US3478424A - Method of manufacturing fixed value resistors - Google Patents

Method of manufacturing fixed value resistors Download PDF

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US3478424A
US3478424A US646780A US3478424DA US3478424A US 3478424 A US3478424 A US 3478424A US 646780 A US646780 A US 646780A US 3478424D A US3478424D A US 3478424DA US 3478424 A US3478424 A US 3478424A
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resistors
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value
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Angelo Meoni
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Gerafin Sa soc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
    • H01C17/28—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for applying terminals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C1/00—Details
    • H01C1/14—Terminals or tapping points or electrodes specially adapted for resistors; Arrangements of terminals or tapping points or electrodes on resistors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C17/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors
    • H01C17/22—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for trimming
    • H01C17/24—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing resistors adapted for trimming by removing or adding resistive material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49087—Resistor making with envelope or housing
    • Y10T29/49098—Applying terminal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49082—Resistor making
    • Y10T29/49099—Coating resistive material on a base
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49169—Assembling electrical component directly to terminal or elongated conductor
    • Y10T29/49171—Assembling electrical component directly to terminal or elongated conductor with encapsulating

Definitions

  • a method of manufacturing fixed value resistors comprising the steps of coating one face of an insulating support laminate with a thin metallic layer, depositing a layer of a semiconductor material on a portion of the other face of the support in the longitudinal direction, on one of its longitudinal edges and on a part of the first face, the semiconductor material being in contact with the said metallic layer, providing a row of holes in the part of the support which is not covered with semiconductor material, introducing into each hole a conducting rod serving as a terminal connection and disposed substantially normally to the row of holes, setting and soldering the rod on the metallic layer, separating each pair of terminal connections by cutting the support transversely between two terminals of two consecutive pairs of terminals, cutting the metallic layer rigid with the insulating support transversely between the terminals of each pair into two substantially equal parts, and finally standardizing each resistor thus formed by comparing its value with the value of a reference resistor and modifying the resistor by removal, in an appropriate zone, of a portion of the
  • the present invention relates to fixed value resistors which are generally utilized in the circuits of radio and television sets, and electronic circuits in general, and more particularly in the technique known as printed circuitry.
  • resistors are generally of cylindrical form although they are sometimes flat, but in any event they include a terminal connection fixed at each of the ends.
  • the technique of printed circuitry necessitates the provision of parts intended to receive the terminals of the resistors at predetermined distances and fixed in relation to one another, of the order of one sixth of an inch, that is to say, about two and a half millimetres, or multiples thereof.
  • resistors it is necessary, before connecting them into a circuit, to bend and to twist at least one of the terminal connections and very often both of them in order to permit these terminals to engage the corresponding connections of the circuit. This operation is time-consuming and inconvenient.
  • semiconductor is used herein to mean a material which is suitable for use as a resistance element.
  • a method of manufacturing fixed value resistors comprising the steps of coating one face of an insulating support laminate with a thin metallic layer, depositing a layer of a semiconductor material on a portion of the other face of the support in the longitudinal direction, on one of its longitudinal edges and on a part of the first face, the semiconductor material being in contact with the said metallic layer, providing a row of holes in the part of the support which is not covered with semiconductor material, introducing into each hole a conducting rod serving as a terminal connection and disposed substantially normally to the row of holes, setting and soldering the rod on the metallic layer, separating each pair of terminal connections by cutting the support transversely between two terminals of two consecutive pairs of terminals, cutting the metallic layer rigid with the insulating support transversely between the terminals of each pair into two substantially equal parts, and finally standardizing each resistor thus formed by comparing its value with the value of a reference resistor and modifying the resistor by removal, in an appropriate zone, of a portion of the semiconductor material until the value of the
  • a method of manufacturing resistors comprising the steps of coating one face of an elongate insulating support plate with a conductor material, depositing a layer of resistance material on the other face of the plate and on one longitudinal edge so that there is contact between the conductor and resistance materials, providing a row of holes in the plate in the face coated only with conductor material, inserting a terminal conductor into each hole and making an electrical connection between the conductor layer and each conductor, dividing the plate between alternate terminal conductors, and removing a band of the conductor material from the plate between the terminal conductors of each resistor.
  • the conductor rods forming the terminal connections are preferably obtained by partially cutting through a continuous band of metal, in such a manner that it is easily possible to maintain the predeterimned distances between the said connections and above all a large number of operations referred to above can be carried out automatically and continuously without completely separating the resistors from the metallic band carrying the connection rods.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic view in elevation of a group of resistances manufactured according to the process which is the subject of the invention, this view showing one of the faces of the resistors;
  • FIG. 2 shows a view of the other face of a resistor
  • FIG. 3 is a section on the line IIIIII of FIG. 2.
  • a supplementary short circuit for example by deposit of a varnish with a silver base.
  • the distance between two consecutive holes is appropriate to the use intended for the resistor and generally is equal to the spacing between the axes of two consecutive terminals of a printed circuit. This distance is generally equal to one sixth of an inch, or about two and a half millimeters.
  • a conducting rod -6 is introduced into each hole 5 which forms a terminal connection and is arranged perpendicularly to the row of holes. It is set into and firmly connected to the copper face of the support by solder 7. In order to obtain the desired spacing between two consecutive terminal connections, these are preferably obtained by cutting from a metallic band 8, the other side of the band carrying in the same manner a second series of conducting rods 6 symmetrical to the first in order to permit simultaneously manufacture of a second series of resistors.
  • Each pair of the terminal connections 6 is then separated corresponding to one of the resistors, by cutting the support transversely along slits 1b between two terminals belonging to two consecutive pairs, as is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the metallic layer 2 rigid with the insulating support 1 is cut transversely into two parts 2a and 2b, which are substantially equal, between the terminals 6 of each pair, the parts 2a and 2b remaining in contact with the semiconductor material.
  • This operation is effected by any means or process which is known and, for example, by chemical etching, or mechanically by means of a milling cutter or a fraising operation.
  • the means generally employed for the separation of the metallic layer into two substantially equal parts is utilized and a slit in the edge and in the face seen in FIG. 2 of the semiconductor which is transverse to the length of the resistor and which prolongs the line of separation of the parts 2a and 2b of the metallic layer, the length of the slit depending on the difference between the value of the part-formed resistor and that of the reference.
  • the standardization of the resistors is effected by extending the resistance circuit.
  • the resistor thus obtained has all the desired characteristics; small bulk, exact spacing between the terminal connections, standardized value, etc. It remains however to emphasize that in a resistance of this type, the metallic layer has several functions. It forms a radiator for the dissipation of heat because of its substantial surface. Furthermore, it ensures contact with the semiconductor and enables easy soldering of the connection rods at a distance spaced relatively to the contact between the metallic layer and the semiconductor layer, which allows for a certain deformation between these two zones. Moreever, the relative dispositions of the semiconductor, the metallic layer and of the connection rods permit standardization of the resistor from the side opposed to the latter.
  • these can be rounded or chamfered at the edge 2c adjacent to the longitudinal edge 4 of the insulating support 1, as is shown in FIG. 3.
  • the invention is not limited to the single method for carrying it out which has been described and shown, but covers moreover any modifications with regard, in particular, to the dimensions of the insulating support, the coverings of conducting and semiconducting material, the thickness, the nature of the materials used and the methods of manufacture and standardization which are employed.
  • one face of the strip with a thin metal layer, depositing a layer of semiconductor material on a portion of the other face of the strip along one of the longitudinal edges and on a part of the first face,
  • each length of strip constituting an individual resistor by comparing its resistance value with the value of a reference resistor and by removing a part of the semiconductor material to give the same resistance value as that of the reference resistor.
  • a method of manufacturing resistors from an elongate strip of insulating material with two longitudinal faces and two longitudinal edges comprising the steps of,

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Apparatuses And Processes For Manufacturing Resistors (AREA)

Description

Nov. 18, 1969 A. MEONI METHOD OF MANUFACTURING FIXED VALUE RESISTORS Original Filed July 2, 1965 m S m M Ma TM N N R M 0 V B a T m M m A W 4 3 I 5 3 8 Y o B 1.11 .l w F 2 7 9 3 2 3 g F United States Patent Int. (:1. lion 17/00 US. Cl. 29619 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A method of manufacturing fixed value resistors comprising the steps of coating one face of an insulating support laminate with a thin metallic layer, depositing a layer of a semiconductor material on a portion of the other face of the support in the longitudinal direction, on one of its longitudinal edges and on a part of the first face, the semiconductor material being in contact with the said metallic layer, providing a row of holes in the part of the support which is not covered with semiconductor material, introducing into each hole a conducting rod serving as a terminal connection and disposed substantially normally to the row of holes, setting and soldering the rod on the metallic layer, separating each pair of terminal connections by cutting the support transversely between two terminals of two consecutive pairs of terminals, cutting the metallic layer rigid with the insulating support transversely between the terminals of each pair into two substantially equal parts, and finally standardizing each resistor thus formed by comparing its value with the value of a reference resistor and modifying the resistor by removal, in an appropriate zone, of a portion of the semiconductor material until the value of the resistor reaches that of the reference resistor.
This application is a division of applicationSer. No. 470,352, now Patent No. 3,409,856, which was filed on July 8, 1965. I
The present invention relates to fixed value resistors which are generally utilized in the circuits of radio and television sets, and electronic circuits in general, and more particularly in the technique known as printed circuitry.
At the present time, resistors are generally of cylindrical form although they are sometimes flat, but in any event they include a terminal connection fixed at each of the ends. The technique of printed circuitry necessitates the provision of parts intended to receive the terminals of the resistors at predetermined distances and fixed in relation to one another, of the order of one sixth of an inch, that is to say, about two and a half millimetres, or multiples thereof. Also, in order to use the present day resistors it is necessary, before connecting them into a circuit, to bend and to twist at least one of the terminal connections and very often both of them in order to permit these terminals to engage the corresponding connections of the circuit. This operation is time-consuming and inconvenient.
On the other hand, these previously proposed resistors are relatively bulky and are no longer suitable for all the requirements of modern techniques; all of them have one or several classic defects, amongst which it is possible to point out the following:
ice
(a) Uncertainty in the contact between the terminal connection and the semiconductor constituting the resistance element proper, because of the rigidity of the metallic part intended to eifect the connection between the utilization terminals, which results in a disturbance of the contact in question;
(b) Difficulty in obtaining exact values (small tolerance), especially when, in order to obtain the desired values, selection methods are employed;
(0) A relatively high capacitance which is often variable because the substantial metallic surfaces opposite to a considerable thickness of the semiconductor;
(d) A self-inductance which is relatively high and which is variable when methods for the standardization of resistors is effected by means of a spiral around a cylindrical body.
The term semiconductor is used herein to mean a material which is suitable for use as a resistance element.
According to the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing fixed value resistors comprising the steps of coating one face of an insulating support laminate with a thin metallic layer, depositing a layer of a semiconductor material on a portion of the other face of the support in the longitudinal direction, on one of its longitudinal edges and on a part of the first face, the semiconductor material being in contact with the said metallic layer, providing a row of holes in the part of the support which is not covered with semiconductor material, introducing into each hole a conducting rod serving as a terminal connection and disposed substantially normally to the row of holes, setting and soldering the rod on the metallic layer, separating each pair of terminal connections by cutting the support transversely between two terminals of two consecutive pairs of terminals, cutting the metallic layer rigid with the insulating support transversely between the terminals of each pair into two substantially equal parts, and finally standardizing each resistor thus formed by comparing its value with the value of a reference resistor and modifying the resistor by removal, in an appropriate zone, of a portion of the semiconductor material until the value of the resistor reaches that of the reference resistor.
Further according to the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing resistors comprising the steps of coating one face of an elongate insulating support plate with a conductor material, depositing a layer of resistance material on the other face of the plate and on one longitudinal edge so that there is contact between the conductor and resistance materials, providing a row of holes in the plate in the face coated only with conductor material, inserting a terminal conductor into each hole and making an electrical connection between the conductor layer and each conductor, dividing the plate between alternate terminal conductors, and removing a band of the conductor material from the plate between the terminal conductors of each resistor.
It should be emphasized that the conductor rods forming the terminal connections are preferably obtained by partially cutting through a continuous band of metal, in such a manner that it is easily possible to maintain the predeterimned distances between the said connections and above all a large number of operations referred to above can be carried out automatically and continuously without completely separating the resistors from the metallic band carrying the connection rods.
Other complementary characteristics of the invention will become clear from the following description which is given hereafter with reference to the accompanying Patented Nov. 18, 1969' drawing. It is to be understood that the description and the drawing are only given by way of example and in no way limit the scope of the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic view in elevation of a group of resistances manufactured according to the process which is the subject of the invention, this view showing one of the faces of the resistors;
FIG. 2 shows a view of the other face of a resistor; and
FIG. 3 is a section on the line IIIIII of FIG. 2.
An insulating support 1 in the form of a laminate of, for example, Bakelite-coated cardboard, is employed and is covered on one face (that shown in FIG. 1) by a thin metallic layer 2, for example, of copper. On a portion of the other face (that shown in FIG. 2) of the support 1, there is deposited along the length a thin layer 3 of a semi-conductor material, for example, graphite. This deposit is effected by any known means or process, for example, by spattering or by dipping. With the latter method of operation, the two faces of the support are equally covered with semiconductor material. The deposit is effected from one of the edges of the insulating support and also covers the corresponding longitudinal edge 4 in such a manner that the semiconductor material is in contact with the metallic layer 2. It is also possible to effect, between the layer 2 and the semiconductor, a supplementary short circuit, for example by deposit of a varnish with a silver base. A row of holes 5 in even numbers, preferably equidistant from one another, is drilled in the part 1a of the support which is not covered with semiconductor material. The distance between two consecutive holes is appropriate to the use intended for the resistor and generally is equal to the spacing between the axes of two consecutive terminals of a printed circuit. This distance is generally equal to one sixth of an inch, or about two and a half millimeters.
A conducting rod -6 is introduced into each hole 5 which forms a terminal connection and is arranged perpendicularly to the row of holes. It is set into and firmly connected to the copper face of the support by solder 7. In order to obtain the desired spacing between two consecutive terminal connections, these are preferably obtained by cutting from a metallic band 8, the other side of the band carrying in the same manner a second series of conducting rods 6 symmetrical to the first in order to permit simultaneously manufacture of a second series of resistors.
Each pair of the terminal connections 6 is then separated corresponding to one of the resistors, by cutting the support transversely along slits 1b between two terminals belonging to two consecutive pairs, as is shown in FIG. 1. In order to insulate electrically in each resistor the two terminal connections, the metallic layer 2 rigid with the insulating support 1, is cut transversely into two parts 2a and 2b, which are substantially equal, between the terminals 6 of each pair, the parts 2a and 2b remaining in contact with the semiconductor material. This operation is effected by any means or process which is known and, for example, by chemical etching, or mechanically by means of a milling cutter or a fraising operation.
There is thus obtained for each pair of terminal connections 6, a resistor of an indefinite value. In order to obtain resistors of more exact value, it is necessary to standardize them. Standardization is effected by comparison of the value of each of the resistors with the value of a predetermined reference, after having separated the two terminals from the band.
For this operation, the means generally employed for the separation of the metallic layer into two substantially equal parts is utilized and a slit in the edge and in the face seen in FIG. 2 of the semiconductor which is transverse to the length of the resistor and which prolongs the line of separation of the parts 2a and 2b of the metallic layer, the length of the slit depending on the difference between the value of the part-formed resistor and that of the reference. Thus, the standardization of the resistors is effected by extending the resistance circuit.
As is effected for all resistors of the miniature type, it is then possible to provide a coating of the resistor which serves as a protection against humidity with the aid of an appropriate varnish and also to mark the value of each resistor according to the codes normally employed, such as the color code. The latter operations can be effected, for example, by dipping.
The resistor thus obtained has all the desired characteristics; small bulk, exact spacing between the terminal connections, standardized value, etc. It remains however to emphasize that in a resistance of this type, the metallic layer has several functions. It forms a radiator for the dissipation of heat because of its substantial surface. Furthermore, it ensures contact with the semiconductor and enables easy soldering of the connection rods at a distance spaced relatively to the contact between the metallic layer and the semiconductor layer, which allows for a certain deformation between these two zones. Moreever, the relative dispositions of the semiconductor, the metallic layer and of the connection rods permit standardization of the resistor from the side opposed to the latter. Finally, in order to ensure continuous contact under best conditions, between the semiconductor layer 3 and the parts 2a and 2b the conductor layer, these can be rounded or chamfered at the edge 2c adjacent to the longitudinal edge 4 of the insulating support 1, as is shown in FIG. 3.
The invention is not limited to the single method for carrying it out which has been described and shown, but covers moreover any modifications with regard, in particular, to the dimensions of the insulating support, the coverings of conducting and semiconducting material, the thickness, the nature of the materials used and the methods of manufacture and standardization which are employed.
I claim: 1. A method of manufacturing a plurality of fixed value resistors from an elongate strip of insulating material having two faces and two longitudinal edges comprising the steps of,
coating one face of the strip with a thin metal layer, depositing a layer of semiconductor material on a portion of the other face of the strip along one of the longitudinal edges and on a part of the first face,
providing a row of holes in the part of the strip covered only with the metal layer,
introducing a conductor serving as a terminal connection into each hole,
electrically connecting each conductor to the metal layer, severing the strip transversely between alternate conductors to form a number of lengths of strip,
removing a band of the metal layer transversely between the conductors of each length of strip, and
standardizing each length of strip constituting an individual resistor by comparing its resistance value with the value of a reference resistor and by removing a part of the semiconductor material to give the same resistance value as that of the reference resistor.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the spaces between the holes of the row are equal.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein the conductors are formed by partially cutting through a continuous metal band.
4. A method of manufacturing resistors from an elongate strip of insulating material with two longitudinal faces and two longitudinal edges, comprising the steps of,
providing a layer of a conductor material on one face of the strip,
providing a layer of a resistance material on the other face of the strip and along one of said longitudinal edges in order to provide contact between the con- References Cited 'fi r the gg l a l s in t l i z iii 'i on the sad one UNITED STATES PATENTS I V1 II 3. 0w 1 g e P 3,135,225 7/1965 Belliveau et a1. -1 29-620 inserting a terminal conductor into each hole, 5 fizf i k' ltr'l ttbt e htr'lcon- 6 ma mg ac e We n 6 mm 3,411,193 11/1968 Takacs 29-619 X ductor and the layer of conductor material, severing the strip between alternate conductors to form PAUL M COHEN Primary Examiner a plurality of discrete strips, and removing a band of the conductor layer between the -R- vconductors of each discrete strip. 10
US646780A 1964-07-28 1967-04-05 Method of manufacturing fixed value resistors Expired - Lifetime US3478424A (en)

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US6173487B1 (en) * 1996-03-05 2001-01-16 Calsonic Corporation Resistor unit for a fan speed controller of an automotive air conditioning device
US20060141861A1 (en) * 2002-09-30 2006-06-29 Cochlear Limited Feedthrough for electrical connectors
US20070128940A1 (en) * 2003-12-08 2007-06-07 Cochlear Limited Cochlear implant assembly
US20100326723A1 (en) * 2007-07-17 2010-12-30 Cochlear Limited Electrically insulative structure having holes for feedthroughs
US11058871B2 (en) 2003-12-08 2021-07-13 Cochlear Limited Manufacturing an electrode array for a stimulating medical device

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US6173487B1 (en) * 1996-03-05 2001-01-16 Calsonic Corporation Resistor unit for a fan speed controller of an automotive air conditioning device
US7996982B2 (en) 2002-09-30 2011-08-16 Cochlear Limited Method of making feedthroughs for electrical connectors
US7396265B2 (en) * 2002-09-30 2008-07-08 Cochlear Limited Feedthrough for electrical connectors
US20080208289A1 (en) * 2002-09-30 2008-08-28 Cochlear Limited Feedthrough for electrical connectors
US20080209723A1 (en) * 2002-09-30 2008-09-04 Cochlear Limited Feedthrough for electrical connectors
US7988507B2 (en) * 2002-09-30 2011-08-02 Cochlear Limited Feedthrough for electrical connectors
US20060141861A1 (en) * 2002-09-30 2006-06-29 Cochlear Limited Feedthrough for electrical connectors
US20070128940A1 (en) * 2003-12-08 2007-06-07 Cochlear Limited Cochlear implant assembly
US7950134B2 (en) 2003-12-08 2011-05-31 Cochlear Limited Implantable antenna
US20110230944A1 (en) * 2003-12-08 2011-09-22 Andy Ho Implantable antenna
US8819919B2 (en) 2003-12-08 2014-09-02 Cochlear Limited Method of forming a non-linear path of an electrically conducting wire
US11058871B2 (en) 2003-12-08 2021-07-13 Cochlear Limited Manufacturing an electrode array for a stimulating medical device
US20100326723A1 (en) * 2007-07-17 2010-12-30 Cochlear Limited Electrically insulative structure having holes for feedthroughs
US8672667B2 (en) 2007-07-17 2014-03-18 Cochlear Limited Electrically insulative structure having holes for feedthroughs

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DE1540488A1 (en) 1970-01-02
FR1411112A (en) 1965-09-17
ES315801A1 (en) 1966-03-01
GB1087405A (en) 1967-10-18
US3409856A (en) 1968-11-05

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