US3472654A - Silver base alloy for making electrical contacts - Google Patents

Silver base alloy for making electrical contacts Download PDF

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US3472654A
US3472654A US606909A US3472654DA US3472654A US 3472654 A US3472654 A US 3472654A US 606909 A US606909 A US 606909A US 3472654D A US3472654D A US 3472654DA US 3472654 A US3472654 A US 3472654A
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silver
electrical contacts
alloy
approximately
cadmium
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US606909A
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Kenneth R Comey Jr
Teuvo J Santala
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Texas Instruments Inc
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Texas Instruments Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/001—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides
    • C22C32/0015—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with only oxides with only single oxides as main non-metallic constituents
    • C22C32/0021—Matrix based on noble metals, Cu or alloys thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/02—Contacts characterised by the material thereof
    • H01H1/021—Composite material
    • H01H1/023—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material
    • H01H1/0237—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material and containing oxides
    • H01H1/02372—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material and containing oxides containing as major components one or more oxides of the following elements only: Cd, Sn, Zn, In, Bi, Sb or Te
    • H01H1/02374—Composite material having a noble metal as the basic material and containing oxides containing as major components one or more oxides of the following elements only: Cd, Sn, Zn, In, Bi, Sb or Te containing as major component CdO

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  • the invention accordingly comprises the ingredients, combinations of ingredients, the proportions thereof and features of composition, the steps and sequence of steps, and features of operation, which will be exemplified in the product and methods hereinafter described, and the scope of the applicability of which will be indicated in the following claims.
  • FIG. 1 is a view of stock in the form of a rod made of the improved alloy of the invention and showing two blanks as cut from the rod;
  • FIG. 2 is a view of electrical contacts formed by one of the blanks shown in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an alternate form of the invention.
  • the invention is an improvement upon alloys and electrical contacts such as described in US. Patent 2,932,595.
  • silver has been alloyed with cadmium, with the addition of cobalt for making electrical contacts.
  • the silver, cadmium and the additive cobalt were melted together and poured into suitable molds to form billets or ingots from which stock bars, rods and the like were made by rolling, drawing or the like.
  • the stock was heated in air or other suitable oxygen bearing atmosphere for a sufficient time to oxidize the cadmium to cadmium oxide. This produced a material with a reduced tendency toward arc erosion.
  • This strengthening etfect is increased with decreasing particle size.
  • the cobalt additive functions to decrease particle size thereby reducing contact are erosion and contact sticking.
  • One form of the invention consists in melting cadmium (Cd), silver (Ag), and potassium (K) as an additive and then pouring the melt to form an ingot. The ingot is then reduced by rolling, drawing or the like to form a suitable stock, one form of which may be a rod 1 as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the stock is then subjected to heating from one to several hours in an oxygen bearing atmosphere at an elevated temperature, for example 1,500 F. Time and temperature are subject to variation but they should be sufficient to oxidize the cadmium in a reasonable time, such factors taking into account the thickness of the stock, the melting temperature and the like.
  • the cadmium then takes the form of a multiplicity of cadmium oxide particles dispersed throughout the matrix of silver containing the potassium.
  • the potassium additive acts in a manner similar to but improved over that of cobalt and effects improved arc erosion characteristics with improved or equal contact resistance. From segments 3 of the stock contacts are formed such as shown at 5 in FIG. 2, for example. Contacts may be formed by a heading machine or other suitable apparatus. In an alternate preferred procedure, the contacts 5 may be formed from the stock 1 prior to oxidation so that the oxidation step is preformed on the contacts 5 themselves.
  • the ingot of alloy is formed into strips 7 which are bonded to layers of fine silver 9 and thereafter the strip is heated in an oxygen bearing atmosphere to internally oxidize layer 7. Thereafter the strip 7 is liquid phase bonded or soldered through soldered layers 11 to a base metal strip 13 formed, for example, of brass, beryllium copper, Phosphor bronze, or the like.
  • individual contact assemblies 15 may be formed from the strip.
  • a preferred formulation of the stock 1 in strip 7 in proportions by weight is approximately 15% cadmium oxide, 0.003% potassium, the balance silver.
  • a suitable range for the cadmium oxide component is approximately 1.0%-20.0% and for the potassium component approximately 0.001%0.25%.
  • a contact such as shown at 5 in FIG. 2 made from a workpiece such as 3 of FIG. 1 or as shown at 15 of FIG. 3 exhibits much less arcerosion without substantial increase of contact-resistance, as compared with the alloy of said patent containing a cobalt additive.
  • a preferred formulation in proportion by weight is approximately 15% cadmium oxide, 0.003% magnesium, the balance silver.
  • a suitable range for the cadmium oxide component is approximately 1.0%- 20.0% and for the magnesium component approximately 0.001%-0.25%, the balance silver.
  • the silver cadmium and potassium, magnesium or calcium may contain a degree of impurities such as is found in commercial or reagent grades of these materials.
  • the impurities are not the additives described herein.
  • Another additive within the purview of our invention is calcium (Ca).
  • a preferred formulation in proportion by weight is approximately 15 cadmium oxide, 0.003% calcium, the balance silver.
  • a suitable range for the cadmium oxide component is approximately 1.0%- 20.0% and for the calcium component approximately 0.00l%0.25%, the balance silver.
  • An alloy consisting essentially of between 1.0% and 20.0% by weight of cadmium oxide between approximately 0.001% and 0.25% by weight of an additive selected from the group consisting of potassium and calcium and the balance silver.
  • An alloy consisting essentially of between approximately 1.0% and 20.0% in weight of cadmium oxide, between approximately 0.001% and 0.25 by weight of potassium, the balance silver.
  • An alloy consisting essentially of between approximately 1.0% and 20.0% in weight of cadmium oxide, between approximately 0.001% and 0.25 in weight of calcium and the balance silver.
  • An alloy consisting essentially by weight of approximately 15.0% cadmium oxide, 0.003% potassium, the balance silver.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Switches (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)

Description

Oct. 14, 1969 K. R. COMEY, JR., ET AL 3,472,
SILVER BASE ALLOY FOR MAKING ELECTRICAL CONTACTS Filed Jan. 5, 1967 FlG.l.
W. 12% 9, lam 1M United States Patent 3,472,654 SILVER BASE ALLOY FOR MAKING ELECTRICAL CONTACTS Kenneth R. Conley, Jr., and Teuvo J. Santala, Attleboro, Mass., assignors to Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, Tex., a corporation of Delaware Filed Jan. 3, 1967, Ser. No. 606,909 Int. Cl. C22c 5/00,- H01h 1/02 US. Cl. 75-173 9 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This invention relates to an improved silver-cadmium oxide alloy for making electrical contacts and to electrical contacts made therefrom.
Among the several objects of the invention may be noted the provision of an improved silver base alloy for making improved electrical contacts, said contacts having reduced arc-erosion; and the provision of an alloy of the class described which has adequately low contact resistance. Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
The invention accordingly comprises the ingredients, combinations of ingredients, the proportions thereof and features of composition, the steps and sequence of steps, and features of operation, which will be exemplified in the product and methods hereinafter described, and the scope of the applicability of which will be indicated in the following claims.
In the accompanying drawings, in which several of various possible embodiments of the invention are illustrated.
FIG. 1 is a view of stock in the form of a rod made of the improved alloy of the invention and showing two blanks as cut from the rod; and
FIG. 2 is a view of electrical contacts formed by one of the blanks shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an alternate form of the invention.
The invention is an improvement upon alloys and electrical contacts such as described in US. Patent 2,932,595. As is known in the art and from said patent, silver has been alloyed with cadmium, with the addition of cobalt for making electrical contacts. In general, the silver, cadmium and the additive cobalt were melted together and poured into suitable molds to form billets or ingots from which stock bars, rods and the like were made by rolling, drawing or the like. The stock was heated in air or other suitable oxygen bearing atmosphere for a sufficient time to oxidize the cadmium to cadmium oxide. This produced a material with a reduced tendency toward arc erosion. This results from the strengthening of the molten silver by the dispersed particles of cadmium oxide. This strengthening etfect is increased with decreasing particle size. The cobalt additive functions to decrease particle size thereby reducing contact are erosion and contact sticking.
We have discovered three additives that, together with the internally oxidized cadmium oxide in the silver-cadmium alloy, produce a completed alloy having further improved arcerosion properties when formed as an electrical contact, without substantial increase in contact resistance. The superiority of these additives over cobalt makes their 3,472,654 Patented Oct. 14, 1969 use worthwhile. One form of the invention consists in melting cadmium (Cd), silver (Ag), and potassium (K) as an additive and then pouring the melt to form an ingot. The ingot is then reduced by rolling, drawing or the like to form a suitable stock, one form of which may be a rod 1 as illustrated in FIG. 1. The stock is then subjected to heating from one to several hours in an oxygen bearing atmosphere at an elevated temperature, for example 1,500 F. Time and temperature are subject to variation but they should be sufficient to oxidize the cadmium in a reasonable time, such factors taking into account the thickness of the stock, the melting temperature and the like. The cadmium then takes the form of a multiplicity of cadmium oxide particles dispersed throughout the matrix of silver containing the potassium. The potassium additive acts in a manner similar to but improved over that of cobalt and effects improved arc erosion characteristics with improved or equal contact resistance. From segments 3 of the stock contacts are formed such as shown at 5 in FIG. 2, for example. Contacts may be formed by a heading machine or other suitable apparatus. In an alternate preferred procedure, the contacts 5 may be formed from the stock 1 prior to oxidation so that the oxidation step is preformed on the contacts 5 themselves.
In the alternate embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the ingot of alloy is formed into strips 7 which are bonded to layers of fine silver 9 and thereafter the strip is heated in an oxygen bearing atmosphere to internally oxidize layer 7. Thereafter the strip 7 is liquid phase bonded or soldered through soldered layers 11 to a base metal strip 13 formed, for example, of brass, beryllium copper, Phosphor bronze, or the like.
Finally, individual contact assemblies 15 may be formed from the strip.
A preferred formulation of the stock 1 in strip 7 in proportions by weight is approximately 15% cadmium oxide, 0.003% potassium, the balance silver. A suitable range for the cadmium oxide component is approximately 1.0%-20.0% and for the potassium component approximately 0.001%0.25%. A contact such as shown at 5 in FIG. 2 made from a workpiece such as 3 of FIG. 1 or as shown at 15 of FIG. 3 exhibits much less arcerosion without substantial increase of contact-resistance, as compared with the alloy of said patent containing a cobalt additive.
Another additive within the purview of our invention is magnesium. A preferred formulation in proportion by weight is approximately 15% cadmium oxide, 0.003% magnesium, the balance silver. A suitable range for the cadmium oxide component is approximately 1.0%- 20.0% and for the magnesium component approximately 0.001%-0.25%, the balance silver.
It will be understood that the silver cadmium and potassium, magnesium or calcium may contain a degree of impurities such as is found in commercial or reagent grades of these materials. The impurities are not the additives described herein.
Another additive within the purview of our invention is calcium (Ca). A preferred formulation in proportion by weight is approximately 15 cadmium oxide, 0.003% calcium, the balance silver. A suitable range for the cadmium oxide component is approximately 1.0%- 20.0% and for the calcium component approximately 0.00l%0.25%, the balance silver.
In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.
As various changes could be made in the above composition, articles and methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matters contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
What is claimed is:
1. An alloy consisting essentially of between 1.0% and 20.0% by weight of cadmium oxide between approximately 0.001% and 0.25% by weight of an additive selected from the group consisting of potassium and calcium and the balance silver.
2. An alloy consisting essentially of between approximately 1.0% and 20.0% in weight of cadmium oxide, between approximately 0.001% and 0.25 by weight of potassium, the balance silver.
3. An electrical contact formed of the alloy set forth in claim 3.
4. An alloy consisting essentially of between approximately 1.0% and 20.0% in weight of cadmium oxide, between approximately 0.001% and 0.25 in weight of calcium and the balance silver.
5. An electrical contact formed of the alloy set forth in claim 4.
6. An alloy consisting essentially by weight of approximately 15.0% cadmium oxide, 0.003% potassium, the balance silver.
7. An electrical contact formed of the alloy set forth in claim 6.
8. An alloy consisting essentially of approximately 15.0% cadmium oxide, 0.003% calcium, the balance silver.
9. An electrical contact formed of the alloy set forth in claim 8.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,161,575 6/1939 Hensel et al. 200-166 2,207,292 7/1940 Hensel et a1. 200-166 2,396,101 3/1946 Hensel et al. 200-166 2,669,512 2/1954 Larsen et al. -173 2,890,315 6/1959 Graves 200-166 CHARLES N. LOVELL, Primary Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R.
mg UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Dated October 1 4, 1969 Inventofls) Kenneth R. Comey, Jr. t;
It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
olumn 3, line 3, for "oxide" read oxide,"; line 1 for "3" I rend "2 SiGNED AND SEALED 'JAN 6 -4970 Attest:
WILLIAM E- S-CJEIUYLE'FL JR- Atteating Officer
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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3540883A (en) * 1968-10-29 1970-11-17 Texas Instruments Inc Method of preparing silver base alloys
US3880608A (en) * 1970-03-09 1975-04-29 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electrical contact materials containing silver cadmium oxide
US3930849A (en) * 1973-05-24 1976-01-06 P. R. Mallory & Co., Inc. Electrical contact material of the ag-cdo type and method of making same
US3933485A (en) * 1973-07-20 1976-01-20 Chugai Denki Kogyo Kabushiki-Kaisha Electrical contact material
US4011052A (en) * 1972-03-15 1977-03-08 Square D Company Electrical contact material and process
US4011053A (en) * 1972-03-15 1977-03-08 Square D Company Electrical contact material and process
US4028061A (en) * 1974-11-11 1977-06-07 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Silver-cadmium oxide alloys
US4056365A (en) * 1975-11-10 1977-11-01 Gibson Electric, Inc. Silver electrical contact materials and method of making
US4072515A (en) * 1973-07-05 1978-02-07 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Electrical contact material
US4098724A (en) * 1975-08-06 1978-07-04 Plessey Handel Und Investments A.G. Electrically conductive composite materials
USRE29986E (en) * 1972-03-15 1979-05-08 Square D Company Electrical contact material and process
USRE30052E (en) * 1972-03-15 1979-07-24 Square D Company Electrical contact material and process
US4462841A (en) * 1982-04-23 1984-07-31 Mitsubishi Kinzoku Kabushiki Kaisha Silver-metal oxide alloy electrical contact materials

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4095977A (en) * 1976-08-13 1978-06-20 Square D Company Material for making electrical contacts, process for making materials, and contacts made with the material

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2161575A (en) * 1939-03-16 1939-06-06 Mallory & Co Inc P R Silver alloy
US2207292A (en) * 1939-04-25 1940-07-09 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electric contact and combination thereof
US2396101A (en) * 1942-10-23 1946-03-05 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electrical contact
US2669512A (en) * 1951-01-09 1954-02-16 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electric contact material and method of making the same
US2890315A (en) * 1956-11-09 1959-06-09 Gibson Electric Company Internally oxidized rivet contact

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1363294A (en) * 1963-04-29 1964-06-12 Louyot Comptoir Lyon Alemand Improvements in pseudo-alloy preparation processes

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2161575A (en) * 1939-03-16 1939-06-06 Mallory & Co Inc P R Silver alloy
US2207292A (en) * 1939-04-25 1940-07-09 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electric contact and combination thereof
US2396101A (en) * 1942-10-23 1946-03-05 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electrical contact
US2669512A (en) * 1951-01-09 1954-02-16 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electric contact material and method of making the same
US2890315A (en) * 1956-11-09 1959-06-09 Gibson Electric Company Internally oxidized rivet contact

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3540883A (en) * 1968-10-29 1970-11-17 Texas Instruments Inc Method of preparing silver base alloys
US3880608A (en) * 1970-03-09 1975-04-29 Mallory & Co Inc P R Electrical contact materials containing silver cadmium oxide
USRE29986E (en) * 1972-03-15 1979-05-08 Square D Company Electrical contact material and process
US4011052A (en) * 1972-03-15 1977-03-08 Square D Company Electrical contact material and process
US4011053A (en) * 1972-03-15 1977-03-08 Square D Company Electrical contact material and process
USRE30052E (en) * 1972-03-15 1979-07-24 Square D Company Electrical contact material and process
US3930849A (en) * 1973-05-24 1976-01-06 P. R. Mallory & Co., Inc. Electrical contact material of the ag-cdo type and method of making same
US4072515A (en) * 1973-07-05 1978-02-07 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Electrical contact material
US3933485A (en) * 1973-07-20 1976-01-20 Chugai Denki Kogyo Kabushiki-Kaisha Electrical contact material
US4028061A (en) * 1974-11-11 1977-06-07 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Silver-cadmium oxide alloys
US4098724A (en) * 1975-08-06 1978-07-04 Plessey Handel Und Investments A.G. Electrically conductive composite materials
US4056365A (en) * 1975-11-10 1977-11-01 Gibson Electric, Inc. Silver electrical contact materials and method of making
US4462841A (en) * 1982-04-23 1984-07-31 Mitsubishi Kinzoku Kabushiki Kaisha Silver-metal oxide alloy electrical contact materials

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US3701654A (en) 1972-10-31
DE1558666A1 (en) 1972-05-31
DE1558666B2 (en) 1972-05-31
DE1558689B1 (en) 1972-03-16
GB1206127A (en) 1970-09-23
DE1558666C2 (en) 1974-10-24
GB1190027A (en) 1970-04-29

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