US3440466A - Window support and heat sink for electron-discharge device - Google Patents

Window support and heat sink for electron-discharge device Download PDF

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Publication number
US3440466A
US3440466A US491716A US3440466DA US3440466A US 3440466 A US3440466 A US 3440466A US 491716 A US491716 A US 491716A US 3440466D A US3440466D A US 3440466DA US 3440466 A US3440466 A US 3440466A
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Prior art keywords
window
electron
housing
support
aperture
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US491716A
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Alex D Colvin
Ole K Nilssen
Allen H Turner
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Energy Sciences Inc
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Ford Motor Co
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Assigned to ENERGY SCIENCES INC., 8 GILL ST., WOBURN, reassignment ENERGY SCIENCES INC., 8 GILL ST., WOBURN, ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: FORD MOTOR COMPANY
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J5/00—Details relating to vessels or to leading-in conductors common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J5/02—Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith; Vacuum locks
    • H01J5/18—Windows permeable to X-rays, gamma-rays, or particles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J33/00—Discharge tubes with provision for emergence of electrons or ions from the vessel; Lenard tubes
    • H01J33/02—Details
    • H01J33/04—Windows

Definitions

  • an improved window support and heat sink for such window has a thermal conductivity not substantially below that of copper, such term being defined to include aluminum.
  • the window support is positioned between the metal window and the emission means of the electron-discharge device and comprises a plurality of window-contacting support members in contact with said window at a plurality of spaced-apart sites intermediate the periphery thereof.
  • the heat sink is in contact with said window-contacting support members and has a sufficient mass and surface area to continuously absorb significant amounts of heat generated in said window by said electrons.
  • This invention relates to an improved electron-discharge device and to a method for quantitatively increasing the sustainable output of such devices in continuous irradiation processes.
  • a high-energy electron source may be provided by accelerating electrons to high energy in an evacuated tube, and permitting the high-energy electrons to issue from the tube through an appropriate electron window onto the product to be irradiated.
  • the high-energy electrons may be caused to issue from the tube in the form of a sheet, and the product may be placed on a conveyor which moves the product through the electron sheet transversely thereto.
  • electrons are accelerated as a narrow beam within an evacuated tube, and then a rapid scanning movement is imparted to the electron beam before it passes through the electron window and issues from the tube.
  • an electron beam is focused into sheet form within the tube by a system of cylindrical electron optics. See, Robinson, U.S.
  • the electron-emitting cathode or cathodes may simply be partially enclosed in a suitable housing within the tube which restricts and directs the electron beam to the electron window.
  • the electron window through which the high-energy electrons issue from the acceleration tube is a thin sheet of relatively light metal.
  • the window should be as thin as feasible in order that the electrons may pass therethrough with minimum loss of energy.
  • the window must have a sufficient mechanical strength to withstand a pressure differential of about 1 atmosphere since the interior will be exposed to the evacuated emission chamber and the exterior ordinarily will be exposed to the atmosphere.
  • the amount of beam current which can be transmitted through the electron window is determined by the physical properties of the window and the energy of the impinging beam. Part of the beam energy is inevitably given up in the form of heat while electrons are passed through the window.
  • the current through the window can be increased until the resultant temperature build-up in the window reaches a point at which the combination of applied forces, including the aforesaid pressure differential, is sufficient to cause its collapse.
  • the apertured windowretaining member which frames and defines the window also provides means for peripheral heat exchange with the window. It has been suggested to promote this transfer by contacting the window-retaining member with a suitable coolant. See, for example, Gale, U.S. Patent 2,722,- 620.
  • the increase in sustainable accelerator output is effected by interposing a novel, window-supporting grid and heat sink between the cathode and the electron window.
  • the crossmembers of the grid which provide the window with lateral support are constructed and arranged so as to limit grid interception of electrons to a minor fraction of the beam current, preferably less than about 25% of the total beam directed toward the window.
  • the spacing of the grid components represents a com promise between the advantages of maximum physical support and heat absorption on the one hand and the advantages of minimizing interception of electrons passing between cathode and window on the other.
  • the grid preferably comprises a plurality of transversely-extending crossmembers spaced apart at substantially even intervals so as to minimize, at any given level of electron interception, the maximum distance between any point on the window and the nearest portion of the grid.
  • the size and spacing of the crossmembers can be varied with the requirements of a given application taking into consideration the stress tolerances of the window material and the amount of energy that will be absorbed by the window per unit time in order to deliver to the workpiece per unit time a given quantity of electrons of given energy.
  • the crossmembers may be separate from each other up to about 1 inch and their total direct interception of the electron beam may be as low as about 2% thereof. In most applications, however, it will be advantageous to employ a markedly smaller separation, e.g. in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.25 inch.
  • the metal grid includes a peripheral support for the crossmembers which serves as a heat sink and has sufiicient mass, surface area, and thermal conductivity to continuously absorb the requisite amounts of heat from the window through the crossmembers without positive employment of a heat-exchange fluid.
  • the mass of this peripheral support may be reduced if it is employed in close heat-exchange relationship with at fluid coolant, e.g. water or air, as by continuously passing such coolant into peripheral or internal contact therewith.
  • the crossmembers of the metal grid are continuously in close heat-exchange relationship with a fiuid coolant while the accelerator is being operated.
  • the coolant preferably passes through one or more conduit crossmembers which are in contact with the window.
  • metals and/ or alloys having a thermal conductivity not substantially below that of copper are preferred in all embodiments thereof, and, where the positive employment of a heat-exchange fluid is omitted, the use of such metals is deemed essential.
  • the term not substantially below that of copper as used herein is meant to include aluminum as well as more highly-conductive metals such as silver.
  • the depth of the crossmembers should be at least twice as great as the width of the side thereof that contacts the window.
  • the electron-intercepting area of the'crossmembers is preferably not significantly greater than the window contacting area of the same.
  • One object of this invention is to provide a method for increasing the sustainable output of ionizing energy from an evacuated electron-acceleration tube where such output is limited by the transmission capacity of its electron window.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide an improved electron-acceleration device for use in continuous radiation processes.
  • FIGURE 1 is a partial, schematic illustration of an electron-discharge device constructed in accordance with this invention, portions of said device being shown in section, in the process of providing radiation to the surface of a sheet material passing transversely thereto upon a moving conveyor;
  • FIGURE 2 is a sheet of metal foil which serves as the electron window of the device shown in FIGURE 1;
  • FIGURE 3 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the combination window-support grid and heat sink which may be used in the device shown in FIGURE 1;
  • FIGURE 4 is a perspective view of the apertured window-retaining membr which frams the window of FIGURE 2 and holds such window in contact with the window-support grid and heat sink of FIGURE 3;
  • FIGURE 5 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the combination window-support grid and heat sink which may be used in the device shown in FIGURE 1.
  • Cathode assembly 3 comprises a cathode housing 5 having an elongated aperture 7 extending along a major portion of its lower side. Positioned within housing 5 is a pair of spaced apart bus bars 9 and 11 which hold between them in electrical communication therewith a plurality of tungsten-wire filaments 13 which serve as cathodes. Aperture 7 is of a size and configuration such as to direct a sheet of electrons emitted by the filaments 13 to the window area.
  • a changing magnetic field is employed to direct the electron beam so as to achieve the desired distribution of electrons at the window surface.
  • conductors 15 and 17 In electrical connection with bus bars 9 and 11, respectively, are conductors 15 and 17 each of which in operation are in electrical connection with the negative terminal of a direct-current electrical power source, not shown, and insulated from housing 1 and housing 5.
  • the energy delivered to the negative leads 15 and 17 is controlled by conventional electrical means so that a slight difference of electrical potential, eg 5 volts, is maintained between negative leads 15 and 17 to establish a current through the filaments 13.
  • a conductor 19 provides the positive lead and is in electrical connection with housing 1 and with ground.
  • Grid 21 is of copper and has a centrally-positioned, longitudinally-extending aperture 23.
  • a plurality of copper crossmembers 25 are seated in slots 27 and extend transversely across aperture 23.
  • Grid 21 also has a plurality of threaded holes 29, the purpose of which is hereinafter explained.
  • Grid 21 also has a peripheral groove 31 shaped to receive a conduit 33 for bringing a heat-exchange fluid, e.g. water, into heat-exchange relationship with grid 21.
  • window-forming sheet 41 Positioned below grid 21 is window-forming sheet 41, a thin metal sheet which may be of aluminum, an alloy, e.g. aluminum and copper, aluminum and beryllium, magnesium and thorium, stainless steel, etc. It is positioned so as to completely cover aperture 23 of grid 21 and extend on each side of aperture 23 a sufficient distance to be secured against grid 21 by window-retaining block 51.
  • Window-forming sheet 41 is in electrical communication with housing 1 and serves as an anode.
  • Windowretaining block 51 is provided with a centrally-positioned aperture 53 of essentially equal size and configuration as that of aperture 23 and has a plurality of threaded holes 55. Aperture 53 frames the window proper.
  • the threaded holes 55 provide means for securing window-retaining block 51 to grid 21 so as to clamp window-forming sheet 41 to grid 21.
  • Window-retaining block 51, window-forming sheet 41, grid and heat sink 21 and housing 1 are fastened together as hereinbefore described using, where necessary, suitable gaskets, sealing rings, etc., not shown, so as to form a vacuum-tight seal of the lower end of housing 1.
  • FIGURE 5 there is illustrated a second embodiment of a window-support grid and heat sink which comprises a peripheral support 71 having a plurality of threaded holes 73 for securing the grid to a window sup port and/ or acceleration tube, a plurality of transverselyextending conduits 75 through which a suitable fluid coolant is passed and a plurality of longitudinally-extending crossmembers 77 positioned between the conduits 75 and between the terminal members or such conduits and peripheral support 71.
  • Example Metal foil windows an aluminum-copper alloy of 0.001 inch thickness containing 4.5% copper, 1.5% magnesium, 0.6% manganese, remainder essentially all aluminum, were tested for resistance to stress in an evacuated electron tube. The exterior of the windows were exposed to atmospheric pressure. The interior pressure was in the range of about 2.5 to about 5 10 mm. Hg.
  • a window was first tested with support and heat exchange limited to its peripheral holding block.
  • a scanned beam at a potential of 150 kv. was directed against the window.
  • the window area intercepted was 0.465 in.
  • the window failed to sustain a stream of electrons which provided at the window a power density of 178 watts/m
  • a second window of the same foil was tested in like manner except that a window support and heat sink of the design illustrated in FIGURE 3 was interposed between the window and the electron-emission means and positioned in contact with the window.
  • the exterior measurements of the grid, i.e. the peripheral support for the grid crossmembers measured about inches in length, about 3 inches in width and about 0.25 inch in thickness.
  • the aperture measured about 4 inches in length and about inch in width.
  • the webs or crossmembers measured about 0.5 inch in length, about 0.25 inch in depth (surface parallel to electron beam), and about 0.02 inch in width (window-contacting surface and beam-intercepting surface).
  • the crossmembers were seated about inch in slots on either side of the aperture in the peripheral support and were positioned about 0.1 inch apart.
  • the area of beam interception was decreased to 0.039 in. and the window was subjected to stresses of gradually increased intensity to induce failure. After withstanding repeated increases in power density, the window failed to sustain an electron stream providing at the window a power density of about 2000 watts/m
  • a 10 fold increase in transmitted current can be achieved with comparable windows when operating in accordance with this invention.
  • a third window of the same foil was tested with an unscanned beam.
  • the window-support grid and heat sink used was of similar design but measured about 17 inches in length, 5 inches in width and 0.5 inch in thickness.
  • the crossmembers were positioned about 0.075 inch apart in an aperture about 12 inches in length and about 1 inch in width.
  • the crossmembers measured about 1% inches in length, 0.5 inch in depth, and again 0.02 inch in width.
  • the crossmembers were seated about A inch in slots on either side of the aperture in the peripheral support.
  • a potential of 170 kv. was employed.
  • the window area intercepted by the electron beam was 3.38 m
  • Tap water was employed as a heat-exchange medium at the periphery of the window-support grid and heat sink in each of the foregoing tests employing such grids. Large increases in sustainable power densities were also achieved with copper grids without employing a fluid coolant.
  • Electron-discharge devices of the type herein disclosed may be operated over a wide range of potentials.
  • potentials in the range of about 150 to about 450 kv. are advantageous.
  • an electron-discharge device comprising a housing having an aperture, an electron-emission means within said housing and spaced apart from said aperture, and a metal electron window closing said aperture, essentially defining with said housing an essentially gas-tight emission chamber containing said emission means, and providing exit means from said housing through which a stream of high-energy electrons are transmitted when said emission chamber is substantially gas-evacuated and a difference of electrical potential exists between said emission means and said window suflicient to initiate said stream, the improvement which comprises a plurality of spaced-apart, thermally-conducting metal supports in contact with said window intermediate the periphery thereof and between said window and said emission means, and conduit means positioned in relation to said supports through which a fluid coolant can be passed into heat-exchange relationship with said supports.
  • an electron-acceleration device comprising a housing having an aperture, an electron-emission means within said housing and spaced apart from said aperture, and a metal electron window closing said aperture, essentially defining with said housing an essentially gas-tight emission chamber containing said emission means, and providing exit means from said housing through which a stream of high-energy electrons are transmitted when said emission chamber is substantially gas-evacuated and a difference of electrical potential exists between said emission means and said window sufficient to initiate and maintain said stream
  • the improvement which comprises a window support and heat-exchange means positioned between said window and said emission means and comprising a plurality of metal supports in contact with said window at a plurality of substantially evenly spaced-apart sites intermediate the periphery thereof, a peripheral support for said metal supports, and in contact with said peripheral support conduit means through which a fluid coolant can be passed into heat-exchange relationship with said metal supports, said metal supports being spaced apart upon said window at substantially equal intervals of less than about 1 inch and of a number, size and configuration to intercept a minor
  • an electron-acceleration device comprising a housing having an aperture, an electron-emission means within said housing and spaced apart from said aperture, and a metal electron window closing said aperture, essentially defining with said housing an essentially gas-tight emission chamber containing said emission means, and providing exit means from said housing through which a stream of high-energy electrons are transmitted when said emission chamber is substantially gas-evacuated and a difference of electrical potential exists between said emission means and said window sufficient to initiate and maintain said stream
  • the improvement which comprises a window support and heat-exchange means comprising a plurality of metal supports in contact with said window at a plurality of substantially evenly spaced-apart sites intermediate the periphery thereof, a peripheral support for said metal supports and in contact with said peripheral support conduit means through which a fluid coolant can be passed into heat-exchange relationship with said metal supports, said metal supports being spaced apart upon said window at substantially equal intervals in the range of about 0.05 to about 0.25 inch.
  • an electron-acceleration device comprising a housing an aperture, an electron-emission means within said housing and spaced apart from said aperture, and a metal electron window closing said aperture, essentially defining with said housing an essentially gas-tight emission chamber containing said emission means, and providing exit means from said housing through which a stream of high-energy electrons are transmitted when said emission chamber is substantially gas-evacuated and a difference of electrical potential exists between said emission means and said window sufficient to initiate and maintain said stream
  • the improvement which comprises a window support and heat-exchange means having a thermal conductivity not substantially below that of copper positioned between said window and said emission means and comprising a plurality of spaced-apart, transversely-extending supports in contact with said window at a plurality of evenly spaced-apart sites intermediate the periphery thereof and conduit means through which a fluid coolant can be passed in heat-exchange relationship with said supports, said supports being of a number, size and configuration to intercept between about 2 and about 25 percent of electrons passing between said emission means and said window and
  • an electron-discharge device comprising a housing having an aperture, an electron-emission means within said housing and spaced apart from said aperture, and a metal electron window closing said aperture, essentially defining with said housing an essentially gas-tight emission chamber containing said emission means, and providing exit means from said housing through which a stream of highenergy electrons are transmitted when said emission chamber is substantially gas-evacuated and a difference of electrical potential exists between said emission means and said window sufficient to initiate said stream
  • the improvement which comprises a window support and heat sink having a thermal conductivity not substantially below that of copper positioned between said window and said emission means and comprising a plurality of window-contacting support members in contact with said window at a plurality of spaced-apart sites intermediate the periphery thereof, and a heat sink in contact with said windowcontacting support members, said window support and heat sink having a suflicient mass and surface area to continuously absorb significant amounts of heat generated in said window by said high-energy electrons.
  • an electron-acceleration device comprising a housing having an aperture, an electron-emission means within said housing and spaced apart from said aperture, and a metal electron window closing said aperture, essentially defining with said housing an essentially gas-tight emission chamber containing said emission means, and providing exit means from said housing through which a stream of high-energy electrons are transmitted when said emission chamber is substantially gas-evacuated and a difference of electrical potential exists between said emission means and said window sufficient to initiate said stream
  • the improvement which comprises a window support and heat sink having a thermal conductivity not substantially below that of copper positioned between said window and said emission means and comprising a plurality of windowcontacting support members in contact with said window at a plurality of spaced-apart sites intermediate the periphery thereof and a peripheral support for said support members, said peripheral support having a sufficient mass and surface area to continuously absorb from said windowcontacting support members heat generated in said window by said high-energy electrons at a rate sufiicient to maintain said window-contacting support members at a. temperature admitting of significant
  • an electron-acceleration device comprising a housing having an aperture, an electron-emission means within said housing and spaced apart from said aperture, and a metal electron window closing said aperture, essentially defining with said housing an essentially gas-tight emission chamber containing said emission means, and providing exit means from said housing through which a stream of high-energy electrons are transmitted when said emission chamber is substantially gas-evacuated and a difference of electrical potential exists between said emission means and said window sutficient to initiate and maintain said stream, the improvement which comprises a window support and heat sink positioned between said window and said emission means and comprising a plurality of windowcontacting support members in contact with said window at a plurality of spaced-apart sites intermediate the periphery thereof and a peripheral support for said support members, said peripheral support having a sutficient mass and surface area to admit continuous transfer thereto through said window-contacting support members at a rate sufficient to maintain said window-contacting support members at a temperature admitting of significant and continuous heat transfer thereto from said window, said window-contacting support members being spaced
  • an electron-acceleration device comprising a housing having an aperture, an electron-emission means within said housing and spaced apart from said aperture, and a metal electron window closing said aperture, essentially defining with said housing an essentially gas-tight emission chamber containing said emission means, and providing exit means from said housing through which a stream of high-energy electrons are transmitted when said emission chamber is substantially gas-evacuated and a difference of electrical potential exists between said emission means and said window sufficient to initiate and maintain said stream
  • the improvement which comprises a window support and heat sink positioned between said window and said emission means and comprising a plurality of windowcontacting support members in contact with said window at a plurality of spaced-apart sites intermediate the periphery thereof and a peripheral support for said windowcontacting support members, said peripheral support having a sufficient mass and surface area to admit continuous transfer of heat thereto through said window-contacting support members at a rate suflicient to maintain said window-contacting support members at a temperature admit ting of significant and continuous heat transfer thereto from said window, said window-contacting support

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  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
US491716A 1965-09-30 1965-09-30 Window support and heat sink for electron-discharge device Expired - Lifetime US3440466A (en)

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US3624391A (en) * 1969-04-16 1971-11-30 Ti Group Services Ltd Window structure for electron beam irradiation
US3683179A (en) * 1970-03-11 1972-08-08 John R Norman Means for irradiating materials
US3808551A (en) * 1972-11-02 1974-04-30 Avco Corp Secondary foil for apparatus producing a controlled discharge which provides molecular excitation of a gaseous working medium
US3833814A (en) * 1973-06-20 1974-09-03 Energy Sciences Inc Apparatus for simultaneously uniformly irradiating a region using plural grid controlled electron guns
US4021674A (en) * 1974-09-27 1977-05-03 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Charged-particle beam optical apparatus for irradiating a specimen in a two-dimensional pattern
FR2341941A1 (fr) * 1976-02-17 1977-09-16 Polymer Physik Gmbh Generateur d'electrons muni d'une fenetre de sortie fixee par une bride
US4164677A (en) * 1978-05-22 1979-08-14 Northrop Corporation Anode assembly for high power electron beam laser
EP0104938A3 (en) * 1982-09-29 1985-10-16 Tetra Pak Developpement Sa Readily attachable and detachable electron-beam permeable window assembly
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US4959550A (en) * 1987-05-18 1990-09-25 Nissin High Voltage Co., Ltd. Automatic exchanger of an electron beam irradiator for window foil
US4983849A (en) * 1989-06-05 1991-01-08 Radiation Dynamics, Inc. Apparatus and method for promoting uniform dosage of ionizing radiation in targets
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US20040089820A1 (en) * 1999-11-05 2004-05-13 Imtiaz Rangwalla Particle beam processing apparatus and materials treatable using the apparatus
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Cited By (42)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3624391A (en) * 1969-04-16 1971-11-30 Ti Group Services Ltd Window structure for electron beam irradiation
US3683179A (en) * 1970-03-11 1972-08-08 John R Norman Means for irradiating materials
US3808551A (en) * 1972-11-02 1974-04-30 Avco Corp Secondary foil for apparatus producing a controlled discharge which provides molecular excitation of a gaseous working medium
US3833814A (en) * 1973-06-20 1974-09-03 Energy Sciences Inc Apparatus for simultaneously uniformly irradiating a region using plural grid controlled electron guns
US4021674A (en) * 1974-09-27 1977-05-03 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Charged-particle beam optical apparatus for irradiating a specimen in a two-dimensional pattern
FR2341941A1 (fr) * 1976-02-17 1977-09-16 Polymer Physik Gmbh Generateur d'electrons muni d'une fenetre de sortie fixee par une bride
US4112307A (en) * 1976-02-17 1978-09-05 Polymer-Physik Gmbh & Co. Kg Electron beam source with an electron exit window connected via a window flange
US4164677A (en) * 1978-05-22 1979-08-14 Northrop Corporation Anode assembly for high power electron beam laser
US4748005A (en) * 1982-05-03 1988-05-31 Shamrock Chemicals Corporation Apparatus and method for radiation processing of materials
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE694781A (fr) 1967-07-31
NL154044B (nl) 1977-07-15
DE1589773A1 (de) 1970-08-13
NL6701373A (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1968-07-29
DE1589773B2 (de) 1974-11-07

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