US3474576A - Process of conditioning metal - Google Patents
Process of conditioning metal Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3474576A US3474576A US467098A US3474576DA US3474576A US 3474576 A US3474576 A US 3474576A US 467098 A US467098 A US 467098A US 3474576D A US3474576D A US 3474576DA US 3474576 A US3474576 A US 3474576A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- wheel
- speed
- conditioning
- grinding
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B1/00—Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B45/00—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
- B21B45/04—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills for de-scaling, e.g. by brushing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/82—Descaling by thermal stresses
Definitions
- This invention relates to conditioning metal and, more particularly, to a process for removing the surface layer from nickel or iron alloy billets, slabs or blooms prior to rolling.
- billet is used generically and includes slabs, blooms and other shapes.
- Conditioning is the process of removing scale and surface defects from billets. This process may be carried out using a rotary grinding wheel mounted in a grinding machine so that the surface speed, load, and rate of metal removal can be controlled accurately. Conditioning by grinding is preferred particularly when the billet is made of an expensive metal alloy, since it produces a better surface finish and removes less metal than flame scarfing and other methods.
- Conditioning takes place just before the billets are formed into bar stock and other shapes. Often conditioning occurs in a production line manner and in order to carry out the process efficiently, it is necessary to remove metal at the optimum rate.
- the metal removal rate generally depends on the type of grinding wheel used, the load imposed on the grinding wheel and the surface speed of the grinding wheel. Improved grinding rates may be achieved by increasing the surface speed and increasing the load on the wheel. When this is attempted, however, the power required to turn the wheel and the rate of wear of the grinding wheel increase, and at high surface speeds and high loads, there is the danger of breaking the wheel. Therefore, it is customary to operate the grinding wheel at a sufficiently low speed and low load to avoid rapid wheel wear, while at the same time obtaining a reasonable metal removal rate.
- conditioning of billets of iron or nickel alloys can be carried out in a substantially more efiicient manner at elevated temperatures and by using a resin bonded wheel rotating at a surface speed greater than 12,500 surface feet per minute.
- the optimum temperature for carrying out the grinding operation depends 3,474,576 Patented Oct. 28, 1969 on the composition of the billet, but generally the process should be carried out at a temperature in the range extending from the lowest visible heat temperature to soaking pit temperature. or nickel and iron alloy billets, the process should be carried out between 1100 F. and 2200" F.
- the rate of metal removal of resin bonded Wheels increases in a straight line relationship with surface speed of the grinding wheel.
- the upper limit of surface speed for resinoid grinding wheels for metal conditioning until recently has been about 12,500 surface feet per minute (s.f.p.m.), but improved formulations and structural improvements now permit this type of grinding wheel to be operated safely at even higher speeds. It would appear that the straight line relationship of surface speed to metal removal rate would continue at higher surface speeds.
- the straight line relationship of metal removal rate to wheel speed does not prevail at elevated temperatures.
- a remarkable improvement in the rate of metal removal occurs at high temperatures and high wheel surface speeds, without corresponding increases in wheel wear and power rate.
- the benefits of the method of this invention are obtained by grinding at surface speeds greater than 12,500 s.f.p.m. and at temperatures between 1100 F. and 2200" F.
- the surface speed should be approximately 16,000 s.f.p.m.
- the metal removed during each fifteen minute test varied from 43 pounds at room temperature and 12,500 s.f.p.m. to 279 pounds at 1700 F. and 16,000 s.f.p.m. If 43 pounds is considered the base performance, the data shows that the improvement due to increasing the speed of the grinding wheel at room temperature is the difference between lbs. and 43 lbs., or 12 lbs. difference.
- the improvement which can be attributed to increasing the temperature of the metal at a speed of 12,500 s.f.p.m. is the difference between 132 lbs. and 43 lbs., or 89 lbs. difference.
- the method of this invention is preferably carried out on a grinder in which the billets are supported on a table.
- the grinding wheel traverses over the surface of the billet which remains stationary.
- the table surface supporting the billet insulates one side of the billet and by suitable shielding, the temperature of the billet may be controlled.
- the method of this invention is in the removal of scale from ingots, billets and slabs which have been heated in soaking pits at temperatures of the order of 2200 F. to 2400 F.
- the scale becomes embedded in the billets and surface defects cause serious problems in the subsequent processing of the steel, such as hot rolling.
- the billets may be cooled below the transformation temperature and then subjected to the conditioning method of this invention.
- the grinding wheel preferably operates at a surface speed greater than 12,500 s.f.p.m. and preferably at speeds as high as 16,000 s.f.p.m.
- the conditioning operation can be carried out on the billets almost immediately after they leave the soaking pits, and since the rate of metal removal is substantially increased, surface grinding of the billets at high speed and high temperature in accordance with this invention significantly decreases the time required in preparing the billets for further processing to form bar stock or other shapes. Instead of requiring an increase in power consumption rate and a decrease in grinding ratio, as might be expected, the significant improvement in these factors at elevated temperatures improves the overall efiicieney of the conditioning operation.
- Another advantage of utilizing high speed, high temperature grinding with a resinoid bond grinding wheel is that the surface finish is superior to that produced at lower temperatures and lower speeds. This superior finish in the conditioning operation improves the quality of the finished article.
- a method of conditioning nickel and iron alloy billets comprising maintaining a billet at a temperature of about 1700 F., applying a rotary resinoid bond grinding wheel to the billet While rotating the wheel at a surface speed of about 16,000 surface feet per minute.
- a method of conditioning nickel and iron alloy billets comprising maintaining a billet at a temperature of about 1700 F., applying a rotary resinoid bond grinding wheel to the billet, traversing said wheel relative to said billet While rotating the wheel at a surface speed of about 16,000 surface feet per minute.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Grinding Of Cylindrical And Plane Surfaces (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US46709865A | 1965-06-25 | 1965-06-25 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3474576A true US3474576A (en) | 1969-10-28 |
Family
ID=23854336
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US467098A Expired - Lifetime US3474576A (en) | 1965-06-25 | 1965-06-25 | Process of conditioning metal |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3474576A (xx) |
AT (1) | AT264315B (xx) |
BE (1) | BE683110A (xx) |
ES (1) | ES328262A1 (xx) |
GB (1) | GB1106286A (xx) |
LU (1) | LU51398A1 (xx) |
SE (1) | SE314318B (xx) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3774353A (en) * | 1970-06-19 | 1973-11-27 | Nippon Steel Corp | Method for partially grinding surface flows of a hot bloom and slab |
WO1980000526A1 (en) * | 1978-09-11 | 1980-04-03 | Philip Morris Inc | Method and apparatus for cutting cigarette tipping paper at high speed |
US4242729A (en) * | 1978-02-27 | 1980-12-30 | The Bendix Corporation | Switching control of solenoid current in fuel injection systems |
US7516589B2 (en) * | 2003-11-03 | 2009-04-14 | Polyfinance Coffor Holding S.A. | High-strength concrete wall formwork |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1689544A (en) * | 1928-10-30 | Method of kgllistg | ||
US1689512A (en) * | 1921-12-19 | 1928-10-30 | Samuel G Worton | Hot rolling |
US2704912A (en) * | 1952-08-13 | 1955-03-29 | Norton Co | Snagging grinder |
CA529541A (en) * | 1956-08-28 | A. Lyon George | Method of buffing steel | |
US3118254A (en) * | 1964-01-21 | Grinding machine |
-
1965
- 1965-06-25 US US467098A patent/US3474576A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1966
- 1966-06-08 GB GB25529/66A patent/GB1106286A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-06-22 ES ES0328262A patent/ES328262A1/es not_active Expired
- 1966-06-23 SE SE8627/66A patent/SE314318B/xx unknown
- 1966-06-24 BE BE683110D patent/BE683110A/xx unknown
- 1966-06-24 LU LU51398A patent/LU51398A1/xx unknown
- 1966-06-24 AT AT606266A patent/AT264315B/de active
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1689544A (en) * | 1928-10-30 | Method of kgllistg | ||
CA529541A (en) * | 1956-08-28 | A. Lyon George | Method of buffing steel | |
US3118254A (en) * | 1964-01-21 | Grinding machine | ||
US1689512A (en) * | 1921-12-19 | 1928-10-30 | Samuel G Worton | Hot rolling |
US2704912A (en) * | 1952-08-13 | 1955-03-29 | Norton Co | Snagging grinder |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3774353A (en) * | 1970-06-19 | 1973-11-27 | Nippon Steel Corp | Method for partially grinding surface flows of a hot bloom and slab |
US4242729A (en) * | 1978-02-27 | 1980-12-30 | The Bendix Corporation | Switching control of solenoid current in fuel injection systems |
WO1980000526A1 (en) * | 1978-09-11 | 1980-04-03 | Philip Morris Inc | Method and apparatus for cutting cigarette tipping paper at high speed |
US7516589B2 (en) * | 2003-11-03 | 2009-04-14 | Polyfinance Coffor Holding S.A. | High-strength concrete wall formwork |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AT264315B (de) | 1968-08-26 |
SE314318B (xx) | 1969-09-01 |
ES328262A1 (es) | 1967-04-01 |
LU51398A1 (xx) | 1966-08-24 |
GB1106286A (en) | 1968-03-13 |
BE683110A (xx) | 1966-12-01 |
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Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: KENNECOTT CORPORATION Free format text: MERGER;ASSIGNORS:BEAR CREEK MINING COMPANY;BEAR TOOTH MINING COMPANY;CARBORUNDUM COMPANY THE;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:003961/0672 Effective date: 19801230 |