C1 (ru) * 2013-12-10 2014-12-27 Закрытое акционерное общество "Спецсудопроект" Носовая оконечность корпуса судна повышенной ледопроходимости
WO2015125033A1 (en) 2014-02-18 2015-08-27 Fincantieri S.P.A. Ship for navigating in icy waters having improved propulsion performances
US9776691B2 (en) 2014-02-18 2017-10-03 Fincantieri S.P.A. Ships for navigating in icy waters having improved propulsion performance
CN109131738A (zh) * 2018-09-30 2019-01-04 中船黄埔文冲船舶有限公司 一种球鼻艏制作方法
CN109501952A (zh) * 2018-11-09 2019-03-22 南通中远海运川崎船舶工程有限公司 一种新型破冰船船艏结构及破冰方法
RU2758657C1 (ru) * 2020-07-28 2021-11-01 Акционерное общество "Центральное конструкторское бюро "Лазурит" Носовая оконечность арктического судна с бульбом
RU200935U1 (ru) * 2020-08-14 2020-11-19 Акционерное общество «Инженерный центр судостроения» Корпус универсального сухогрузного судна повышенной ледовой проходимости

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI46141C (fi) 1973-01-10
FR1576292A (es) 1969-07-25
DE1781036B2 (de) 1972-06-29
CA855485A (en) 1970-11-10
JPS4831238B1 (es) 1973-09-27
NO126261B (es) 1973-01-15
DE1781036A1 (de) 1970-09-10
NL6811436A (es) 1969-02-18
SE352584B (es) 1973-01-08
GB1215530A (en) 1970-12-09
ES357264A1 (es) 1970-03-16
DK125779B (da) 1973-05-07
FI46141B (es) 1972-10-02

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