US3441359A - Catalytic radiant heater - Google Patents

Catalytic radiant heater Download PDF

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Publication number
US3441359A
US3441359A US633803A US3441359DA US3441359A US 3441359 A US3441359 A US 3441359A US 633803 A US633803 A US 633803A US 3441359D A US3441359D A US 3441359DA US 3441359 A US3441359 A US 3441359A
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Prior art keywords
catalytic
catalyst
ceramic
housing
support
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Expired - Lifetime
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US633803A
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English (en)
Inventor
Carl D Keith
John J Mooney
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BASF Catalysts LLC
Engelhard Industries Inc
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Engelhard Industries Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/12—Radiant burners
    • F23D14/18—Radiant burners using catalysis for flameless combustion

Definitions

  • the fuel and oxidizing gas are combined catalytically and burn without flame formation at the surface of a non-combustible unitary ceramic skeletal block with gas flow channels.
  • the devices are useful as heaters when the temperature of this surface is sufficiently high by virtue of the combustion to cause emission of substantial amounts of heat by radiation.
  • This invention pertains to new types of devices for emitting heat by radiation. More particularly, it relates to heaters comprising precious metal catalysts which produce flameless combustion and provide radiant infrared energy. These heaters use unitary channeled ceramic blocks to assist in the oxidation. These devices are useful for removing paint, varnish and the like, installing and removing asphalt tile, baking and drying painted surfaces, heating and radiating greenhouses, and other purposes.
  • Catalytic heaters which utilize a precious metal catalyst such as a platinum black on substrate such as asbes os fiber or cloth are known. Such heaters are generally bulky, depend on secondary air for combustion, and require a large flame for ignition. Moreover, the combustion gases tend to flow unevenly to the surface of such heaters. Uneven burning and hot spots result causing a decrease in the catalyst life. This uneven burning also produces unoxidized or partially oxidized combustion products thereby providing inefficient operation and poisonous carbon monoxide emission.
  • Other infrared energy producing heaters which use ceramic gas flow channels are known, but these heaters are not capable of using a broad range of air-fuel mixtures. Nor are they capable of providing a large turn-down ratio.
  • Turn-down ratio refers to ability to decrease the rate of fuel consumption by decreasing fuel flow. This reduction automatically reduces the air input.
  • a turn-down ratio of 100:1 means a fuel may be consumed at a maximum rate in a burner as well as this maximum rate. This turn-down feature is very desirable when the catalytic heater is called upon to perform various jobs, each requiring quite different heating requirements.
  • the present invention pertains to catalytic radiant heaters which use simple venturi means to provide air for combustion and assist in distributing the combustion mixture, and a unitary ceramic block support with multiple gas passages, on the surface of which are deposited a platinum group metal and preferably a refractory metal oxide.
  • the catalytic support assists in catalyzing the oxidation of the fuel, preventing combustion flashback, and radiating heat to the object to be heated.
  • FIGURE 1 is an elevational view of a housing of a catalytic heater of this invention.
  • FIGURE 2 represents a plan view of a catalyst block, showing an embodiment which is shaped to be encased in the face of the housing of FIGURE 1, where the face of the housing is in an elliptical shape.
  • FIGURE 3 is a plan view of a fragment of a catalyst block encased in the face of the housing of FIGURE 1, where the face of the housing is in a circular shape.
  • FIGURE 4 is an elevational view of an embodiment of a catalytic heater unit of this invention showing the catalyst block encased in the face of a conical housing the primary air inspirators, the venturi, and the angle between the housing and a plane normal to the conic axis of the housing.
  • FIGURE 5 is a side view of a slip ring which can be used to regulate the inflow of air at apertures 11.
  • FIGURE 6 is a top view of the slip ring of FIGURE 5.
  • the fuel and oxygen-containing gas is fed to the housing at the inlet port through a venturi arrangement.
  • This combustible mixture may optionally be distributed throughout the interior of the housing by use of an inverted cone, a screen, or the like.
  • the gaseous mixture is preferably fed axially into the housing. Either air or the fuel may be fed to the venturi to inspirate the other. Air under pressure is preferably used to obtain combustion mixtures having greater than twice the stochiometric amount of air.
  • Expansion angle refers to the angle between the conic surface and the normal to the conic axis in the plane containing the conic axis and its normal. An expansion angle of about 20-80 is preferred.
  • the unitary ceramic block support used in connection with this invention is located in the cross-sectional area of the face of the housing and may occupy approximately all of this area.
  • the ceramic may be used in many configurations, e.g. round, square, conical, spherical, and it may be raised or partially raised or recessed from the surface of the housing.
  • the unitary inert refractory skeletal structure support for the catalyst useful according to this invention is characterized by having a large plurality of unobstructed gas fiow channels or paths extending therethrough in the direction of gas flow.
  • the gas flow channels can be one or more of a variety of cross-sectional shapes and sizes.
  • the channels can be of the cross-sectional shape, for example, of the shape of a trapezoid, rectangle, square, sinusoid, or circle so that cross'sections of the support represent a 3 pattern that can be described as a honeycomb, corrugated or lattice structure.
  • the meramic support is constructed of a substantially chemically and catalytically inert, porous, rigid, solid refractory material capable of maintaining its shape and strength at high temperatures, for instance up to about 1,100 C. or more. It preferably has a low thermal coefficient of expansion which is less than 6 l per C. between 30 C. and 700 C., this being of importance for good shock resistance.
  • the refractory material has a bulk density of about 0.4-2.0 grams per cubic centimeter, preferably about 0.51.5 grams per cubic centimeter and is unglazed and essentially entirely crystalline in form and marked by the absence of any significant amount of glassy or amorphous matrices, for instance of the type found in poreclain materials.
  • the skeletal structure has considerable accessible porosity as distinguished from the substantially non-porous porcelain utilized for electrical applications, for instance spark plug manufacture, characterized by having relatively little accessible porosity.
  • the accessible pore volume not including the volume of the gas flow channels is generally in excess of about 0.01 cubic centimeter per gram of skeletal structure, preferably between about 0.03 and 0.3 cc./g.
  • the walls of the channels of the unitary ceramic support structures used according to this invention contain a multiplicity of surface macropores in communication with the channels to provide a considerably increased accessible catalyst surface, and a substantial absence of small pores for high temperature stability and strength.
  • the superficial surface area of such structures may be of the order of about 0.001 to 0.01 m. /g. including the channels, the total surface area is typically many times greater, so that much of the catalytic reaction may take place in the large pores.
  • the total accessible surface area of the support is between about 0.1 and 2.0 m. /g.
  • the skeletal structure has a macropore distribution such that over 95% of the pore volume is in pores having a diameter greater than about 200 Angstrom units.
  • the total geometric or apparent surface area of the carrier including the walls of the gas flow channels will often be about 0.5 to 12, preferably 1 to 7 square meters per liter of support.
  • the channels through the ceramic support can be of any shape and size consistent with the desired superficial surface and should be large enough to permit free passage of the combustible gas mixture therethrough.
  • the channels may be parallel or generally parallel and extend through the support from one side to an opposite side, such openings being separated from one another by preferably thin walls defining the openings.
  • a network of channels may permeate the body to form a tortuous gas flow path through the ceramic.
  • the channel inlet openings are distributed across the entire face or cross-section of the support.
  • the preferred ceramic supports used in the catalytic heaters of this invention are of zircon-mullite, mullite, mullite-silica, alpha alumina, alumina-silica-magnesia and zirconium silicate.
  • Examples of other refractory crystalline ceramic materials utilizable in place of the preferred materials as support or carrier are sillimanite, magnesium silicates, zircon, petalite, spodumene, cordierite, and aluminasilicates.
  • Refractory metal oxide is deposited on the porous unitary ceramic support as a continuous thin deposit or as discontinuous thin deposits preferably of thickness of about 0.0004 to 0.001".
  • This catalytic material is a calcined refractory metal oxide which itself is characterized by a porous structure and which possesses a large internal pore volume and total surface area.
  • the total surface area of the refractory metal oxide is at least about 10 square meters/ gram, preferably at least about 1-00 square meters/gram.
  • Such oxides can be prepared by dehydrating preferably substantially completely the hydrate form of the oxide by calcination usually at temperatures of about 10 C. to 800 C.
  • the preferred active metal oxides contain members of the gamma or activated alumina family which can be prepared, for instance, by precipitating a hydrous alumina gel and thereafter drying and calcining to expel hydrated water and provide the active gamma-alumina.
  • a particularly preferred active refractory metal oxide is obtained by drying and calcining at temperatures of about 300 C. to 800 C. a mixture of precursor hydrous alumina phases predominating in crystalline trihydrate, that is, containing in excess of about 50% of the total alumina hydrate composition, preferably about 65 of one or more of the trihydrate fonns gibbsite, bayerite and nordstrandite by X-ray diffraction.
  • the substantial balance of the hydrate may be amorphous hydrous or monohydrous boehmite alumina. Calcination of the precursor hydrous alumina is preferably controlled so that the gamma-alumina obtained contains monohydrate alumina in an amount substantially equivalent to that originally present in the mixture of the high trihydrate precursor hydrous alumina phases.
  • suitable catalytic refractory metal oxides include for example active or calcined beryllia, Zirconia, magnesia, silica, etc., and combinations of metal oxides such as boria-alumina, silica-alumina, thoria-alumina, etc.
  • the activated refractory oxide is composed predominantly of oxides of one or more metals of Groups II, HI and IV having atomic numbers not exceeding 40.
  • the active refractory metal oxide deposit may constitute about 10 to 300 grams per liter of the ceramic support, preferably about 30 to grams per liter.
  • Depositing the active refractory metal oxide on the support may be accomplished in several ways.
  • One method involves dipping the support into a solution of the salt of the refractory metal and calcining to decompose the salt to the oxide form.
  • a more preferred method comprises dipping the support into an aqueous suspension, dispersion or slurry of the refractory oxide itself, drying and calcining.
  • suspensions or dispersions having a solids content in range of about 10% to 70% by weight can be used to deposit a suitable amount of an active refractory metal oxide on the support in a single application.
  • a catalyst having 10% activated alumina on a zircon-mullite structure about 20%40% solids in the suspension is used.
  • the percent solids is determined on an ignited weight basis (ignited at l,100 C.). In general, calcining temperatures Within the range of about C. to 800 C. are employed. The Calcination is favorably conducted in air, for example flowing dried air, or may be carried out in contact with other gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, flue gas, etc. or under vacuum conditions.
  • the refractory oxide is deposited on the surfaces of the skeletal structure including the channel surfaces and the surfaces of the superficial macropores in communication with the channel surfaces as thin deposits in an amount, by weight, of about 1% to 50% and preferably 5% to 30% based on the weight of the skeletal structure.
  • the gas flow channels of the unitary ceramic sup ported catalyst herein are thin-walled channels providing a large amount of superfiicial surface area.
  • the walls of the cellular channels are generally of the minimum thickness necessary to provide a strong unitary body. This wall thickness will usually fall in the range of about 2 to 10 mils. with this wall thickness the structures contain from about 252,500 or more gas or flow channel inlet openings per square inch and a corresponding number of the gas flow channels, preferably about 100'2,000 gas inlet and flow channels per square inch.
  • the open area should be in excess of 60% of the total area.
  • the size and dimensions of the ceramic support useful according to this invention can be varied widely as desired.
  • the catalyst supports providing the multitplicity of gas flow channels can be prepared from any of the refractory ceramic materials previously mentioned herein.
  • a method of preparing such supports is by applying by spraying, dipping or brushing a suspension of the pulverized ceramic material and an organic binder, for instance gum arabie, colophony, acrylate resins, methacrylate resins, alkyl resins, phenolic resins or a chlorinated parafiih, to each side of a plurality of flexible organic carrier sheets, for instance of cellulose, acetate paper, onion skin paper, nylon cloth or polyethylene film.
  • Several of the thus-coated carrier sheets are then corrugated by, for instance crimpling or multi-folding the sheets, and the remaining coated carrier sheets are left in their original fiat condition.
  • the coated corrugated and fiat sheets are then superposed one on another in alternate corrugated and flat sheet relationship.
  • the resultant multi-layer structure is then fired in a furnace at a slow rate to prevent breakage due to thermal shock and to a temperature sufficiently high to sinter the ceramic particles into a unitary structure.
  • the organic binders are removed by decomposition and volatilization.
  • Such preparation method is disclosed in BritishPatent 882,484.
  • the porous inert unitary solid refractory skeletal structure support having the plurality of gas flow channels is also obtained in commerce from the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company who supplies the supports with 7 and 11 corrugations per linear inch.
  • the platinum group metal for example platinum or palladium, may be deposited on the support so that the supported catalyst may contain about 0.1%l 0% metal and preferably 0.052% metal based on the total weight of the catalyst plus support.
  • the catalytic metal is preferably deposited directly on the refractory metal oxide activated carrier.
  • Application of the catalytic metal to the ceramic support can be effected by immersing the skeletal structure, preferably with the refractory metal oxide deposited thereon, in an aqueous solution of a water-soluble inorganic salt or salts of the particular metal or metals, followed by agitating the mixture and precipitating the metal or metals typically in chemically combined state, for instance as oxides, on the skeletal structure.
  • the metal oxide can then be reduced, when the metal form catalyst is desired, by contacting same with a reducing gas, e.g. H at an elevated temperature of between about 100 and 1,l00 C.
  • Catalytic heaters having radiating catalyst surfaces of about 1 to 8 inches in its greatest dimension are conveniently prepared although larger units using a plurality of unitary supports may also be used. For most purposes and to prevent the need for internal supports, dimensions of about 2 to 4 inches are preferred.
  • the depth of the honeycomb catalyst can be about one inch or more but depths of less than /2" and more than are quite satisfactory. Depths of about A" have been found particularly satisfactory and are generally preferred.
  • the fuels used by the catalytic heaters of this invention may be a gas, a vapor, atomized liquid or the like and may comprise volatile hydrocarbons including straight chain hydrocarbons such as lower alkanes, e.g. ethane, propane, butane, heptane and the like.
  • volatile hydrocarbons including straight chain hydrocarbons such as lower alkanes, e.g. ethane, propane, butane, heptane and the like.
  • Other usable fuels include aromatics such as benzene, cycloparafiins such as cyclohexane, acetylene, alcohols such as lower alkanols, e.g. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and the like.
  • These fuels may be mixed with air or oxygen-containing gas in a wide range of oxygen-fuel ratios.
  • at least stoichiometric amounts of oxygen are preferred and amounts of 0.2 to 20 times the stoichiometric amount are also effectively utilized.
  • Preferably, about 1.05 to 3 times the stoichiometric amount of oxygen is desired.
  • An amount of oxidant such as air may be used in accordance with the present invention which would subject known catalytic heaters to flash-back when little oxidant is used, and to flame lifting and extinction when large amounts of oxidant are used, e.g. 2 times the stoichiometric amount, especially when the oxidizing surface is exposed to a slight cross-wind.
  • the present radiant heaters of the invention have been exposed to air velocities of 40 mph. across the face of the ceramic block with no flash-back.
  • These novel and new radiant heaters generally are best started by using less than the normal operational amounts of oxidant. This permits very rapid increase in temperature of the cold catalyst. Once operating temperature is approached, the amount of oxidant may be adjusted to provide the desired oxidant-fuel ratio.
  • the unique fiameless catalytic heater of this invention has still a further desirable feature-that of being selfigniting when a combustible mixture is supplied, even up to about four minutes after the heater has been turned off. This is due to heat retention by the catalyst support and the very high activity of the catalyst. This features makes utilization of this heater very simple and convenient during applications, requiring its intermittent use.
  • the turn-down ratio of these heaters is very broad, in the range of about :1. This is substantially greater than that for other flameless heaters. This feature permits use of a single heater for one application requiring heating with a device using only about 15 B.t.u./in. as well as for a second application requiring heater capacity of 1,500 B.t.u./in.
  • FIGURE 1 the housing 2 has an inlet port 1 and a face 3.
  • Face 3 is an opening which has a ceramic catalyst block therein.
  • This ceramic catalyst block fills virtually the entire cross-sectional area of the opening and accordingly generally conforms to the shape of this face.
  • FIGURES 2 and 3 represent two of the various shapes which the cross-sectional area of the housing and the ceramic catalyst block therein may be.
  • the ceramic catalyst block has parallel channels 4 disposed in the direction of gas flow and has catalyst 5 deposited thereon.
  • the catalyst block may be retained in the housing by any suitable means.
  • FIGURE 4 shows the ceramic catalyst block 8 held in place in the face of the housing 7 by ring 9, which is biased against the inner wall of the housing.
  • Apertures 10 and 11 are sources of air inspiration into the housing.
  • Venturi 6 is the port of entry for the fuel. Either fuel or air may be fed to the venturi 6 to inspirate the other. Pin 12 is used for temporarily retaining slip ring 13 shown in FIGURES 5 and 6, in order to limit the inflow of air through apertures 11.
  • a gaseous fuel e.g. propane
  • the oxidant gas e.g. air
  • slip ring 13 is preferably mounted on pin 12 in order to limit inflow of air through apertures 11.
  • a catalytic heater unit for supplying radiant heat having a turn-down ratio of about 100 to 1, and capable of using 0.2 to 20 times the stoichiornetric amount of oxygen comprising:
  • venturi means adjacent to the gas inlet port for supplying a mixture of fuel and an oxygen-containing gas into the housing
  • a catalytic burner-radiator block mounted within the face comprising (1) a unitary ceramic block support with channels directing the gas flow therethrough, said ceramic block having an open area in excess of 60% of the total area,
  • catalytic heater unit according to claim 3 wherein the catalytic burner-radiator block is comprised of a unitary ceramic block support of about 1 to 8 inches in its greatest dimension and A to 1 inch in depth, whereby the block permits ready self-ignition of the fuel and resistance to flash-back.
  • a catalytic heater unit according to claim 1 having means for restricting the flow of oxygen into the housing during initial ignition.
  • a catalytic heater unit according to claim 1 wherein the refractory metal oxide deposit has a surface area of at least about square meters/ gram.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
US633803A 1967-04-26 1967-04-26 Catalytic radiant heater Expired - Lifetime US3441359A (en)

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US63380367A 1967-04-26 1967-04-26

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US (1) US3441359A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5414331B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1751246B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1568445A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1174887A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3798005A (en) * 1969-12-24 1974-03-19 Siemens Ag Apparatus for obtaining hydrogen
US3857669A (en) * 1971-09-02 1974-12-31 Impala Ind Inc Catalytic heater head
US3857668A (en) * 1969-08-02 1974-12-31 Siemens Ag Flameless catalytic combustion of hydrocarbon in porous sintered stones
US4048113A (en) * 1974-10-21 1977-09-13 Societe Lyonnaise Des Applications Catalytiques S.A. Catalytic combustion mass
EP0526351A1 (fr) * 1991-07-31 1993-02-03 Application Des Gaz Brûleur catalytique de combustion, et appareil incorporant un tel brûleur
GB2299525A (en) * 1995-04-05 1996-10-09 Applic Gaz Sa Induced-air catalytic burner and apparatus incorporating such a burner
US5993192A (en) * 1997-09-16 1999-11-30 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota High heat flux catalytic radiant burner
USD417501S (en) 1998-11-09 1999-12-07 Shenandoah Manufacturing Co., Inc. Fan shaped burner
EP2930424A1 (de) * 2014-04-11 2015-10-14 E.G.O. ELEKTRO-GERÄTEBAU GmbH Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Gasbrenners und Gasbrenner

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2139363A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1971-05-13 1973-01-05 Engelhard Min & Chem
SE463228B (sv) * 1984-07-03 1990-10-22 Landau David Koek, avsett foer uppvaermning genom katalytisk foerbraenning av gas
DE3623998A1 (de) * 1986-07-16 1988-01-28 Ulrich Ranke Lautsprecher mit kegelstumpffoermiger lautsprechermembran, die aus faserverstaerkten kunststoffen und einer innenwabe besteht
DE10029148A1 (de) * 2000-06-14 2001-12-20 Dietrich Schroeck Strahlungsheizgerät

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1256301A (en) * 1917-06-28 1918-02-12 Surface Comb Inc Gas-burning apparatus.
US1872930A (en) * 1927-02-17 1932-08-23 Doherty Res Co Combined gas and oil burner
US1937097A (en) * 1933-10-09 1933-11-28 Platinum Products Corp Lighter
US2775294A (en) * 1950-03-11 1956-12-25 American Infra Red Radiant Co Radiation burners
US3199573A (en) * 1963-01-17 1965-08-10 Charles S Fiynn Gas burner
US3362792A (en) * 1963-11-06 1968-01-09 Whirlpool Co Catalytic burner for generating gas atmospheres

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1256301A (en) * 1917-06-28 1918-02-12 Surface Comb Inc Gas-burning apparatus.
US1872930A (en) * 1927-02-17 1932-08-23 Doherty Res Co Combined gas and oil burner
US1937097A (en) * 1933-10-09 1933-11-28 Platinum Products Corp Lighter
US2775294A (en) * 1950-03-11 1956-12-25 American Infra Red Radiant Co Radiation burners
US3199573A (en) * 1963-01-17 1965-08-10 Charles S Fiynn Gas burner
US3362792A (en) * 1963-11-06 1968-01-09 Whirlpool Co Catalytic burner for generating gas atmospheres

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3857668A (en) * 1969-08-02 1974-12-31 Siemens Ag Flameless catalytic combustion of hydrocarbon in porous sintered stones
US3798005A (en) * 1969-12-24 1974-03-19 Siemens Ag Apparatus for obtaining hydrogen
US3857669A (en) * 1971-09-02 1974-12-31 Impala Ind Inc Catalytic heater head
US4048113A (en) * 1974-10-21 1977-09-13 Societe Lyonnaise Des Applications Catalytiques S.A. Catalytic combustion mass
EP0526351A1 (fr) * 1991-07-31 1993-02-03 Application Des Gaz Brûleur catalytique de combustion, et appareil incorporant un tel brûleur
FR2679981A1 (fr) * 1991-07-31 1993-02-05 Applic Gaz Sa Bruleur catalytique de combustion, et appareil incorporant un tel bruleur.
GB2299525A (en) * 1995-04-05 1996-10-09 Applic Gaz Sa Induced-air catalytic burner and apparatus incorporating such a burner
FR2732752A1 (fr) * 1995-04-05 1996-10-11 Applic Gaz Sa Bruleur catalytique a air induit, et appareil integrant un tel bruleur
US5842851A (en) * 1995-04-05 1998-12-01 Application Des Gaz Induced air catalytic burner, and apparatus incorporating such a burner
GB2299525B (en) * 1995-04-05 1999-02-10 Applic Gaz Sa Induced-air catalytic burner and apparatus incorporating such a burner
US5993192A (en) * 1997-09-16 1999-11-30 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota High heat flux catalytic radiant burner
USD417501S (en) 1998-11-09 1999-12-07 Shenandoah Manufacturing Co., Inc. Fan shaped burner
EP2930424A1 (de) * 2014-04-11 2015-10-14 E.G.O. ELEKTRO-GERÄTEBAU GmbH Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Gasbrenners und Gasbrenner

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1751246A1 (de) 1971-06-09
GB1174887A (en) 1969-12-17
JPS5414331B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1979-06-06
DE1751246B2 (de) 1978-04-06
FR1568445A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-05-23

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Effective date: 19810518