US3478282A - Couplings between waveguides and coaxial lines - Google Patents

Couplings between waveguides and coaxial lines Download PDF

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US3478282A
US3478282A US539801A US3478282DA US3478282A US 3478282 A US3478282 A US 3478282A US 539801 A US539801 A US 539801A US 3478282D A US3478282D A US 3478282DA US 3478282 A US3478282 A US 3478282A
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waveguide
conductor
coaxial line
centre conductor
couplings
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US539801A
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Charles Arthur Smith
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AC Cossor Ltd
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AC Cossor Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/08—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices
    • H01P5/10—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices for coupling balanced with unbalanced lines or devices
    • H01P5/103—Hollow-waveguide/coaxial-line transitions

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  • the present invention relates to couplings between waveguides and coaxial lines.
  • FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings An example of a well known form of coupling is shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings.
  • a rectangular waveguide is coupled to a coaxial line 11 having a centre conductor 12.
  • the narrower dimension of the waveguide is reduced in a series of steps to a value h such as to give the required waveguide impedance. This results in a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) that is higher than desirable for some purposes.
  • VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
  • the reduction in the narrower waveguide dimension is sometimes effected by tapering instead of in steps.
  • the end of the centre conductor 12 is fixed to a broad Wall of the waveguide at 15.
  • the dimension d from the axis of the centre conductor 12 to the short circuit face 14 of the back cavity is adjusted for optimum match at the required frequencies while the bandwidth of the coupling is determined largely by the dimension a.
  • this dimension a should be such that the impedance of the back cavity 13 is approximately equal to three times the impedance of the coaxial line.
  • the coaxial line has to carry high power, its impedance and its diameter D will be chosen for minimum attenuation compatible with ensuring that substantially no propagation of the TB. 11 coaxial mode takes place.
  • the present invention has for its principal object the provision of a coupling or transition in which the aforementioned difliculties are reduced and in which the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) can be substantially improved.
  • VSWR voltage standing wave ratio
  • an electric wave-transmitting structure comprising a waveguide coupled to a coaxial line projecting laterally therefrom, the dimensions and constitution of the waveguide at its junction with the coaxial line being such as to provide substantially a match between the impedances of the waveguide and coaxial line and the cross-sectional dimensions of the centre conductor of the coaxial line being substantially increased in the region of the said junction.
  • the waveguide may be of rectangular cross-section and v the coaxial line may extend, preferably at right angles, from a broad wall of the waveguide.
  • the portion of centre conductor of increased cross-sectional dimensions may extend from within the outer conductor of the coaxial line across the mouth of the waveguide to a broad wall of the waveguide.
  • This portion of centre conductor is conveniently, but not necessarily, of circular cylindrical shape. It may, however, be of conical or other shape.
  • a back cavity may be provided in known manner extending from the said junction in a direction opposite to the waveguide.
  • the coupling according to the invention may be designed to permit rotation of the waveguide about the axis of the centre conductor.
  • the enlarged portion of centre conductor may then be fixed to a broad wall of the waveguide With the normally dimensioned part of the centre conductor passing through and spaced from the enlarged portion, a choke being provided between the ends of the enlarged and normal parts of the centre conductor.
  • the enlarged portion of the centre conductor may be fixed to the remainder of the centre conductor and spaced suitably from the adjacent waveguide portion excepting at the extremity of the enlarged portion.
  • FIG. 2 being a diagrammatic view, similar to that of FIG. 1, of one embodiment of the invention and FIG. 3 being a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention permitting relative rotation between the waveguide and the coaxial line.
  • FIG. 2 there is provided at the end of the centre conductor 12 in the junction region an enlarged portion 16, which is conveniently of cylindrical shape.
  • the dimension L namely the height of the portion 16 above the broad wall on which it is mounted, largely determines the band width of the transition.
  • the dimension d is adjusted for optimum VSWR.
  • the VSWR of the arrangement of FIG. 2 can show an improvement over that of the arrangement of FIG. 1 from approximately 1.6 to 1.13.
  • the short-circuiting face 14 is shown in FIG. 2 as provided by a plunger.
  • the edge 17 of the portion 16 may be radiused to raise the voltage at which voltage breakdown occurs.
  • one end of the outer conductor of the coaxial line is fixed at 18 in an aperture in the upper broad wall of the waveguide 10, a rotatable joint of known kind being provided in the outer conductor to permit its rotation relative to the waveguide 10.
  • This joint and a choke associated in known manner therewith are not shown in the drawing.
  • the inner conductor 12 passes through and is spaced from an enlarged portion 16', corresponding to the portion 16 in FIG. 2.
  • the lower end of the centre conductor is journalled in a bearing 19 in a block 20 fixed to the lower wall of the waveguide.
  • the portion 16 is fixed in an aperture 21 in the top step of the impedance-matching transformer.
  • a choke 22 is provided between the lower end of the centre conductor, and the impedance transformer 23.
  • An impedance-matching transformer of about five steps has been found to be the best compromise between the mechanical difficulties likely to be encountered in lengthening the portion of the waveguide containing the steps, i.e. increasing the number of steps, and the VSWR required over the stepped portion and the VSWR at the point of transition.
  • impedance matching is achieved by means of a body of dielectric material instead of the conducting material 23 and the portion 16' extends through an aperture in this body.
  • the body of dielectric material may have a stepped form, as in the case of the conducting material 23, or it may be of unstepped wedge shape.
  • the centre conductor 12 may be in contact with the wall of the aperture in the wedge-shaped body.
  • the portion 16 may either be fixed to the centre conductor 12 or to the wedge.
  • the cavity 13 to the right of a plane through the axis of the centre conductor 12, and perpendicular to the plane of the paper as viewed in FIG. 3, may have a dimension perpendicular to the plane of the paper greater than that of the waveguide.
  • the impedance-matching transformer may have the width of the waveguide or may extend across only a part of the width, in other Words it may take the form of a ridged waveguide.
  • said centre conductor has a normally dimensioned part adjacent said enlarged portion, said normally dimensioned part and said enlarged portion being fixed together.
  • said centre conductor has a normally dimensioned part adjacent said enlarged portion, wherein said enlarged portion of the centre conductor is apertured, and wherein said normally dimensioned part of the centre conductor passes through and is spaced from said aperture in the enlarged portion.

Description

Nov. 11:, 1969 C4. SMITH 3,478,282
COUPLINGS BETWEEN WAVEGUIDE-S AND COAXIAL LINES Filed April 4, 1966 Fig.1.
PIP/0R ART L ,7 m 13 5 10 h a 16 I0 19 13 llllllllllllllllljlllll l xxs N /////////////////F////l IL United States Patent US. Cl. 333-21 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE In coaxial line to waveguide couplings in which the inner coaxial conductor extends across the interior of the waveguide to terminate on one broad wall of the waveguide, it is known to provide the inner conductor with an enlarged terminal portion to reduce the possibility of voltage breakdown and/or to assist in impedance tapering. The present invention provides for the enlarged portion to be longer than the width of the waveguide and thus to extend into the coaxial line outside the waveguide, giving considerably increased band width.
The present invention relates to couplings between waveguides and coaxial lines.
Such couplings are usually required to act as transformers to match the impedance of the waveguide, for example 380 ohms, to that of the coaxial line, for example 60 ohms. An example of a well known form of coupling is shown in FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings. Here a rectangular waveguide is coupled to a coaxial line 11 having a centre conductor 12. In order to achieve matching, the narrower dimension of the waveguide is reduced in a series of steps to a value h such as to give the required waveguide impedance. This results in a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) that is higher than desirable for some purposes. The reduction in the narrower waveguide dimension is sometimes effected by tapering instead of in steps. The end of the centre conductor 12 is fixed to a broad Wall of the waveguide at 15.
A short section of rectangular waveguide 13 having a narrower dimension a, which need not necessarily equal h, is provided to act as a back cavity. The dimension d from the axis of the centre conductor 12 to the short circuit face 14 of the back cavity is adjusted for optimum match at the required frequencies while the bandwidth of the coupling is determined largely by the dimension a. Experience has shown that this dimension a should be such that the impedance of the back cavity 13 is approximately equal to three times the impedance of the coaxial line.
The effectiveness of arrangements such as that shown in FIG. 1 depends on the frequency band and the dimensions of the coaxial line having regard to the waveguide in use. As the dimension d is increased it becomes increasingly diflicult, or even impossible, to achieve an impedance match by variation in the dimension d.
If the coaxial line has to carry high power, its impedance and its diameter D will be chosen for minimum attenuation compatible with ensuring that substantially no propagation of the TB. 11 coaxial mode takes place.
These considerations automatically lead to a large value of the dimension d which sets a physical limitation on the arrangement.
The present invention has for its principal object the provision of a coupling or transition in which the aforementioned difliculties are reduced and in which the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) can be substantially improved.
3,478,282 Patented Nov. 11, 1969 lCC According to the present invention there is provided an electric wave-transmitting structure comprising a waveguide coupled to a coaxial line projecting laterally therefrom, the dimensions and constitution of the waveguide at its junction with the coaxial line being such as to provide substantially a match between the impedances of the waveguide and coaxial line and the cross-sectional dimensions of the centre conductor of the coaxial line being substantially increased in the region of the said junction.
The waveguide may be of rectangular cross-section and v the coaxial line may extend, preferably at right angles, from a broad wall of the waveguide. The portion of centre conductor of increased cross-sectional dimensions may extend from within the outer conductor of the coaxial line across the mouth of the waveguide to a broad wall of the waveguide. This portion of centre conductor is conveniently, but not necessarily, of circular cylindrical shape. It may, however, be of conical or other shape.
A back cavity may be provided in known manner extending from the said junction in a direction opposite to the waveguide.
The coupling according to the invention may be designed to permit rotation of the waveguide about the axis of the centre conductor. The enlarged portion of centre conductor may then be fixed to a broad wall of the waveguide With the normally dimensioned part of the centre conductor passing through and spaced from the enlarged portion, a choke being provided between the ends of the enlarged and normal parts of the centre conductor. Alternatively the enlarged portion of the centre conductor may be fixed to the remainder of the centre conductor and spaced suitably from the adjacent waveguide portion excepting at the extremity of the enlarged portion.
The invention will be described, by way of example, with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings,
FIG. 2 being a diagrammatic view, similar to that of FIG. 1, of one embodiment of the invention and FIG. 3 being a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention permitting relative rotation between the waveguide and the coaxial line.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is provided at the end of the centre conductor 12 in the junction region an enlarged portion 16, which is conveniently of cylindrical shape. This portion 16 extends from within the outer conductor of the coaxial line 11 across the mouth of the waveguide 10 and is fixed to a broad wall of the waveguide. Best results have been found empirically to be obtained with values of b (the diameter of the portion 16) such that d=1.46b. The dimension L, namely the height of the portion 16 above the broad wall on which it is mounted, largely determines the band width of the transition. The dimension d is adjusted for optimum VSWR. The VSWR of the arrangement of FIG. 2 can show an improvement over that of the arrangement of FIG. 1 from approximately 1.6 to 1.13. The short-circuiting face 14 is shown in FIG. 2 as provided by a plunger.
The edge 17 of the portion 16 may be radiused to raise the voltage at which voltage breakdown occurs.
Referring now to FIG. 3, one end of the outer conductor of the coaxial line is fixed at 18 in an aperture in the upper broad wall of the waveguide 10, a rotatable joint of known kind being provided in the outer conductor to permit its rotation relative to the waveguide 10. This joint and a choke associated in known manner therewith are not shown in the drawing. The inner conductor 12 passes through and is spaced from an enlarged portion 16', corresponding to the portion 16 in FIG. 2. The lower end of the centre conductor is journalled in a bearing 19 in a block 20 fixed to the lower wall of the waveguide. The portion 16 is fixed in an aperture 21 in the top step of the impedance-matching transformer. A choke 22 is provided between the lower end of the centre conductor, and the impedance transformer 23.
An impedance-matching transformer of about five steps has been found to be the best compromise between the mechanical difficulties likely to be encountered in lengthening the portion of the waveguide containing the steps, i.e. increasing the number of steps, and the VSWR required over the stepped portion and the VSWR at the point of transition.
In a modification of the arrangement of FIG. 2 or FIG. 3, impedance matching is achieved by means of a body of dielectric material instead of the conducting material 23 and the portion 16' extends through an aperture in this body. The body of dielectric material may have a stepped form, as in the case of the conducting material 23, or it may be of unstepped wedge shape. When the body is of dielectric material, the centre conductor 12 may be in contact with the wall of the aperture in the wedge-shaped body. In the case of FIG. 3, the portion 16 may either be fixed to the centre conductor 12 or to the wedge.
The cavity 13 to the right of a plane through the axis of the centre conductor 12, and perpendicular to the plane of the paper as viewed in FIG. 3, may have a dimension perpendicular to the plane of the paper greater than that of the waveguide.
The impedance-matching transformer, whether stepped or tapering, may have the width of the waveguide or may extend across only a part of the width, in other Words it may take the form of a ridged waveguide.
What is claimed is:
1. In an electric wave-transmitting structure comprising a waveguide, and a coaxial line having a center conductor surrounded by an outer conductor, said waveguide having two broad walls and two narrow walls, said outer conductor being connected to one broad Wall and said center conductor extending across the waveguide interior and terminating in a portion of enlarged crosssectional dimensions connected to the other broad wall, the improvement consisting in that the portion of center conductor of increased cross-sectional dimensions is longer than the distance between said broad walls so as to extend from a region Within the outer conductor of the coaxial line across said waveguide interior to said other broad wall.
2. A structure according to claim 1, wherein said centre conductor has a normally dimensioned part adjacent said enlarged portion, said normally dimensioned part and said enlarged portion being fixed together.
3. A structure according to claim 1, wherein said centre conductor has a normally dimensioned part adjacent said enlarged portion, wherein said enlarged portion of the centre conductor is apertured, and wherein said normally dimensioned part of the centre conductor passes through and is spaced from said aperture in the enlarged portion.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,086,181 4/1963 Lind 33334 3,087,127 4/1963 BOrghetti 333-34 3,146,410 8/1964 Butler 333-31 2,933,705 4/1960 Hopfer 33398 2,982,927 5/1961 Grimm et a1 333-34 3,157,845 11/1964 White 33334 2,784,383 3/1957 Zaleski 333-98 HERMAN KARL SAALBACH, Primary Examiner C. BARAFF, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
US539801A 1965-04-15 1966-04-04 Couplings between waveguides and coaxial lines Expired - Lifetime US3478282A (en)

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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3593224A (en) * 1969-02-04 1971-07-13 Teledyne Inc Microwave tube transformer-window assembly having a window thickness equivalent to one-quarter wavelength and metallic step members to transform impedance
US3599127A (en) * 1968-03-20 1971-08-10 Hollandse Signaalapparaten Bv Rotary waveguide joints having a liquid transport system
US3737812A (en) * 1972-09-08 1973-06-05 Us Navy Broadband waveguide to coaxial line transition
US3993966A (en) * 1975-06-16 1976-11-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy In-line waveguide to coax transition
US4585973A (en) * 1984-01-04 1986-04-29 English Electric Valve Company Limited Travelling wave or like tubes
US4651115A (en) * 1985-01-31 1987-03-17 Rca Corporation Waveguide-to-microstrip transition
US4658183A (en) * 1983-03-31 1987-04-14 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Traveling-wave tube
US4780692A (en) * 1987-05-04 1988-10-25 Motorola, Inc. Cableless switching element for waveguide having low loss and fast switching speed
US5017892A (en) * 1989-05-16 1991-05-21 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Waveguide adaptors and Gunn oscillators using the same
US5148131A (en) * 1991-06-11 1992-09-15 Hughes Aircraft Company Coaxial-to-waveguide transducer with improved matching
US5262739A (en) * 1989-05-16 1993-11-16 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Waveguide adaptors
US5305000A (en) * 1990-08-06 1994-04-19 Gardiner Communications Corporation Low loss electromagnetic energy probe
US5359339A (en) * 1993-07-16 1994-10-25 Martin Marietta Corporation Broadband short-horn antenna
WO1995012222A1 (en) * 1993-10-28 1995-05-04 Fusion Lighting, Inc. Apparatus for coupling electromagnetic radiation to an electrodeless lamp
WO1995026577A1 (en) * 1994-03-28 1995-10-05 Qualcomm Incorporated Coaxial-waveguide rotary coupling assemblage
US20090033444A1 (en) * 2007-08-01 2009-02-05 Regina Kwiatkowski Configurable high frequency coaxial switch
EP3579333A1 (en) * 2018-06-08 2019-12-11 SAAB Defense And Security USA LLC t/a Sensor System Radial combiner
EP3673533A4 (en) * 2017-08-21 2021-04-28 Kymeta Corporation Apparatus with rectangular waveguide to radial mode transition
WO2022128404A1 (en) * 2020-12-18 2022-06-23 Endress+Hauser Flowtec Ag Antenna for measuring dielectric values

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2784383A (en) * 1954-03-17 1957-03-05 Gen Precision Lab Inc Microwave guide rotary joint
US2933705A (en) * 1955-10-25 1960-04-19 Polytechnic Res & Dev Co Inc Thermistor mounts
US2982927A (en) * 1958-01-06 1961-05-02 Rca Corp Transition device
US3086181A (en) * 1960-05-06 1963-04-16 Gen Electric Coaxial line to waveguide transition
US3087127A (en) * 1960-07-15 1963-04-23 Microwave Dev Lab Inc Waveguide to coaxial "l" transition
US3146410A (en) * 1961-01-05 1964-08-25 Sanders Associates Inc Strip line to ridged waveguide transition having a probe projecting into waveguide through ridge
US3157845A (en) * 1963-01-29 1964-11-17 Gen Electric Rectangular to ridged waveguide transition having separate mode converting and impedance matching sections

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2784383A (en) * 1954-03-17 1957-03-05 Gen Precision Lab Inc Microwave guide rotary joint
US2933705A (en) * 1955-10-25 1960-04-19 Polytechnic Res & Dev Co Inc Thermistor mounts
US2982927A (en) * 1958-01-06 1961-05-02 Rca Corp Transition device
US3086181A (en) * 1960-05-06 1963-04-16 Gen Electric Coaxial line to waveguide transition
US3087127A (en) * 1960-07-15 1963-04-23 Microwave Dev Lab Inc Waveguide to coaxial "l" transition
US3146410A (en) * 1961-01-05 1964-08-25 Sanders Associates Inc Strip line to ridged waveguide transition having a probe projecting into waveguide through ridge
US3157845A (en) * 1963-01-29 1964-11-17 Gen Electric Rectangular to ridged waveguide transition having separate mode converting and impedance matching sections

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3599127A (en) * 1968-03-20 1971-08-10 Hollandse Signaalapparaten Bv Rotary waveguide joints having a liquid transport system
US3593224A (en) * 1969-02-04 1971-07-13 Teledyne Inc Microwave tube transformer-window assembly having a window thickness equivalent to one-quarter wavelength and metallic step members to transform impedance
US3737812A (en) * 1972-09-08 1973-06-05 Us Navy Broadband waveguide to coaxial line transition
US3993966A (en) * 1975-06-16 1976-11-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy In-line waveguide to coax transition
US4658183A (en) * 1983-03-31 1987-04-14 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Traveling-wave tube
US4585973A (en) * 1984-01-04 1986-04-29 English Electric Valve Company Limited Travelling wave or like tubes
US4651115A (en) * 1985-01-31 1987-03-17 Rca Corporation Waveguide-to-microstrip transition
US4780692A (en) * 1987-05-04 1988-10-25 Motorola, Inc. Cableless switching element for waveguide having low loss and fast switching speed
US5262739A (en) * 1989-05-16 1993-11-16 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Waveguide adaptors
US5017892A (en) * 1989-05-16 1991-05-21 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Waveguide adaptors and Gunn oscillators using the same
US5305000A (en) * 1990-08-06 1994-04-19 Gardiner Communications Corporation Low loss electromagnetic energy probe
US5148131A (en) * 1991-06-11 1992-09-15 Hughes Aircraft Company Coaxial-to-waveguide transducer with improved matching
US5359339A (en) * 1993-07-16 1994-10-25 Martin Marietta Corporation Broadband short-horn antenna
WO1995012222A1 (en) * 1993-10-28 1995-05-04 Fusion Lighting, Inc. Apparatus for coupling electromagnetic radiation to an electrodeless lamp
US5448135A (en) * 1993-10-28 1995-09-05 Fusion Lighting, Inc. Apparatus for coupling electromagnetic radiation from a waveguide to an electrodeless lamp
WO1995026577A1 (en) * 1994-03-28 1995-10-05 Qualcomm Incorporated Coaxial-waveguide rotary coupling assemblage
US20090033444A1 (en) * 2007-08-01 2009-02-05 Regina Kwiatkowski Configurable high frequency coaxial switch
US7567155B2 (en) 2007-08-01 2009-07-28 Com Dev International Ltd. Configurable high frequency coaxial switch
EP3673533A4 (en) * 2017-08-21 2021-04-28 Kymeta Corporation Apparatus with rectangular waveguide to radial mode transition
EP3579333A1 (en) * 2018-06-08 2019-12-11 SAAB Defense And Security USA LLC t/a Sensor System Radial combiner
WO2022128404A1 (en) * 2020-12-18 2022-06-23 Endress+Hauser Flowtec Ag Antenna for measuring dielectric values

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