US3510004A - Artificial kidney - Google Patents

Artificial kidney Download PDF

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Publication number
US3510004A
US3510004A US720812A US3510004DA US3510004A US 3510004 A US3510004 A US 3510004A US 720812 A US720812 A US 720812A US 3510004D A US3510004D A US 3510004DA US 3510004 A US3510004 A US 3510004A
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United States
Prior art keywords
tubing
strands
artificial kidney
blood
membrane
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US720812A
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English (en)
Inventor
Josef Hoeltzenbein
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Baxter International Inc
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Baxter Laboratories Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DEH53975U external-priority patent/DE1938184U/de
Application filed by Baxter Laboratories Inc filed Critical Baxter Laboratories Inc
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Publication of US3510004A publication Critical patent/US3510004A/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/24—Dialysis ; Membrane extraction
    • B01D61/28—Apparatus therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/10—Spiral-wound membrane modules
    • B01D63/101—Spiral winding

Definitions

  • a dialysis tube for blood is coiled to form membraneous layers supported by a member having first and second strands arranged at angles from and projecting their length away from each other for forming flow channels for blood and dialyzing fluid.
  • the new invention relates to improvements in an artificial kidney.
  • An artificial kidney is a dialysis apparatus through which blood is circulated and in which the blood is subjected to dialysis against a wash solution outside the living organism.
  • dialysis membrane cellulose hydrate or cellulose acetate usually is employed, either in film form (fiim dialyzer) or in tubing form (tubing dialyzer).
  • Dialysis apparatus of this kind must have a sufiiciently great dialysis surface.
  • the thickness of the blood layer must be slight since, on the one hand, for the dialysis process only the layers of washing liquid immediately adjacent to the membrane are effective and, on the other hand, the user then can dispense with prior filling of the apparatus with foreign blood which must then be removed and whose presence introduces certain dangers and drawbacks.
  • Kollf and Watschinger teach to coil a second cellophane tubing, connected in parallel, in a second tier around the same core, with a wider tie band.
  • the wash solution then must first flow transversely past one tubing, thereby becoming partially depleted in washing ability by the time it reaches the second tubing.
  • Parallel connections of additonal tubings according to the above principle will thus reduce the efficiency all the more because the greater the number of tubing connected in tiers one above the other, the more the wash solution is depleted in passing each plane, or tier of tubing.
  • the present invention is advantageous for overcoming problems described above.
  • at least two, preferably four, or more plastic film tubing capillary dialyzers, or membranes are placed between novel porous tie bands to form an assembly of alternately layered tie bands and membranes with tie bands on the innermost and outermost layers.
  • the membranes, or tubings, and tie bands are spirally wound around a core means in a spiral with the inlet of each tubing being staggered at substantially equal distance from inlets of adjacent tubings around the circumference of the core, and the outlet of each tubing being staggered at substantially equal distances from the outlets of adjacent tubings around the outer circumference of the spiral, the tubings being of about equal lengths.
  • Each tubing is in the form of a flattened cylinder and substantially ribbon-like in its flattened form.
  • the tubing is known in the artificial kidney art.
  • the inlet end of each tubing is passed through an opening in the wall of the core means.
  • a sutficient number of openings are provided in the core to accommodate the number of tubings usedin the assembly. The openings are distributed at substantially equal distances from adjacent openings around the periphery of the core.
  • the end of the dialysis tubing folded over a highly elastic terminal tube, together with the latter under strong friction, so as to be leakproof, through a conical bore of a confining rim, or sleeve.
  • the beginning and end of each tubing are suitably arranged on the same geometrical generatrix of the spiral.
  • One novel feature of the improved artificial kidney thus consists in coiling two, or any desired number, of pieces of dialysis membrane tubing with two or any desired number of tie bands on a common core, in a plane, in the manner of a multiple-start spiral.
  • the tie bands may consist of any inert suitable material, e.g. plastic, fiber-glass, metal, in the form of netting, mesh or braidings, preferably with the addition of spacer strips.
  • inert suitable material e.g. plastic, fiber-glass, metal
  • suitable cross-sectional strips which may be fabricated of rubber, plastics or other materials which are inert in the presence of the washing solution and blood, with or without spaced strips, bands, threads or wires.
  • tie bands which permit a dumbbell-shaped flattening of the, e.g. cellophane, tubing.
  • the use of such tie bands in multiple-start spirals is of special advantage with tubing dialyzers which permit a flattening of the cellophane.
  • a wire net having upper and lower support wires spaced apart at a distance substantially greater than the width of the flattened tubing membrane and having a continuous strand of wire wound over the wires at an angle of about 60. In winding the wire strand, the strand is spaced along the support wires at equal distances such that a suitable flow canal for wash solution will result, e.g. from about to about apart.
  • the resulting net then has one set of strands of wire running parallel to each other on one side of the support wires and a corresponding set running parallel to each other on the other side of the wires.
  • the opposing set of strands are pressed against each other and against the tubing to form channels for flow of the wash solution.
  • the tubing e.g. cellophane
  • both sides of the cellophane tubing are compressed in the shape of a point (or, in the case of addition of spacing strips, are brought close to one another to a definite distance).
  • the cellophane tubing may unfold depending on the prevailing pressure and the elasticity of the cellophane.
  • various sized, bag-shaped pouches of the cellophane tubing are formed, within which the blood flows, and between which the wash solution flows.
  • the extension of the cellophane tubing is ultimately limited, by the fact, among others, that the bag-shaped pouches of neighboring layers of the cellophane tubing at first touch at a point, and at greater pressure finally along a surface. Inthis way there is a maximum limit for the blood volume present in the tubing at any fixed pressure. With a sufficiently large mesh size one can dispense with the use of spacer strips.
  • tie bands are deemed advantageous also for use in the case of other, previously known designs of artificial kidneys which include the use of porous tie bands.
  • each end of the cellophane tubing membrane at the transition to the inlet and the outlet of the blood tubes is effected by inserting an elastic, e.g. synthetic rubber or gum rubber, tube into each end of the membrane and folding the membrane, i.e. the cellophane tubing, around the elastic tube.
  • an elastic e.g. synthetic rubber or gum rubber
  • the folded end of the membrane and the blood tube are then passed through the narrow end, i.e. the end having the smallest inner diameter of a conical bore in the core or in a confining rim on the inner periphery of the core, or preferably, through a detachable plastic funnelshaped conical sleeve.
  • the bore must have a smaller inner diameter than the outer diameter of the resilient blood tube so that it will restrict the inserted tubings.
  • the bore should be located in a smoothly polished material, e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, or other synthetic plastic, the first being preferred, so that the holding friction of the cellophane tubing to be pulled through against the synthetic rubber or gum rubber is very much greater than the friction between the bore wall and the rubber and cellophane.
  • Teflon polytetrafluoroethylene
  • polyethylene polyethylene
  • polyvinylchloride polyvinylchloride
  • the membrane and tubing are fastened similarly to the outer casing of the assembly.
  • the improved artificial kidney is represented in the drawing in an illustrative but preferred embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 is a central horizontal cross section through the artificial kidney assembly in operating condition.
  • FIG. 2' is a diagram of the kidney in the first stage of its novel manner of coiling, in schematic representation.
  • FIG. 3 is a side view of the artificial kidney from the outside, with individual parts in section.
  • FIG. 4 shows, greatly magnified, a detail of FIG. 3 in the longitudinal section IVIV.
  • FIG. 5 shows schematically the flow directions of the wash solution through the channels formed by two tie bands with the membrane interposed between them.
  • FIG. 6 isan enlarged fragment of a plan view of a tie band or membrane support member embodying one aspect of the invention.
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged detail view of a support member used in this invention.
  • a plane geometrical spiral 1 in the example of the embodiment there are coiled about a core 12 four tubings, 2a to 2d, one upon another.
  • the beginning inlets 3 and ends (outlets) 11 of the tubings 2a to 2d are substantially uniformly staggered along the circumference of the spiral 1; in the example of the embodiment by Between the tubings 2a to 2d there are coiled porous tie bands 4a to 4d, in such a way that each tube surface is tightly and statistically homogeneously bordered !by two tie bands.
  • the tie bands 4a to 4d consist of nettings level in a plane, of crossing strand wires 6. In use, these cause formation of statistically homogeneously distributed pouches 7 of the tubings 2a to 2d during the dialysis process.
  • the ends 11 of the dialysis tubings 2a to 2d are, as shown especially in FIG. 3, folded around a highly elastic terminal tube 9 and are pulled together with the latter under strong friction, so as to be leakproof, through a conical bore 8 of a confining rim 10 in the outer casing 13 of the artificial kidney assembly.
  • This arrangement of the beginnings and the ends of the tubings 2a to 2d is located advantageously on a uniformly divided circumference of a circle.
  • the beginnings and ends of the latter are staggered each by 90 on the tubing circumference; if three tubings were present, one would obtain a distance of With the use of more than four tubings the circle would be uniformly divided correspondingly.
  • the beginning and end of each tubing 2a to 2d therefore are located on the generatrix of the spiral 1.
  • the solid arrows indicate the direction of flow of the wash solution on the front surface of the outside of the membrane and the dashed arrows indicate the direction of flow of the wash solution on the back surface of the outside of the membrane.
  • the area within the intersections of pairs of the upper and lower wires 6 is filled by the membranes 2a under blood flow pressure to form a pouch 7.
  • Each surface of the pouch 7 is thus washed by wash solution flowing as indicated by the arrows.
  • the strands of wire on the front side of the netting are positioned at 60, the strands of wire on the back, or opposite side are at an angle of 120, viewed along the arrows.
  • a multiplicity of four-sided pouches 7 thus is formed.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates that strands or wires 6, of a tie band or membrane support member 4 which is typical of tie bands 4a, 4b, 4c and 4d, are parallel in a plane in a first or upper set 6a, and parallel in a plane in a second or lower set 6y.
  • Membrane support member 4 may be of plastic fabrication with its strands 6w arranged at an angle to the strands 6y. The thickness of the strands of each set project their lengths from opposite sides of an imaginary plane P (shown in phantom line in FIG. 7); and strands 6y are secured, for example, by fusion to strands 6a at their intersecting angle forming points.
  • Strands 6a which are of uniform thickness, define a first surface of support member 4; and strands 6y are also of uniform thickness and define another surface of said support member opposed to the first surface.
  • each support member 4 is comprised of two opposed pair of channel defining strands which enable formation in the dialyzers engaged thereby of a pair of corresponding channel sets which are angularly disposed.
  • One set of channels 20w will be formed by strands 6w while another set of channels 20y will be formed by reason of strands 6y.
  • tubular dialyzers 2a and 2b disposed there between.
  • Each of said tubular dialyzers comprises a pair of substantially parallel diffusion sections 2.9 and 21 These sections have inner faces arranged for passing therebetween a first fluid (blood).
  • Sections 2.9 and 2t also have opposed outer surfaces 21' supportively disposed against adjacent of support members 4 and adapted for engaging a second (dialyzing) fluid for material exchange across said diffusion sections.
  • Under pressure of fluid in dialyzer 2a diffusion section 2t will be forced from its solid line position of FIG. 7 between strands 611 to form therebetween elongated channels 20u (shown in dotted lines) in said dialyzer.
  • section 2s will be forced into a plurality of parallel channels 20y (shown in dotted line) between strands 6y.
  • the channels 20a and 20y thus formed will be disposed in a pair of parallel sets at an angle, one to the other, and with the channel walls of each set being of uniform height.
  • the foregoing arrangement minimizes channeling due to differential resistance within diffusion apparatus, such as an artificial kidney, by providing uniform fluid pathways. Such is not experienced when a support member is woven. That is to say improved results obtain because in each support member 4 strands 6y are disposed in a plane from which strands 6a are absent while strands 6 are disposed in a plane from which strands 6y are absent. Accordingly, the flow paths defined by channels 20y and 20a will be free from crossing impediment to flow.
  • the improved artificial kidney of the invention is sterilized and used in a known manner.
  • the sterilized artificial kidney is installed in a sterilized sealable dialyzer chamber having openings through which the inlet and outlet blood flow tubes pass by means of leakproof connectors.
  • the inlet of each blood flow tubing is joined with the other inlets to a single main inlet connection which leads to a line coming from the patient.
  • the outlets of the blood flow tubes are similarly joined to a main outlet line going back to the patient.
  • Dialyzer wash solution of known composition is circulated through the chamber through suitable openings.
  • the flow of wash solution in the chamber is arranged so that in passing through the chamber the solution is forced through the artificial kidney through the channels formed by the wires 6 of netting of the tie bands 4a- 4d.
  • the solution washesover the outer surfaces of the pouches 7 formed by the membranes and tie bands, removing the waste products dialyzed through the membranes from the blood passing through the membrane tubings.
  • the blood to be purified by the dialyzer solution is circulated through the blood flow tubes from patients artery and is discharged back to a vein by the force of the patients own blood pressure, no pump usually being necessary.
  • the wire distance was approximately 5 mm. and the wire was 1 mm. thick.
  • the wires were run at a 60 angle. Even when the netting was pulled tightly over the cellophane, blood passed through readily, and spacers were not necessary.
  • tubing can be used. Four coils of 4 meters of 36/32" Visking casing were found to contain a total of between 450 and 490 ml. and to provide a surface area of 14,400 cm.
  • a clearance of sodium ions of between 140 to 150 ml./ min. was obtained at a blood flow rate of 200 mL/min.
  • a maximum clearance of 220 ml. was reached at a flow of 400 ml./min., in vitro.
  • the blood flow resistance of the improved artificial kidney is low.
  • the coils are disposable.
  • the improvement which comprises a spiral assembly of dialyzer tubing positioned between said bands and positioned about a core, in which said band consists of a netting of crossing strands comprising an upper set and a lower set of parallel strands, level in a plane, and each set of crossing strands supporting and lying against opposing sides of said dialyzer tubing and defining an angle to each other, which in use during dialysis in combination with said dialyzer tubing causes a formation of statistically homogeneously distributed interconnected pouches along said dialysis tubing to define flow channels.
  • a combination according to claim 1 characterized in that the parallel support strands of said upper set are of uniform thickness and define one surface of said netting the parallel strands of said lower set being of uniform thickness and defining a second surface of said netting, said second and first surfaces being in opposed relationship and enabling formation of sets of parallel channels in said dialyzer tubing.
  • each set of strands defines an angle with respect to the planes defining the sides of said spiral assembly.
  • An artificial kidney according to claim 1 having a plurality of said flattened dialyzer tubings wound in a coil wherein the beginning and end of each dialyzer tubing are located on the same generatrix of the spiral.
  • each end of a dialyzer tubing has been folded around an elastic terminal tube and has been pulled together with the latter under strong friction so as to be leakproof through the bore of a conical confining rim.
  • An artificial kidney according to claim 10 wherein a plastic funnel-shaped sleeve tapered inwardly in the direction of a dialyzer tubing and having smooth outwardly arched walls, serves as means for attaining leak tightness of the connection to the elastic terminal.
  • an artificial kidney having a pair of opposed dialysis membrane sections with facing inner surfaces arranged for passing therebetween a first fluid for material exchange with a second fluid disposed in contact with the outer surfaces of said membrane sections, the combination comprising: an upper set of parallel channel defining strands in a first plane and supportingly disposed against the outer surface of one of said membrane sections; and a lower set of parallel channel defining strands in a second plane distinct from said first plane said lower set of strands defining an angle with respeci to said upper set of strands, and supportingly disposed against the outer surface of the other of said membrane sections; whereby two sets of flow channels, each set of flow channels defining an angle with the other set, will be formed in said membrane sections under fluid pressure therebetween.
  • An artificial kidney comprising (a) a core means;
  • each tie band being at least as long as a tubing
  • said leakproof connector means each comprises a conical bore with the smallest diameter of the bore on the membrane tubing side of the connector means.
  • the artificial kidney according to claim 19 wherein the leakproof connector means is a detachable funnelshaped conical sleeve.
  • the artificial kidney of claim 1 containing a plurality of separate bands of netting.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • External Artificial Organs (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
US720812A 1965-12-16 1968-04-12 Artificial kidney Expired - Lifetime US3510004A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEH53975U DE1938184U (de) 1965-12-16 1965-12-16 Kuenstliche niere.
DEH0059661 1966-06-14
US58289666A 1966-09-29 1966-09-29

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US3510004A true US3510004A (en) 1970-05-05

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US720812A Expired - Lifetime US3510004A (en) 1965-12-16 1968-04-12 Artificial kidney

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US (1) US3510004A (de)
BE (1) BE690899A (de)
DE (1) DE1491741A1 (de)
DK (1) DK119941B (de)
ES (1) ES334582A1 (de)
FR (1) FR1504368A (de)
GB (1) GB1175267A (de)
IL (1) IL26988A (de)
NL (1) NL138283C (de)
SE (1) SE321766B (de)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3687293A (en) * 1969-11-05 1972-08-29 Avon Rubber Co Ltd Therapeutic device
US3852198A (en) * 1972-02-12 1974-12-03 Plastic Kogaku Kenkyusho Kk Dialyzing apparatus for artifical kidney
US3962095A (en) * 1973-06-22 1976-06-08 Sandoz Ltd. Dialyser cartridge
US3962097A (en) * 1971-04-22 1976-06-08 Millipore Corporation Spiral-wound filter
US4128479A (en) * 1976-09-30 1978-12-05 Japan Foundation For Artificial Organs Blood-gas exchanger
US4235723A (en) * 1979-05-15 1980-11-25 Hydranautics Reverse osmosis membrane module
US4301013A (en) * 1980-09-11 1981-11-17 Abcor, Inc. Spiral membrane module with controlled by-pass seal

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT990683B (it) * 1973-06-22 1975-07-10 Bellco Spa Cartuccia dializzatrice partico larmente per reni artificiali extra corporei
US9828455B2 (en) 2016-02-24 2017-11-28 Ineos Styrolution Group Gmbh Styrene-butadiene block copolymers with an internal butadiene block for tubing applications

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3077268A (en) * 1959-05-06 1963-02-12 Univ Pennsylvania Dialyzer

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3077268A (en) * 1959-05-06 1963-02-12 Univ Pennsylvania Dialyzer

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3687293A (en) * 1969-11-05 1972-08-29 Avon Rubber Co Ltd Therapeutic device
US3962097A (en) * 1971-04-22 1976-06-08 Millipore Corporation Spiral-wound filter
US3852198A (en) * 1972-02-12 1974-12-03 Plastic Kogaku Kenkyusho Kk Dialyzing apparatus for artifical kidney
US3962095A (en) * 1973-06-22 1976-06-08 Sandoz Ltd. Dialyser cartridge
US4128479A (en) * 1976-09-30 1978-12-05 Japan Foundation For Artificial Organs Blood-gas exchanger
US4235723A (en) * 1979-05-15 1980-11-25 Hydranautics Reverse osmosis membrane module
US4301013A (en) * 1980-09-11 1981-11-17 Abcor, Inc. Spiral membrane module with controlled by-pass seal

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1504368A (fr) 1967-12-01
SE321766B (de) 1970-03-16
BE690899A (de) 1967-05-16
ES334582A1 (es) 1967-11-01
DE1491741A1 (de) 1969-07-24
IL26988A (en) 1971-03-24
NL6617440A (de) 1967-06-19
DK119941B (da) 1971-03-15
NL138283C (nl) 1979-10-15
GB1175267A (en) 1969-12-23

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