US3468695A - Method of coating a steel base with aluminum - Google Patents

Method of coating a steel base with aluminum Download PDF

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Publication number
US3468695A
US3468695A US379965A US3468695DA US3468695A US 3468695 A US3468695 A US 3468695A US 379965 A US379965 A US 379965A US 3468695D A US3468695D A US 3468695DA US 3468695 A US3468695 A US 3468695A
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wire
aluminum
coating
bath
steel
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US379965A
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Alfred P Federman
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HOMER W GILES
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HOMER W GILES
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
    • C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
    • C23C2/12—Aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
    • C23C2/34—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the material to be treated
    • C23C2/36—Elongated material
    • C23C2/38—Wires; Tubes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
    • Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12757—Fe

Definitions

  • the present invention provides a steel Wire with a thick, smooth, concentric aluminum coating substantially free of dissolved iron and having a thickness greater than .002 inch and bonded to the steel at an interfacial alloy layer whose thickness is not more than .0007 inch.
  • the steel wire Before being coated, the steel wire is preheated in a reducing atmosphere to a temperature within the 500 P.-960 F. range.
  • the preheat atmosphere preferably is carbon monoxide.
  • This invention relates to a method for depositing a metal coating on a metal base, particularly an aluminum coating on steel wire.
  • aluminum as used herein is meant substantially pure aluminum and also various aluminum alloys, preferably those which have high electrical conductivity and/or corrosion resistance.
  • the diflculties and disadvantages of prior processes are substantially overcome by casting a thick, smooth surfaced aluminum coating onto steel in a novel and advantageous manner.
  • thick is meant substantially greater than .002 inch.
  • the aluminum coating preferably is bonded to the steel base at an aluminumsteel interfacial alloy layer which may be intermittent or continuous over the entire surface of the steel base and which has a thickness throughout its extent of less than .0007 inch.
  • the interfacial alloy layer may be substantially or completely absent and the thick aluminum coating may not be firmly bonded to the steel base, so that subsequent mechanical working and/or heat treatment will be necessary to bond the coating tightly to the base.
  • Aluminum-coated steel Wire produced in accordance with the process of the present invention is characterized by an exceptionally smooth and concentric thick aluminum coating which has a controllable thickness.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a novel and improved method of depositing a metal coating on a metal base in which the interfacial alloy layer between the coating and the base may be controlled or substantially eliminated, if desired.
  • FIGURE l is a vertical axial section, with certain parts 3,468,695 Patented Sept. 23, 1969 broken away for clarity, through the coating apparatus with the valve arrangement therein closed;
  • FIGURE 2 is an enlarged fragmentary section of this apparatus with the valve arrangement open;
  • FIGURE 3 is a graph showing the coating thickness plotted against preheat temperature for a particular uncoated wire size, wire speed and coating bath temperature in accordance with the present invention.
  • a thick coating is meant an aluminum coating substantially greater than .002 inch in thickness, and preferably having a cross-sectional area of at least 7% of the total crosssectional area of the coated Wire.
  • This coating is substantially thicker than that produced by hot-dip processes of the prior art, in which the aluminum is molten when the steel wire leaves the aluminum bath and remains on the wire only due to its own surface tension.
  • hot-dip coatings are 0.002 inch or less in thickness and the aluminum coating is not substantially free of dissolved iron.
  • the aluminum coating produced by the present process is appreciably thicker than that of hotdipped coatings and the thickness of this coating enables the coated wire to be used for purposes different from those of the hot-dipped wire of the prior art, for example as electrical conductors.
  • the coating in accordance with the present invention is substantially free of dissolved iron.
  • the steel wire Before the aluminum coating is cast on, the steel wire preferably is thoroughly cleaned. While the present invention is not limited to the following details of the cleaning operation, successful results have been obtained with the following sequence of cleaning steps:
  • the cleaned steel wire then is passed through a preheat furnace.
  • This furnace includes an elongated tubular housing 10, whose uppe end only appears in FIG. 1.
  • the wire 11 extends centrally longitudinally through this housing.
  • the preheat furnace housing 10 is lled with a suitable gaseous oxygen-deficient or reducing atmosphere, such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide.
  • This gas is maintained at above-atmospheric pressure by pumping in a continuous stream of the gas and permitting it to leak out of the lower end of the housing 10.
  • the escaping gas preferably is ignited as a safety measure.
  • a suitable heat source such as gas burners or an induction heating unit,
  • thermocouples or optical pyrometers are provided at intervals along the length of the housing 10 to sense the wire temperature, and suitable controls, not shown, may be provided for regulating the wire preheat temperature.
  • this casting furnace includes a crucible comprising a fixedly supported, generally cupshaped outer shell 12 of steel or other suitable metal which supports a rst refractory ceramic liner 13.
  • Liner 13 in turn, supports a generally cup-shaped, refractory, ceramic inner liner 14, which receives av pool or bath 15 of molten aluminum.
  • the inner liner 14 has an inwardly oiset, inwardly and downwardly tapering annular portion 16, which rests on a thick metal base member 17 of the casting furnace.
  • This lower end portion 16 of the inner liner 14 terminates in a tapering annular nose portion 16a disposed inside a complementary opening 17a in the base member 17.
  • the upper end of the preheat furnace housing is threadedly received in an annular steel ange 18, which is bolted to the lower end of a steel sleeve 19.
  • An enlarged annular flange 20 on the upper end of this sleeve is snugly received in a complementary, downwardly-facing recess 21 formed in the bottom of base member 17.
  • Base member 17 presents a downwardly-facing annular shoulder 22 at the intersection of its recess 17a and 21, this -shoulder being coplanar with the bottom face of the lower nose portion 16a on the inner liner of the furnace.
  • a fiat, annular, refractory washer 23 is engaged between the top face of ange 20 and shoulder 22 and the bottom face of nose portion 16a.
  • a refractory ceramic tip 24- extends vertically upward within, and spaced from, the inner ceramic liner 14 of the casting furnace.
  • a stainless steel tube 25 is rigidly secured in the ceramic tip 24, such as by being cast in place therein. Tube 25 extends down into sleeve 19 coaxial therewith.
  • a plurality of bolts 26 clamp the tube 25 within sleeve 19.
  • the ceramic tip 24 terminates at its upper end in an upwardly-facing, frusto-conical surface 27 which forms part of a valve assembly in this apparatus.
  • the tip 24 has a central longitudinal passage 28 which snugly, but slidably, receives the steel wire 11. In one practical embodiment, for wire having a diameter of .128 inch, the diameter of this passage 28 was .139 inch.
  • the other part of this valve assembly is constituted by a vertically disposed, annular, refractory ceramic member 29 having a laterally inwardly turned lower end 30 terminating in a downwardly-facing truste-conical surface 31, which is complementary to, and sealingly engageable with, the surface 27 on the upper end of the ceramic tip 21.
  • Member 29 has a central, vertical opening 32 extending upward from this sealing surface 31.
  • Ceramic member 29 is attached by screws 33 to the lower end of a metal sleeve 34.
  • the upper end of this sleeve is closed by an end cap 35.
  • End cap 35 supports a pair of spaced, depending, concentric, vertically disposed metal tubes 36 and 37.
  • the annular space 3S between the outer tube 36 and the inner tube 37 communicates with a cavity or recess 39 formed in the end cap 35.
  • a pipe 40 communicates with recess 39.
  • the upper end of the inner tube 37 is open to the atmosphere at the top of the end cap 35.
  • the end cap itself has a plurality of narrow vent openings 41.
  • a suitable gas preferably nitrogen or argon, is introduced at pipe 40 and ows under pressure down through the space 38 between the outer and inner tubes 36 and 37, filling the space within the ceramic member 29 and sleeve 34 and escaping to the atmosphere through the open upper end of the inner tube 36 and through the Vent openings 41 in end cap 35.
  • the unitary assembly of ceramic member 29, metal sleeve 34, end cap 35, tubes 36, 37, and pipe 40 is mounted for movement vertically up and down to selectively position the frustoconical sealing surface 31 on ceramic mem- Iber 29 either in sealing engagement with the top surface 27 on the ceramic tip 24, as shown in FIG. l, or spaced upward therefrom, as shown in FIG. 2.
  • the ceramic members 24 and 29 together constitute a valve which controls the flow of molten aluminum from the bath into the interior of ceramic member 29.
  • the ceramic member 29 Before the casting operation, the ceramic member 29 is in its down position, with its surface 31 sealingly engaging the top surface 27 of tip 24. Before there is any .4 molten aluminum 15 in the furnace, or before molten aluminum in the furnace reaches the level of the seal between ceramic member 29 and ceramic tip 24, the interior of ceramic member 29 and sleeve 34 is purged of air by continuously circulating nitrogen or argon under pressure through it. When the molten aluminum bath 15 is provided, the molten aluminum is prevented from iiowing up into the interior of ceramic member 29 by the seal between the valve faces 27 and 31.
  • the cleaned and preheated steel wire 11 is fed up through the passage 28 in ceramic tip 24 and thence up through the interior of ceramic member 29 and up through the inner tube 37 and out through the top end cap 35.
  • Any suitable wire feeding mechanism may be provided for this purpose.
  • the wire feed is maintained at a closely regulated, uniform speed.
  • the unitary assembly of ceramic member 29, metal sleeve 34, end cap 35, pipe 40 and tubes 36 and 37 is raised up to per-mit molten aluminum in the bath 15 to oW up between the valve surfaces 27 and 31 into the interior of ceramic member 29 to the same level as the main portion of the bath.
  • the molten aluminum which has flowed up into member 29 is substantially free of oxides because this ow has ta-ken place from below the level of the main bath 15. Even though the top surface of the main bath 15 is exposed to air and may be contaminated with oxides, there is substantially no oxide contamination of the molten aluminum below the surface.
  • the molten aluminum which enters the ceramic member 29 remains oxide-free and uncontaminated because of the presence of the non-reactive gas in member 29.
  • the steel Wire 11 moves up out of the ceramic tip 24 and up through the molten aluminum inside the ceramic member 29, it picks up a uniformly thick, concentric coating of aluminum which adheres to, and solidifies on, the wire.
  • the clearance or sliding fit of the steel wire 11 in the tip passage 28, the surface tension of the molten aluminum and the relatively low pressure head of the molten aluminum above the tip 24 are such that there is substantally no leakage or flow of the aluminum down the passage 28.
  • the vertical depth of the molten aluminum bath above the top of the ceramic tip 24 is from about 716 inch to 3 inches.
  • the wire speed is in excess of 50 feet per minute, preferably feet per minute or higher. With a bath depth of 5% inch and a wire speed of 100 feet per minute the steel wire is exposed to molten aluminum for .0375 second.
  • the bath 15 is replenished intermittently or continuously by adding more aluminum to the melt, so as to maintain substantially uniform the depth of the bath through which the wire must pass.
  • the wire preheat temperature is within the range from 600 F. to 1200 F., and preferably within the range from 650 F. to 1000 F.
  • the preferred preheat4 temperature range would be lower because of the lower melting point of such alloys.
  • a preheat temperature as low as 500 F. may be permissible.
  • the coating is bonded to the steel at a thin steel-aluminum interfacial alloy layer. While this interfacial alloy layer usually is not continuous over the Whole surface extent of the steel wire, it is extensive enough to ensure an adequate bonding of the aluminum coating to the steel core wire, so that the coated wire subsequently may be redrawn through a drawing die, or other ⁇ wise mechanically worked or formed, such as in a rolling die.
  • this alloy layer tends not to form to a substantial extent, and consequently the aluminum coating may not be firmly bonded to the steel core wire.
  • the aluminum coating can still be smooth and concentric, so that after subsequent heat treating to bond it to the steel core and drawing of the coated wire to the specified size, the coated wire is suitable for corrosion resistance or electrical conductivity purposes.
  • the radial thickness of this interfacial alloy layer is within the range from about .0002 inch to .0007 inch, and usually, about .0003 inch.
  • the higher the preheat temperature the thicker will be the interfacial alloy layer. Since the brittleness of the interfacial alloy layer increases with its thic-kness, it is preferable to keep its thickness about .0003 inch or less. When present, the interfacial alloy layer is so thin, and its formation is arrested so soon, that substantially no iron in the steel core wire dissolves into the aluminum bath or the deposited aluminum coating.
  • carbon monoxide is preferred as the atmosphere for the preheat furnace. It is believed that the carbon monoxide absorbs oxygen from the surface of the steel core wire and tends to deposit carbon on the surface of the core wire which slows the wetting of the core wire and thereby reduces or prevents the formation of the interfacial alloy layer. At any rate, under otherwise identical conditions the use of carbon monoxide instead of hydrogen, as the preheat atmosphere results in a much smaller interfacial -alloy layer. If desired, both carbon monoxide and hydrogen, preferably in that order because hydrogen reacts much more quickly with the surface of the steel core than does carbon monoxide, may be introduced into the preheat furnace to provide the preheat atmosphere.
  • the tensile strength of the coated wire is less than that of the original uncoated steel core Wire.
  • the tensile strength varies inversely with the preheat temperature, the relationship being approximately a straight line relationship. That is, for a given increase in the preheat temperature there will be a generally proportionate decrease in the tensile strength of the coated wire. Where a high tensile strength is required, it will be necessary to redraw the coated wire. However, because the preheat temperature is not in excess of 1200 F. and preferably not in excess of l000 F.
  • the wire is not permanently reduced in tensile strength to an extent that would preclude its use (even after redrawing) for various purposes requiring high tensile strength, such as in suspended electrical power cables. This is extremely important because one significant practical application of the present invention is in high tensile strength aluminum-coated steel wire in which the steel core wire has been heat treated or otherwise processed to give it high tensile strength before the aluminum coating is deposited.
  • FIGURE 3 shows a plot of coated wire ⁇ diameter versus preheat temperature for 1080 steel wire (0.80% carbon) having an original diameter of .128 inch, and pure aluminum as the coating metal. 'I'he coating thickness is a maximum at about 625 F. preheat. At this point the aluminum coating has a cross-sectional area of about 41% of the total cross-sectional area of the coated wire.
  • the coating thickness of pure aluminum is not significantly greater than this, and the interfacial alloy layer is substantially absent, as already explained and the aluminum coating is not firmly bonded to the steel wire.
  • the pure aluminum coating has a cross-sectional area of about 25% of the total cross-sectional area of the coated wire.
  • the pure aluminum coating has a cross-sectional area of about 10% of the total cross-sectional area of the coated wire.
  • the specicvvalues of aluminum coating thickness for different wire preheat temperatures will differ from the particular values on the FIG. 7 curve, but the curve will be generally similar, with the coating thickness reaching a maximum at the minimum preheat temperature at which a. smooth, continuous, concentric coating will be deposited, and declining gradually at progressively higher preheat temperatures up to about 1200 F. At preheat temperatures substantially above 1200 F. the aluminum coating is thin enough to be comparable to the coatings obtained by prior hot-dip coating processes.
  • 1080 steel wire carbon of .128 inch diameter was preheated to 720 F. and passed through a pure aluminum bath at a temperature of 1260 F. The depth of the bath was 1%6 inch. The immersion time was .608 second. The deposited coating was smooth and concentric, though not firmly bonded to the steel core. The coated wire had a diameter of .200 inch, so that the aluminum coating was 59% of the total cross-sectional area of the coated wire.
  • the speed of the Wire through the aluminum hath also appears not to be critical, provided it is suiciently high that the immersion time is not long enough for substantial remelting of the deposited aluminum coating within the bath. Successful results have been obtained with various wire speeds from 11 feet per minute to 144 feet per minute.
  • the time of immersion of the wire in the aluminum bath depends, of course, on the depth of the bath and the wire speed. Successful results have been obtained over a range of immersion times from about .O3 to .6 second.
  • a method of coating a steel base with an aluminum coating substantially thicker than .002 inch comprising the steps of:
  • a method of coating steel wire with aluminum which comprises the steps of:
  • a method of coating steel wire with aluminum which comprises the steps of:
  • a method of coating a steel wire with aluminum which comprises the steps of:
  • a method of coating steel wire with aluminum which comprises the steps of:

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)
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US379965A 1964-07-02 1964-07-02 Method of coating a steel base with aluminum Expired - Lifetime US3468695A (en)

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US (1) US3468695A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE666254A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1521241A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1073871A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6508452A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NO (1) NO115161B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE319056B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3632411A (en) * 1969-03-27 1972-01-04 Armco Steel Corp Method of finishing galvanized wire
US3779056A (en) * 1971-12-28 1973-12-18 Bethlehem Steel Corp Method of coating steel wire with aluminum
DE2424232A1 (de) * 1973-06-28 1975-01-23 Gen Electric Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen giessen von metallen
US3866570A (en) * 1973-06-28 1975-02-18 Gen Electric Continuous casting apparatus
US3930806A (en) * 1970-01-15 1976-01-06 Burdett Manufacturing Company Laminated cookware units
US4155235A (en) * 1977-07-13 1979-05-22 Armco Steel Corporation Production of heavy pure aluminum coatings on small diameter tubing
US4800135A (en) * 1986-05-20 1989-01-24 Armco Inc. Hot dip aluminum coated chromium alloy steel
US4865876A (en) * 1986-09-10 1989-09-12 Georges Haour Process for selectively forming at least one metal or alloy coating strip on a substrate of another metal and integrated circuit lead frame achieved by this process
EP0397952B1 (en) * 1989-05-18 1994-08-17 Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. A method and apparatus for the continuous etching and aluminum plating of stainless steel strips
US20050157773A1 (en) * 2001-10-01 2005-07-21 Paul Van Der Maat Pyrometer

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1673624A (en) * 1925-01-02 1928-06-12 Gen Electric Treatment of metals
US2082622A (en) * 1933-02-25 1937-06-01 Colin G Fink Daluminum coated metal and process for producing the same
US2166510A (en) * 1936-06-17 1939-07-18 Reynolds Metals Co Method for coating metal with aluminum or the like
US2197622A (en) * 1937-04-22 1940-04-16 American Rolling Mill Co Process for galvanizing sheet metal
US2235729A (en) * 1936-08-13 1941-03-18 Crown Cork & Seal Co Method of coating metal with aluminum
US2656285A (en) * 1948-06-03 1953-10-20 Armco Steel Corp Production of coated soft iron and steel sheets
US2914423A (en) * 1955-05-12 1959-11-24 Armco Steel Corp Method and apparatus for metallic coating of metallic strands
US2926103A (en) * 1958-01-21 1960-02-23 Continental Can Co Aluminum cladding process and apparatus
US3227577A (en) * 1962-09-18 1966-01-04 Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp Metal coating of long lengths of metal bodies

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1673624A (en) * 1925-01-02 1928-06-12 Gen Electric Treatment of metals
US2082622A (en) * 1933-02-25 1937-06-01 Colin G Fink Daluminum coated metal and process for producing the same
US2166510A (en) * 1936-06-17 1939-07-18 Reynolds Metals Co Method for coating metal with aluminum or the like
US2235729A (en) * 1936-08-13 1941-03-18 Crown Cork & Seal Co Method of coating metal with aluminum
US2197622A (en) * 1937-04-22 1940-04-16 American Rolling Mill Co Process for galvanizing sheet metal
US2656285A (en) * 1948-06-03 1953-10-20 Armco Steel Corp Production of coated soft iron and steel sheets
US2914423A (en) * 1955-05-12 1959-11-24 Armco Steel Corp Method and apparatus for metallic coating of metallic strands
US2926103A (en) * 1958-01-21 1960-02-23 Continental Can Co Aluminum cladding process and apparatus
US3227577A (en) * 1962-09-18 1966-01-04 Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp Metal coating of long lengths of metal bodies

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3632411A (en) * 1969-03-27 1972-01-04 Armco Steel Corp Method of finishing galvanized wire
US3930806A (en) * 1970-01-15 1976-01-06 Burdett Manufacturing Company Laminated cookware units
US3779056A (en) * 1971-12-28 1973-12-18 Bethlehem Steel Corp Method of coating steel wire with aluminum
DE2424232A1 (de) * 1973-06-28 1975-01-23 Gen Electric Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen giessen von metallen
US3866570A (en) * 1973-06-28 1975-02-18 Gen Electric Continuous casting apparatus
US4155235A (en) * 1977-07-13 1979-05-22 Armco Steel Corporation Production of heavy pure aluminum coatings on small diameter tubing
US4800135A (en) * 1986-05-20 1989-01-24 Armco Inc. Hot dip aluminum coated chromium alloy steel
US4865876A (en) * 1986-09-10 1989-09-12 Georges Haour Process for selectively forming at least one metal or alloy coating strip on a substrate of another metal and integrated circuit lead frame achieved by this process
EP0397952B1 (en) * 1989-05-18 1994-08-17 Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. A method and apparatus for the continuous etching and aluminum plating of stainless steel strips
US20050157773A1 (en) * 2001-10-01 2005-07-21 Paul Van Der Maat Pyrometer
US7445384B2 (en) * 2001-10-01 2008-11-04 Vesuvius Crucible Company Pyrometer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
SE319056B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-12-22
BE666254A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1965-11-03
NO115161B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1968-08-12
GB1073871A (en) 1967-06-28
DE1521241A1 (de) 1969-04-10
NL6508452A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-01-03

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