US3513776A - Consumable cartridge case - Google Patents

Consumable cartridge case Download PDF

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Publication number
US3513776A
US3513776A US720558A US3513776DA US3513776A US 3513776 A US3513776 A US 3513776A US 720558 A US720558 A US 720558A US 3513776D A US3513776D A US 3513776DA US 3513776 A US3513776 A US 3513776A
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United States
Prior art keywords
cartridge
case
filaments
propellant
carbon
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US720558A
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English (en)
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John J Driscoll
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ALLIED RES ASS Inc
ALLIED RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Inc
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ALLIED RES ASS Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B5/00—Cartridge ammunition, e.g. separately-loaded propellant charges
    • F42B5/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with charge and missile
    • F42B5/18—Caseless ammunition; Cartridges having combustible cases
    • F42B5/188—Manufacturing processes therefor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S102/00—Ammunition and explosives
    • Y10S102/70—Combustilbe cartridge

Definitions

  • Caseless Cartridges have been in use in at least rudimentary form for over 100 years, but they have always, particularly in the case of small arms amunition, been handicapped by their innate fragility. Therefore, military and sporting weapons have consistently used metallic cases for Weapons producing high chamber pressures and metallic and plastic or metallic and paper combinations for weapons such as shotguns which have somewhat lower chamber pressures. These metallic cartridges create operating problems for the Weapons designer because a metallic case remains after the round has been fired and must be extracted from the weapon mechanism before another round can be chambered and fired. While some attempt has been made to use consumable cartridges, the fragile nature of consumable cartridges has led designers to incorporate at least a rudimentary metallic structure or reinforcing components so that extraction and ejection problems, while somewhat minimized, still remain.
  • Consumable or combustion cartridges date from the early paper cartridges. These were little more than a handy container to provide the required amount of black powder along with a bullet.
  • combustible or consumable cartridge proposals normally consist of cartridges constructed from a material which will be consumed under conditions of firing. Cartridges of the early paper type would be utterly unsuited for modern firearms mechanisms. They are suited only to hand manipulation of cartridges. Modern consumable cartridge cases are better, but still not up to the severe requirements of modern, high rate of fire mechanisms.
  • the addition of metal inserts at critical points gives rise to the extraction problems noted above and similarly the addition of reinforcing components complicate production.
  • the cases of this invention may be fabricated by impregnating filaments wrapped around a mandrel, by extruding fibers in a propellant matrix, by forming a combustible impregnated fiber cloth, by compression molding a fiberpropellant mix or by casting a fiber-propellant mixture.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic exploded view of a laminated sheet of propellant material in accordance with my invention in the course of its manufacture;
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional elevational sketch of a completed laminated sheet of propellant material in accordance with my invention
  • FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 are diagrammatic illustrations, with parts shown in cross-section, of a sequence of steps in the manufacture of a consumable cartridge case in accordance with my invention
  • FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a completed cartridge in accordance with my invention, suited for use in externally primed firearms;
  • FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a completed primed cartridge in accordance with a modification of my invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of an injection mold adapted for use in the manufacture of cartridge cases in accordance with my invention.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of an extrusion die assembly illustrating the formation of a portion of a cartridge case in accordance with my invention.
  • FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a modified form of cartridge case in accordance with my invention.
  • FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a mandrel and propellant material disposed on the mandrel, illustrating another method of manufacturing cartridge cases in accordance with my invention.
  • FIG. 12 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of an electrically discharged firearm and a cartridge in accordance with my invention disposed in loaded position there-
  • the principal stress-resisting element of a cartidge in accordance with my invention consists of fine carbon filaments embedded in a matrix of conventional propellant material. This composition may be laminated or coated with other materials, in a manner to be described, to contribute desirable bulk and surface properties.
  • Carbon filaments useful in the practice of my invention may be obtained in the form of commercially availcarbon or graphite filaments or yarns, such as those sold by the Union Carbide Company under the trade name Thornel, including WYB graphite yarn and VYB" carbon yarn. Such materials are made by carbonizing spun or woven textile fibers, such as rayon or the like, at high temperatures.
  • One of these materials that is well suited to the practice of my invention is a carbon filament having a tensile strength of 180,000 pounds per square inch, a density of 1.42 grams per cubic centimeter, an elastic modulus of 25x10 pounds per square inch, an equivalent diameter of 7.4 microns, and a carbon assay of 99.1 percent by weight. If desired, up to ten percent by weight of the fibers may be glass fibers of the type used to fill epoxy resins.
  • the carbon filaments may be chopped to lengths of a few millimeters, or, for some purposes, used in lengths up to 2 inches or so.
  • various techniques may be employed for embedding the filaments in the propellant matrix.
  • the preferred approach involves liquefying, or at least softening, the propellant material to permit the introduction of the filaments into the propellant.
  • the desired propellant is sufficiently thermoplastic, at temperatures at which it is stable, heat may be employed.
  • a solvent for the propellant may be employed.
  • the chemical nature of the propellant material is not important, except that unstable explosives would obviously be unsuitable.
  • the necessary physical properties are characteristic of a number of available conventional propellants. Specifically, the material must be a solid over the range of temperatures to be encountered in the use and storage of the final product. To permit admixture with the carbon fibers, the material should be sufficiently thermoplastic for that purpose, or should be soluble in a convenient volatile solvent with which it will not react chemically. For example, many conventional propellants are soluble in acetone.
  • a second suitable material was prepared by mixing 20 percent of the same filaments, by volume, in a solution of Hercules Unique Smokeless powder, a commercially available double-base powder containing nitroglycerin and nitrocellulose, in sufiicient acetone to dissolve the powder.
  • the carbon filaments were chopped to five millimeter lengths. Again the resulting matrix, formed upon evaporation of the solvent, was found to have high mechanical strength and to burn to a negligible residue.
  • cartridge cases may be fabricated from the material made as described above, by simply mixing carbon filaments with a solution of a conventional propellant and allowing the solvent to evaporate.
  • the carbon filaments in that material contribute great strength to the matrix only when completely embedded in the softer propellant material, and may contribute to high localized stresses at the surfaces of the matrix.
  • the chemical properties of the matrix surface may require it to be protected from exposure to air or moisture.
  • the construction comprises outer layers 1 of solid propellant material, between which are layers such as 2 of prepellant-carbon fiber matrix made as described above.
  • the layers such as 1 may be made by rolling, extruding or calendering conventional propellant, softened by heat or with the aid of a solvent such as acetone, into sheets of desired thickness for most purposes. Such sheets may be conveniently stored by interleaving them With sheets of polyethylene film.
  • the intermediate matrix layers 2 may be made in sheet form in the same manner, from softened or dissolved propellant mixed with carbon fibers.
  • a composite laminate, as shown in FIG. 2 is then formed by rolling the superposed sheets 1 and 2 with heat and pressure, or by first softening the confronting surfaces of the sheets with acetone and rolling under pressure.
  • About 20 millimeters is the practical minimum for the total thickness of the finished laminate shown in FIG. 2. That thickness would be appropriate for the manufacture of small arms cartridges; i.e., in calibers from .22 to .30.
  • an alternate process for the manufacture of laminated cartridge case material comprises softening the confronting surfaces of the sheets 1 with acetone, sprinkling a layer of chopped, 0.5 millimeter lengths of carbon fibers over the surface of one of sheets 1, and then rolling the sheets 1 and the intermediate fibers 2 into a composite laminate relatively rich in carbon fibers in the center but having no carbon fibers in the outer surfaces.
  • Still another approach is to mix the carbon fibers with an acetone solution of propellant, and flow the mixture over the surface of one of the sheets 1 to form a layer of desired thickness. After substantial hardening of the 4 matrix layer by solvent evaporation, the composite can be completed by the addition of the other sheet 1 in the manner described above.
  • a suitable matrix mixture for the purpose is made from 20 parts by weight of 4 millimeter long filaments of 9.5 micron diameter, and 80 parts by weight of conventional propellant, in suflicient acetone to dissolve the propellant.
  • FIG. 3 a die suitable for forming a cartidge from the material of FIG. 2 is shown.
  • the sheet of sandwich material 8 is placed in the die.
  • the mold will preferably be slightly warmed to facilitate forming.
  • the die cavity 10 and plunger 12 are then mated under heat and pressure or solvent and pressure, to cause the layers of propellant sheet to flow and confrom to the die configuration.
  • the mill portion of the die is provided with a sheering ring 14 which mates with a matching cavity 16 to pinch off and trim the end of the case.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the operation as the dies are forced together.
  • FIG. 5 shows the dies as the molding operation is completed. The dies are then separated and the completed case 18 removed. If a cartridge were being prepared for an externally primed firearm, such as a capand-ball type weapon primed with an external percussion cap, a case formed exactly as descirbed above in conjunction with FIGS. 3 through 5 would be entirely suitable. Additional propellant material 20 would be placed in the case and a projectile 22 inserted into the open end. If long storage under adverse conditions is an ticipated, the assembled cartridge would be coated with a combustible waterproof material, such as lacquer or one of the waterproof synthetic resins. The coating may be applied simply by spraying or dipping and will provide a waterproof seal both to the combustible cartridge case and to the joint between the case and the projectile.
  • a combustible waterproof material such as lacquer or one of the waterproof synthetic resins. The coating may be applied simply by spraying or dipping and will provide a waterproof seal both to the combustible cartridge case and to the joint between
  • a suitable cartridge may be made by a method very similar to that set forth in the above description of FIGS. 3 through 5.
  • the female die will have a shape to provide a cartridge base suitable for use in such firearms.
  • the cartridge case 23 is molded with a recess 24 at the base 25 which serves to provide a pocket for a pellet of priming composition 28.
  • the primer pellet 28 may be made in the same manner as the case.
  • the surface 30 of the priming composition 28 is preferably slightly recessed from the surface 32 of the case to avoid accidental detonation of the primer.
  • a sealing coating 33 may be applied to the case to serve to waterproof the case and primer and assist in holding the primer in place.
  • a projectile 22' and additional propellant 34 are added to the case to form a complete round.
  • This round may be fired in conventional firearms suited to the firing of combustible cartridges. Since there are no metallic 'inserts, the entire cartridge is consumed, because the only non-combustible component is the projectile which will leave the muzzle of the weapon. Moreover, since the case is formed in a simple, one step molding operation, it may be cheaply fabricated in quantity.
  • the filament reinforced matrix formed in the case provides extremely high strength, so that the case will stand normal handling and the stresses involved in modern firearms having a high rate of fire.
  • Suitable molding times are in the order of seconds for a temperature of 300 degrees Fahrenheit and a pressure of 500* to 1,000 pounds per square inch. In general, molding temperatures would be in the 200 to 300 degrees Fahrenheit temperature range. If there is a temperature differential of about 10 degrees Fahrenheit between the two halves of the mold, curing and shrinking will start at the hotter half. This produces a higher gloss and a more even surface. Thus, if the female half of the die is approximately 10* degrees hotter, a glossy external case surface will be produced. Since shrinkage will also begin at the hotter half, the formed case will release easily from the mold and will be withdrawn on the male side. It may then be readily handled for further processing, such as the application of the priming pellet.
  • FIG. 8 an injection molding process, illustrated in FIG. 8, may be employed.
  • a configuration substantially identical to the closed die assembly of FIG. is provided, but the matrix to be molded is injected through an opening 40 to fill the cavity 42.
  • the configuration of the resulting case will depend on the mold design and can be identical to that shown in FIG. 8.
  • any of the fiber-propellant matrix mixtures described above are suitable; laminated cases would require a series of molding steps to form the layers of different composition.
  • two suitable mixes for single stage molding, or for the matrix layers in a laminate are carbon filaments in an ammonium perchlorate binder, and carbon fibers in a nitroglycerine, nitrocellulose binder.
  • Cylindrical cartridge case material may be extrudued in the die assembly shown in FIG. 9.
  • a plunger 44 expells the matrix mixture 46 through an annular die 48 to form a combustible cylindrical tubing 50 comprising carbon fibers in a combustible binder.
  • cartridge cases may be made employing sections of this tubing 50' plugged at one end with a molded plug 52 of the same material, having cylindrical section 5A to close one end.
  • a primer pellet 56 may be provided in the plug 52.
  • suitable cartridge cases according to my invention can also be produced by winding the material on a mandrel.
  • a mandrel 60 suitable for producing combustible cartridges to be utilized in the electrically fired gun of FIG. 12 is shown.
  • Layers of carbon yarn impregnated with propellant material are wound on the mandrel 60 to produce a cocoon 62.
  • the carbon yarn may be wound on the mandrel and then impregnated with an acetone solution of propellant.
  • the mandrel 60 has a slight taper from its midpoint 61 toward the rounded ends 64 and 64'.
  • a consumable conductive strip 70 of magnesium foil or the like, is laid over the mandrel 60 before the cocoon 62 is put in place.
  • the ends 71 and 71' of the strip are brought out as shown to form external electrical contacts.
  • a conductive ring 72 of magnesium foil or other suitable conductive and consumable material, is wound about the mandrel 60.
  • the ring 72 may be over the strip 70, as shown, or under it.
  • Carbon filament yarn impregnated with propellant material is then wound around the mandrel to produce the filament cocoon 62.
  • the completed cocoon may be coated with a sealing plastic layer 74.
  • the cocoon is then cut into two halves where indicated by the arrow, and forms two filament reinforced cartridge cases.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates a posible weapon suitable for use with, and loaded with, a cartridge having a case fabricated in accordance with FIG. 11.
  • the cartridge case 76 is one-half of the impregnated fiber cocoon 62 produced on the mandrel 60 of FIG. 12.
  • a projectile 82 is inserted in the open end of the case 76.
  • a pellet 78 of prier composition is in contact with the conducting strip 70.
  • the strip 70 may be notched or otherwise reduced in area at 73 so that electrical current flowing through the strip 70 will fuse the strip at that point and ignite the primer 78.
  • a supplemental charge of propellant may be placed inside the case 76.
  • the gun may comprise a barrel 88 suitably formed with a chamber at one end to receive the cartridge.
  • a trigger switch 94 completes the circuit through the battery 92, contact 84, strips 70 and 72, and the barrel 88, and' energizes the primer pellet 7 8 to fire the cartridge.
  • the primer pellet 78 may be placed at the base of the projectile 82.
  • the strip 70 could then be brought up into contact with the projectile 82 at its center, with the reduced portion 73 occurring in the region of the pellet 7 8.
  • the primer pellet and firing circuit may also be arranged as disclosed in my copending US. application Ser. No. 680,935, filed on Nov. 6, 1967, and assigned to the assignee of this application.
  • the reinforced consumable cartridge case of my invention is well suited for use in the firearms also disclosed in application Ser. No. 680,935.
  • the electrical conductivity of the carbon reinforced material of my invention is in the range between that of metallic conductors and insulators, i.e., typically about 35.3 ohm-cm.
  • metallic conductors and insulators i.e., typically about 35.3 ohm-cm.
  • a cartridge comprising a projectile and a consumable case mounted on said projectile, said case comprising a stress resisting shell of carbon filaments embedded in a matrix of solid propellant.
  • a cartridge according to claim 1 wherein said carbon filaments have a diameter in the order of 10 microns. 3. A cartridge according to claim 1 wherein said carbon filaments have a length of from 1 to 50 millimeters. 4. A consumable cartridge case, comprising a tubular body portion open at one end to receive a projectile, closed at an opposite end by a base portion, and comprising as the chief stress resisting element carbon filaments embedded in a matrix of a solid propellant.
  • a combustible structural material comprising approximately 20* parts of carbon yarn filament particles, said filaments having longitudinal and transverse dimensions, the longitudinal dimensions being substantially greater than the transverse dimensions of said filaments,
  • said filaments having longitudinal and transverse dimensions
  • the longitudinal dimensions being substantially greater than the transverse dimensions of said filaments
  • said filaments having longitudinal and transverse dimensions
  • the longitudinal dimensions being substantially greater than the transverse dimensions of said filaments
  • At least one surface of the laminar material comprises a layer of propellant substantially free of carbon filaments.
  • said filaments having longitudinal and transverse dimensions
  • the longitudinal dimensions being substantially greater than the transverse dimensions of said filaments
  • said filaments being imbedded in a matrix of solid propellant material
  • the improvement comprising-the step of dispersing carbon filaments,
  • said filaments having longitudinal and transverse dimensions
  • the longitudinal dimensions being substantially greater than the transverse dimensions of said filaments
  • said filaments being dispersed throughout at least the stress resisting portion of the consumable solid propellant material from which the cases are made.
  • a cartridge comprising a projectile and a consumable case on said projectile
  • said case comprising a stress resisting shell of carbon filaments imbedded in a matrix of solid propellant and a r r containing additional propellant material within said shell.
  • said base providing a volume for the receipt of additional propellant material and comprising as a chief stress resistant element carbon filaments imbedded in a matrix of a solid propellant.

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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
US720558A 1968-04-11 1968-04-11 Consumable cartridge case Expired - Lifetime US3513776A (en)

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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3670649A (en) * 1970-08-13 1972-06-20 Dow Corning Combustible cartridges
US3770563A (en) * 1971-01-26 1973-11-06 Us Army Water-resistant consumable cartridge case
JPS4887700A (ja) * 1972-01-28 1973-11-17
US3823668A (en) * 1972-10-19 1974-07-16 Us Air Force Duplex combustible cartridge case
DE2448615A1 (de) * 1974-10-11 1976-04-22 Hercules Inc Treibmittelzusammensetzungen
US4072546A (en) * 1971-12-22 1978-02-07 Hercules Incorporated Use of graphite fibers to augment propellant burning rate
DE2843477A1 (de) * 1978-10-05 1980-04-17 Dynamit Nobel Ag Huelsenlose treibmittelkoerper
US4759885A (en) * 1980-09-15 1988-07-26 Golden Powder Of Texas, Inc. Consumable case cartridge
US4903604A (en) * 1986-06-17 1990-02-27 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Majesty's Government Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Ignition transfer medium
US5544587A (en) * 1993-12-13 1996-08-13 Rheinmetall Industrie Gmbh Cannon ammunition having combustible cartridge case
US5726378A (en) * 1996-04-01 1998-03-10 Hodgdon Powder Company, Inc. Unitary propellant charge for muzzle loading firearms
US5872325A (en) * 1996-01-24 1999-02-16 Buck Werke Gmbh & Co. Ammunition casing of composite fiber material
US6688232B2 (en) 2001-12-31 2004-02-10 Legend Products Corporation Compressed powder charge for muzzleloader and black powder firearms
US7344610B2 (en) 2003-01-28 2008-03-18 Hodgdon Powder Company, Inc. Sulfur-free propellant compositions
US20150167768A1 (en) * 2013-12-16 2015-06-18 Jing Zhao Carbon Fiber Composite Springs And Method of Making Thereof

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3008996A1 (de) * 1980-03-08 1981-09-24 Wilhelm Dipl.-Chem. Dr. 5400 Koblenz Oversohl Verfahren zur herstellung von verbrennbaren munitionsformteilen, wie kartuschhuelsen oder treibladungsbehaelter mit verstaerkenden gewebeeinlagen und vorrichtung zum ausueben des verfahrens
AU557509B2 (en) * 1982-07-19 1986-12-24 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Catridge for electromagnetic launcher
DE3534972C1 (de) * 1985-10-01 1992-04-09 Dynamit Nobel Ag Huelsenlose Munition
FR2672589B1 (fr) * 1991-02-11 1994-07-22 Giat Ind Sa Charge propulsive du type feuille a poudre, son procede de fabrication et munition incorporant une telle charge.

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2405104A (en) * 1941-08-07 1946-07-30 William E Mydans Ordnance powder bag
US2985526A (en) * 1956-11-19 1961-05-23 Phillips Petroleum Co Composite rubber base propellants and process of preparation employing nonsulfur metallic curing agents
US3000308A (en) * 1956-03-07 1961-09-19 William E Land High explosive composition
US3212440A (en) * 1964-02-10 1965-10-19 Joseph B Quinlan Molded caseless small arms ammunition
US3292539A (en) * 1963-07-09 1966-12-20 Dynamit Nobel Ag Small shot cartridge case
US3316842A (en) * 1963-03-19 1967-05-02 Union Carbide Corp Propulsion product
US3367268A (en) * 1959-10-05 1968-02-06 Exxon Research Engineering Co Hybrid rocket propellent grain

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2405104A (en) * 1941-08-07 1946-07-30 William E Mydans Ordnance powder bag
US3000308A (en) * 1956-03-07 1961-09-19 William E Land High explosive composition
US2985526A (en) * 1956-11-19 1961-05-23 Phillips Petroleum Co Composite rubber base propellants and process of preparation employing nonsulfur metallic curing agents
US3367268A (en) * 1959-10-05 1968-02-06 Exxon Research Engineering Co Hybrid rocket propellent grain
US3316842A (en) * 1963-03-19 1967-05-02 Union Carbide Corp Propulsion product
US3292539A (en) * 1963-07-09 1966-12-20 Dynamit Nobel Ag Small shot cartridge case
US3212440A (en) * 1964-02-10 1965-10-19 Joseph B Quinlan Molded caseless small arms ammunition

Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3670649A (en) * 1970-08-13 1972-06-20 Dow Corning Combustible cartridges
US3770563A (en) * 1971-01-26 1973-11-06 Us Army Water-resistant consumable cartridge case
US4072546A (en) * 1971-12-22 1978-02-07 Hercules Incorporated Use of graphite fibers to augment propellant burning rate
JPS4887700A (ja) * 1972-01-28 1973-11-17
JPS5922160B2 (ja) * 1972-01-28 1984-05-24 ユ−ゼル ヒユ−バ−ト 電気点火用の薬室のない銃弾
US3823668A (en) * 1972-10-19 1974-07-16 Us Air Force Duplex combustible cartridge case
DE2448615A1 (de) * 1974-10-11 1976-04-22 Hercules Inc Treibmittelzusammensetzungen
DE2843477A1 (de) * 1978-10-05 1980-04-17 Dynamit Nobel Ag Huelsenlose treibmittelkoerper
US4759885A (en) * 1980-09-15 1988-07-26 Golden Powder Of Texas, Inc. Consumable case cartridge
US4903604A (en) * 1986-06-17 1990-02-27 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Majesty's Government Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Ignition transfer medium
US5544587A (en) * 1993-12-13 1996-08-13 Rheinmetall Industrie Gmbh Cannon ammunition having combustible cartridge case
US5872325A (en) * 1996-01-24 1999-02-16 Buck Werke Gmbh & Co. Ammunition casing of composite fiber material
US5726378A (en) * 1996-04-01 1998-03-10 Hodgdon Powder Company, Inc. Unitary propellant charge for muzzle loading firearms
US6688232B2 (en) 2001-12-31 2004-02-10 Legend Products Corporation Compressed powder charge for muzzleloader and black powder firearms
US7344610B2 (en) 2003-01-28 2008-03-18 Hodgdon Powder Company, Inc. Sulfur-free propellant compositions
US20150167768A1 (en) * 2013-12-16 2015-06-18 Jing Zhao Carbon Fiber Composite Springs And Method of Making Thereof

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DE1918163A1 (de) 1969-10-23
BE731385A (ja) 1969-09-15

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