US3487330A - High power dissipation laser structure - Google Patents

High power dissipation laser structure Download PDF

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Publication number
US3487330A
US3487330A US468257A US3487330DA US3487330A US 3487330 A US3487330 A US 3487330A US 468257 A US468257 A US 468257A US 3487330D A US3487330D A US 3487330DA US 3487330 A US3487330 A US 3487330A
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Prior art keywords
laser
coolant
segments
optical axis
segmented
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Expired - Lifetime
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US468257A
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard A Gudmundsen
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Boeing North American Inc
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North American Rockwell Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/07—Construction or shape of active medium consisting of a plurality of parts, e.g. segments
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/02—Constructional details
    • H01S3/04—Arrangements for thermal management
    • H01S3/042—Arrangements for thermal management for solid state lasers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/02—Constructional details
    • H01S3/025—Constructional details of solid state lasers, e.g. housings or mountings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/02—Constructional details
    • H01S3/04—Arrangements for thermal management
    • H01S3/0407—Liquid cooling, e.g. by water
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/0602—Crystal lasers or glass lasers
    • H01S3/0604—Crystal lasers or glass lasers in the form of a plate or disc

Definitions

  • a laser structure for dissipating the heat associated with high power operation comprising a plurality of laser material segments spaced along the optical axis of the laser structure in such a manner that heat flows through the seg- I ments in the direction of the optical axis. These spaced segments form channels through which is pumped a coolant to absorb the axially flowing heat.
  • the present invention is directed to high power dissipation laser structures and more particularly to fluid coupled and to fluid cooled laser structures utilizing segmented laser materials.
  • the present invention is directed to a high power dissipation laser device which has the optical quality and mechanical stability of a solid laser material device and the heat dissipation properties of a flowing liquid laser. It is the main feature of the present invention to provide a laser structure in which the solid laser material is opened up or expanded along the optical axis in such a manner as to optimize heat transfer in the direction of the optical axis to a large convection surface and to utilize a cooling fluid, with an index of refraction matching the laser material. In this manner the reflection losses at the many surfaces of the segmented structure are eliminated while the flowing coolant removes the heat, thereby allowing higher average power and consequently higher repetition rates.
  • Such a segmented structure with fluid cooling has all the properties of a solid laser material device with the only adverse effect being a slight dilution of the active ion concentration resulting from the segmented arrangement.
  • a laser arrangement in which the matching of the refractive indices of the segmented laser material and the coolant fluid is not essential.
  • this feature of the invention contemplates a laser material coolant fluid interface which intersects the optical axis of the cavity at Brewsters angle.
  • FIG. 1 is a partially sectioned perspective view of one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 1a is a schematic diagram of the embodiment of FIG. 1 showing a modified cooling system
  • FIG. 2 is a detailed sectional view of a modified segmented laser material and coolant arrangement
  • FIG. 3 is a detailed sectional view of another arrangement of segmented laser material and coolant.
  • FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of the present invention in which an outer tube 20 is sealed between two end pieces 22 by circular members 24 in any manner well known in the art.
  • Each end piece 24 is provided with small aperture 26 having a flange 27 in which a water cooled flash lamp 28 is supported in sealed engagement to the flange 27, and a large aperture 30 having an outwardly extending flange 32.
  • Supported on the inner edge of flange 32 is a laser support tube 34 extending the full length of tube 20 and having its upper surface 35 cut to support circular discs 36 of laser material.
  • the circular discs 36 are supported by surface 35 in parallel relation to each other along its length with appropriately formed end pieces, e.g., quartz, 37 and 38 placed at each end.
  • Each disc 36 and end pieces 37 and 38 extend into the interior of tube 34 and preferably above the outer peripheral surface of tube 34.
  • the laser discs 36 in this embodiment are supported at an angle to the optical axis 40 of the laser. This angle is equal to Brewsters angle as is explained in more detail hereinafter. It is within the purview of the present invention, however, to support the laser discs 36 in spaced positions normal to the optical axis 40.
  • the tube 34 is connected through an inlet coolant tube 42 extending through outer tube 20 to a source of coolant.
  • the coolant flowing into the interior of laser support tube 34 flows through the spaces between the laser discs 36 into the volume 44 around the flash lamp 28, thereby cooling the flash lamp and is removed from the laser structure through coolant outlet 46.
  • laser support tube 34 The ends of laser support tube 34 are sealed by a front and back mirror sealed to and positioned within the outwardly extending flanges 32.
  • One such mirror is shown at 48 as a dotted line.
  • the sealing ma also be accomplished with clear optical windows, using separate external mirrors.
  • FIG. 1a shows the general arrangement of a laser device similar to FIG. 1 together with the coolant system.
  • the flash tube 28 is shown as having an independent cooling system 50 forming a parallel arm with the coolant system for the laser structure.
  • the coolant flows from inlet 42 through the stacked spaced laser discs 36 into the volume 44, through outlet 46 to a pump 52 and heat exchange 54.
  • FIG. 2 shows anth r me ic a rang ment and nterrela Qn ,of the seamented laser material and the flash lamp.
  • a flash lamp 60 is positioned on the optical axis 62 is supported at its ends in any manner well known in the art.
  • An optical axis is defined as an axis having a direction parallel to the direction of the poynting vector and at the center of symmetry of light distribution in an optical system.
  • a tubular laser segment supporting member 64 Surrounding and spaced from the lamp 60 is a tubular laser segment supporting member 64, preferably fabricated in two tubular portions, having a series of grooves or channels 66 in its inner surface and a plurality of ducts 68 connecting the peripheral volume with the channels or passages 70 between laser segments 72.
  • a plurality of circular laser material segments 72 are supported in the grooves 66 and have a central aperture 74 which is larger than the outside diameter of the flash lamp 60.
  • the segments 72 are supported normal to the optical axis 62 although the grooves 66 may be arranged to support the segments at Brewsters angle shown in FIG. 3, where the like numbers refer to corresponding parts as described above with respect to FIG. 2.
  • the coolant circulation in the embodiment of FIG. 3 may be similar to that of FIG. 2, i.e., along the flash tube 60, through the channels 70 and to the exterior of support member 64 through ducts 68.
  • the support member 64 may be of circular cross section as shown in FIG. 1 or may be eliptical, triangular or rectangular in cross section if desired. While the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3 have been described as containing a single stack of segmented circular laser discs, it is clear that the discs 36 and 72 described could be fabricated in any desired shape, e.g., square, triangular, so that a plurality of stacks could be provided within the device. Further, utilizing a plurality of laser stacks would allow various orientations of the coolant channels 70 to be utilized within the same laser structure. The coolant flow direction in the various combinations of laser stacks mentioned could be controlled by suitable bafiles.
  • the laser material 36 and cell end windows 37 and 38 be constructed as a rigid unit in order to preserve optical integrity in the presence of acoustic shocks. Further, the rigid construction of the stacked segments can be treated essentially as an integral rod thereb allowing a wide latitude in geometric configuration.
  • the liquid cooled segmented laser structure of the above described embodiments has as a primary condition the avoidance of any losses either at the coolant laser interface or in the liquid coolant itself. Losses at the interface of the coolant and the laser segments are avoided either by matching the refractive indices of the coolantlaser material at the laser wavelength, or by positioning the interface at Brewsters angle with respect to the optical axis.
  • the loss primarily results from the reflection at the interfaces. If the number of such interfaces is the order of 100, it is apparent that a small mismatch in the two refractive indices can result in a large loss. For example, the loss for 50, 100 and 200 interfaces, where the ratio of indices of refraction is 1.06, will be approximately 5, 8 and 16 percent respectively. Thus, differences in refractive indices of greater than two percent should be avoided if large power losses resulting from the mismatch of indices is to result.
  • Losses due to the liquid alone would result from absorption bands in the liquid coolant at the laser wavelength and can be avoided by proper choice of liquids.
  • a saturated D 0 solution of CaCl will function down to 40 C.
  • the solution has essentially percent transmission at 1.06
  • Another fluid suitable for use as a coolant fluid for a laser wavelength of 1.06 4 is a three component solution consisting of D 0, BaI and HgI i.e., deuterated Rohrbacks solution.
  • the temperature coefficient of refractive index of this coolant solution is about 3 10 C. while that of Nd+ glass laser material is only about l0 C. Thus, no significant loss will be introduced by deviating from the design temperature.
  • coolants or solutions will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the required refractive index characteristics of which will vary depending upon the laser material used.
  • coolants which are transparent at both the laser wavelength and pumping wavelength and stable under strong illumination would include water, heavy water, methyl alcohol, benzene or Freon.
  • the preferred laser material is a Nd+ glass.
  • other laser materials capable of exhibiting laser action may also be utilized in the various embodiments of the present invention, e.g., ruby; Nd+ CaWO or Nd: YAG.
  • the use of neodymium-doped CaWO because of its low threshold, high efficiency, and narrow bandwidth would improve the performance of the segmented laser structures of the present invention.
  • the refractive index of the selected material should be uniform over the face of the disc.
  • the use of birefringent crystals of laser material will require proper orientation so that they are co-directional.
  • the laser structure of the present invention may be fabricated from any known solid laser material and have a total aggregated thickness consistent with accepted laser practice. Total thickness mayrange from one-half inch to the order of 40 inches with each segment having a thickness of at least about 0.010 inches dependent upon the characteristic strength of the selected laser material 72.
  • the diameter may vary from the range of a few millimeters to the order of one inch or larger dependent upon the absorption characteristic of the selected laser material as well known in the art.
  • the spacing 70 between laser discs is governed by the hydraulic behavior of the cooling liquid and is preferably selected to prevent turbulent flow. Thus, spacings in the range of from about 0.005 to about 0.025 may be used. The spacing need not be exactly equal between successive pairs of laser discs 72 but should be uniform between adjacent discs 72 such that all discs are spaced parallel to each other.
  • the material of the end pieces 37 and 38 may be any transparent material known in the art to have sufilcient dielectric strength to withstand the laser beam.
  • the respective increase in power dissipation capability is of the order of 50, 200 and 800.
  • Helical lamps could be utilized to provide a central coolant outlet within the lamp with suitable coolant outlet apertures arranged to cause a uniform pressure lengthwise of the assembly and at each radius outward from the central axis. In this manner the same pressure drop is insured across discs located at the ends of the stack.
  • a plurality of stacks arranged around the central flash lamp would be optically interconnected with bifur cated porro prisms for accomplishing the interconnection or beam folding.
  • Such a beam folding arrangement may be rectangular structure utilizing four segmented laser stacks, or a polygon structure.
  • the present invention may be utilized in a wide variety of folded-path closed structures.
  • Another type of laser structure particularly suitable for utilizing the segmented arrangement of the present invention is one utilizing a stack of laser discs arranged as a slab with flash lamps located adjacent to the large area surfaces. Such an arrangement, for example, would utilize a plurality of spaced stacks of laser discs with flash lamp means located between each adjacent pair of stacks.
  • a laser apparatus comprising: a plurality of laser segments having substantially parallel faces;
  • said coolant is selected from the group consisting of water, heavy water, methyl alcohol, benzene and freon.
  • said means for supporting includes a plurality of coolant ducts connected to said coolant passages.
  • a laser structure comprising: a plurality of laser material segments spaced along the optical axis of said laser structure at an angle with respect to said optical axis defined by Brewsters angle, said segments having substantially parallel faces;

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Lasers (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
US468257A 1965-06-30 1965-06-30 High power dissipation laser structure Expired - Lifetime US3487330A (en)

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Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3611190A (en) * 1969-10-16 1971-10-05 American Optical Corp Laser structure with a segmented laser rod
US3611188A (en) * 1969-05-19 1971-10-05 American Optical Corp Ytterbium laser device
US3621456A (en) * 1969-03-24 1971-11-16 Young Charles G Disc laser system
US3628179A (en) * 1969-03-12 1971-12-14 American Optical Corp Stacked composite plate laser
US3631362A (en) * 1968-08-27 1971-12-28 Gen Electric Face-pumped, face-cooled laser device
US3648192A (en) * 1971-01-28 1972-03-07 Us Air Force Continuous-wave nonspiking single mode laser
US3675152A (en) * 1970-06-24 1972-07-04 American Optical Corp Compensator for a radial refractive-index gradient in a disc laser
US3696308A (en) * 1970-08-21 1972-10-03 Hadron Inc Segmented laser apparatus and method of making the same
US3702976A (en) * 1971-11-11 1972-11-14 American Optical Corp All glass peripherally multi-arcuate disc laser
US3711790A (en) * 1971-04-07 1973-01-16 F Gans Segmented glass laser
US3711785A (en) * 1970-09-24 1973-01-16 Owens Illinois Inc High power segmented laser device having novel coolant flow arrangement and novel laser discs
US3735282A (en) * 1972-06-14 1973-05-22 F Gans Liquid-cooled, segmented glass laser
US3842368A (en) * 1973-06-21 1974-10-15 Owens Illinois Inc Hybrid laser structures
US4155046A (en) * 1978-01-11 1979-05-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Segmented amplifier configurations for laser amplifier
EP0078654A1 (en) * 1981-11-02 1983-05-11 General Electric Company Multiple host face-pumped laser
WO1988009071A1 (en) * 1987-05-09 1988-11-17 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angewand Laser and process for production of a laser beam
US4858242A (en) * 1988-06-27 1989-08-15 Allied-Signal Inc. Unitary solid-state laser
US5696783A (en) * 1995-09-07 1997-12-09 Lumonics Inc. Laser cooling
US20030053500A1 (en) * 2001-09-18 2003-03-20 Dso National Laboratories Laser
US20030161365A1 (en) * 2001-11-21 2003-08-28 General Atomics Laser containing a distributed gain medium
US6738400B1 (en) 1993-07-07 2004-05-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Large diameter lasing tube cooling arrangement
FR2877776A1 (fr) * 2004-11-05 2006-05-12 Thales Sa Dispositif d'amplification laser a haute energie et a haute qualite de faisceau

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3311846A (en) * 1963-06-20 1967-03-28 American Optical Corp Polarizing apparatus using inclined plates of laserable material
US3356966A (en) * 1967-12-05 Laser cooler apparatus

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL281547A (no) * 1961-07-31
FR1310592A (fr) * 1961-10-13 1962-11-30 Csf Perfectionnements aux sources lumineuses à émission stimulée
NL286501A (no) * 1961-12-22

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3356966A (en) * 1967-12-05 Laser cooler apparatus
US3311846A (en) * 1963-06-20 1967-03-28 American Optical Corp Polarizing apparatus using inclined plates of laserable material

Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3631362A (en) * 1968-08-27 1971-12-28 Gen Electric Face-pumped, face-cooled laser device
US3628179A (en) * 1969-03-12 1971-12-14 American Optical Corp Stacked composite plate laser
US3621456A (en) * 1969-03-24 1971-11-16 Young Charles G Disc laser system
US3611188A (en) * 1969-05-19 1971-10-05 American Optical Corp Ytterbium laser device
US3611190A (en) * 1969-10-16 1971-10-05 American Optical Corp Laser structure with a segmented laser rod
US3675152A (en) * 1970-06-24 1972-07-04 American Optical Corp Compensator for a radial refractive-index gradient in a disc laser
US3696308A (en) * 1970-08-21 1972-10-03 Hadron Inc Segmented laser apparatus and method of making the same
US3711785A (en) * 1970-09-24 1973-01-16 Owens Illinois Inc High power segmented laser device having novel coolant flow arrangement and novel laser discs
US3648192A (en) * 1971-01-28 1972-03-07 Us Air Force Continuous-wave nonspiking single mode laser
US3711790A (en) * 1971-04-07 1973-01-16 F Gans Segmented glass laser
US3702976A (en) * 1971-11-11 1972-11-14 American Optical Corp All glass peripherally multi-arcuate disc laser
US3735282A (en) * 1972-06-14 1973-05-22 F Gans Liquid-cooled, segmented glass laser
US3842368A (en) * 1973-06-21 1974-10-15 Owens Illinois Inc Hybrid laser structures
US4155046A (en) * 1978-01-11 1979-05-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Segmented amplifier configurations for laser amplifier
EP0078654A1 (en) * 1981-11-02 1983-05-11 General Electric Company Multiple host face-pumped laser
WO1988009071A1 (en) * 1987-05-09 1988-11-17 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angewand Laser and process for production of a laser beam
US4858242A (en) * 1988-06-27 1989-08-15 Allied-Signal Inc. Unitary solid-state laser
US6738400B1 (en) 1993-07-07 2004-05-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Large diameter lasing tube cooling arrangement
US5696783A (en) * 1995-09-07 1997-12-09 Lumonics Inc. Laser cooling
US7058102B2 (en) * 2001-09-18 2006-06-06 Dso National Laboratories High-power solid-state laser
US20030053500A1 (en) * 2001-09-18 2003-03-20 Dso National Laboratories Laser
US20070002921A1 (en) * 2001-11-21 2007-01-04 General Atomics Laser Containing a Distributed Gain Medium
US20050271098A1 (en) * 2001-11-21 2005-12-08 General Atomics Laser containing a distributed gain medium
US6937629B2 (en) * 2001-11-21 2005-08-30 General Atomics Laser containing a distributed gain medium
US7103078B2 (en) * 2001-11-21 2006-09-05 General Atomics Laser containing a distributed gain medium
US20030161365A1 (en) * 2001-11-21 2003-08-28 General Atomics Laser containing a distributed gain medium
US7366211B2 (en) 2001-11-21 2008-04-29 General Atomics Laser containing a distributed gain medium
FR2877776A1 (fr) * 2004-11-05 2006-05-12 Thales Sa Dispositif d'amplification laser a haute energie et a haute qualite de faisceau
WO2006063901A1 (fr) * 2004-11-05 2006-06-22 Thales Dispositif d'amplification laser a haute energie et a haute qualite de faisceau
US20090073550A1 (en) * 2004-11-05 2009-03-19 Thales Device for amplifying a laser with high energy and high beam quality
US8072677B2 (en) 2004-11-05 2011-12-06 Thales Device for amplifying a laser with high energy and high beam quality

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GB1100243A (en) 1968-01-24
DE1564415B1 (de) 1970-05-14
NL6609106A (no) 1967-01-02

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