US3439163A - X-ray crystal monochromator with a reflecting surface that conforms to part of a logarithmic spiral - Google Patents

X-ray crystal monochromator with a reflecting surface that conforms to part of a logarithmic spiral Download PDF

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US3439163A
US3439163A US484907A US3439163DA US3439163A US 3439163 A US3439163 A US 3439163A US 484907 A US484907 A US 484907A US 3439163D A US3439163D A US 3439163DA US 3439163 A US3439163 A US 3439163A
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plate
incidence
rays
logarithmic spiral
strip
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Wilhelmus Karel De Jongh
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Philips North America LLC
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
    • G01N23/20—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by using diffraction of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating crystal structure; by using scattering of the radiation by the materials, e.g. for investigating non-crystalline materials; by using reflection of the radiation by the materials
    • G01N23/20008—Constructional details of analysers, e.g. characterised by X-ray source, detector or optical system; Accessories therefor; Preparing specimens therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
    • G21K1/06—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diffraction, refraction or reflection, e.g. monochromators
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
    • G01N2223/10—Different kinds of radiation or particles
    • G01N2223/101—Different kinds of radiation or particles electromagnetic radiation
    • G01N2223/1016—X-ray
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2223/00—Investigating materials by wave or particle radiation
    • G01N2223/30—Accessories, mechanical or electrical features
    • G01N2223/315—Accessories, mechanical or electrical features monochromators
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K2201/00—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles
    • G21K2201/06—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements
    • G21K2201/062—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements the element being a crystal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K2201/00—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles
    • G21K2201/06—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements
    • G21K2201/064—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements having a curved surface
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
    • G21K2201/00—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles
    • G21K2201/06—Arrangements for handling radiation or particles using diffractive, refractive or reflecting elements
    • G21K2201/067—Construction details

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a device for making a spectrochemical analyses with X-rays, and in particular to an analyzing crystal which is used in a device employing X-rays for making spectrochernical analyses.
  • a set of lattice planes of the crystal lattice, with mutual distance d, will be capable of reflecting the X-ray beam with Wavelength A only at angles of incidence 0 which satisfies this equation.
  • an analyzer which generally has the shape of an elongated strip consisting of a single crystal plate provided with parallel surfaces.
  • This plate will hereinafter be termed the plate of incidence ifOI X-rays.
  • the plate of incidence for X-rays of a given wavelength is arranged at the correct angle 0, rays originating from a source of a small cross-section will be reflected by a given zone of the plate of incidence.
  • a flat plate of incidence only a small part of the incident rays is reflected.
  • a focusing arrangement is used in which the reflecting surface of the plate of incidence is curved.
  • the most favorable arrangement is obtained by bending the plate of incidence in the form which corresponds to the curvature of the logarithmic spiral.
  • This shape of the plate of incidence enables the active surface used for the X-ray deflection, to be as large as possible.
  • rays starting from a source of finite, although none too large proportions, and of a given wavelength can be collected in a sharply bounded focus after reflection. As a result of this a high intensity of the reflected radiations is obtained.
  • the plate of incidence is an X-ray monochromator which need not necessarily consist of a single crystal. It may be a carrier which is coated with a material which reflects the radiation. In that case the carrier has a surface curved to the desired shape.
  • the required shape can be obtained by clamping the plate between two moldings which are curved in the correct manner.
  • the ends of a rectangular crystal plate are clamped in a holder of such a construction that unequal bending moments can be exerted on the two ICC ends.
  • the resulting curvature of the crystal plate is a good approximation of the logarithmic spiral and the shape can easily be adapted to various distances between the ray source and the plate of incidence.
  • the invention relates to a plate of incidence or crystal monochromator for X-ray diffraction which has the shape of an elongated strip, which strip, when deflected, assumes the shape of a part of a logarithmic spiral.
  • the surface of the plate of incidence is bounded by four sides joining one another, two opposite points of intersection of which are located on a symmetry line of the surface. The remaining two points of intersection determine the largest width of the strip. Furthermore the sides which meet in one point of intersection with the symmetry line are curved concave with respect to the said line, and the sides which meet in the opposite point of intersection are curved convex with respect to the said line.
  • Such a plate of incidence may be made from flexible single crystal plates, bounded by parallel surfaces, but may alternatively consist of flexible carrier material, for example, thin sheet steel which is laminated with substances which reflect X-rays.
  • FIG. 1 shows the arrangement for an X-ray spectrometer with logarithmically curved plate of incidence.
  • FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows the manner of deflection of the plate of incidence.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show embodiments of plates of incidence according to the invention.
  • FIG. 5 shows a mounting structure for supporting a deflection plate of incidence.
  • the logarithmic spiral has the characteristic feature that any radius vector from the origin 0 encloses equal angles with the surface of the curve A-B, as a result of which the origin 0 also is the focus of reflected rays of equal wavelengths.
  • a A(lx/B) (Li- 2 for x and wherein A is the largest width of the strip.
  • the plate of incidence is used as a carrier for the reflecting layer
  • substances may be used which are provided in thin layers on the surface and have properties useful for the reflection of rays.
  • the arrangement of the ends of a strip of material which tapers to points may present difliculties when the plate has a low mechanical strength. Since the ends of the plate of incidence do not contribute substantially to the reflection of rays, the plate of incidence may be extended at the ends as shown in FIG. 4, by laterally projecting wings which afford the required rigidity to the supported parts.
  • X-rays from a source 1 are deflected by a monochromator 2, which is an elongated strip of a flat crystal plate the central portion of which bears against two upright right angle members 3 of a rectangular frame 4 while the end portions rest on contact members the height of which is adjustable by screws 5 so that by turning knobs 6 the ends of the strip may be raised.
  • the deflected X-rays are received by a counter 7.
  • An X-ray crystal monochromator the reflecting surface of which is curved in the shape of parts of a logarithmic spiral the smallest radius of curvature of which is adapted to be placed closest to the source of X-rays by bending an elongated strip of a flat crystal plate having a central portion and end portions, the opposite end portions of which are deflected in the same direction with respect to the central portion, which strip is bounded by four sides joining one another in pairs, two opposite points of intersection of said sides being located at the end portions and the remaining two points of intersection being located in the central portion and determining the largest width of the strip, said sides meeting in one point of intersection at the end portion placed closest to the source being curved concave with respect to the central portion and the sides which meet in the opposite point of intersection being curved convex with respect to the central portion of the strip.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)

Description

P" 1969 w. K. DE JONGH X-RAY CRYSTAL MONOCHROMATOR WITH A THAT CONFORMS TO PART oF' A LOGARITHMIC SPIRAL Filed Sept. 5, 1965 FIGS FIGS
INVENTOR. WILHELMUS K. DE: JONGH AGE United States Patent US. Cl. 250-515 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A crystal monochromator for diflracting X-rays which is in the form of an elongated strip bent so that its surface is part of a logarithmic spiral. The elongated strip may be a single crystal, or flexible carrier material such as sheet steel laminated with substances which reflect X-rays.
This invention relates to a device for making a spectrochemical analyses with X-rays, and in particular to an analyzing crystal which is used in a device employing X-rays for making spectrochernical analyses.
Spectrochemical analyses with X-rays is based on the diffraction of X-rays through crystals. Thus, any crystal will ditfract X-rays in accordance with Braggs Law which states:
A set of lattice planes of the crystal lattice, with mutual distance d, will be capable of reflecting the X-ray beam with Wavelength A only at angles of incidence 0 which satisfies this equation.
In a device for making a spectrochemical analysis using X-rays an analyzer is employed which generally has the shape of an elongated strip consisting of a single crystal plate provided with parallel surfaces. This plate will hereinafter be termed the plate of incidence ifOI X-rays. When the plate of incidence for X-rays of a given wavelength is arranged at the correct angle 0, rays originating from a source of a small cross-section will be reflected by a given zone of the plate of incidence. When using a flat plate of incidence only a small part of the incident rays is reflected. In order to use a wider beam of the emitted radiation, a focusing arrangement is used in which the reflecting surface of the plate of incidence is curved. The most favorable arrangement is obtained by bending the plate of incidence in the form which corresponds to the curvature of the logarithmic spiral. This shape of the plate of incidence enables the active surface used for the X-ray deflection, to be as large as possible. Furthermore, rays starting from a source of finite, although none too large proportions, and of a given wavelength can be collected in a sharply bounded focus after reflection. As a result of this a high intensity of the reflected radiations is obtained.
Actually the plate of incidence is an X-ray monochromator which need not necessarily consist of a single crystal. It may be a carrier which is coated with a material which reflects the radiation. In that case the carrier has a surface curved to the desired shape.
When using thin rectangular crystal plates, the required shape can be obtained by clamping the plate between two moldings which are curved in the correct manner. In another solution having the advantage that the curvature is adjustable, the ends of a rectangular crystal plate are clamped in a holder of such a construction that unequal bending moments can be exerted on the two ICC ends. The resulting curvature of the crystal plate is a good approximation of the logarithmic spiral and the shape can easily be adapted to various distances between the ray source and the plate of incidence.
The invention relates to a plate of incidence or crystal monochromator for X-ray diffraction which has the shape of an elongated strip, which strip, when deflected, assumes the shape of a part of a logarithmic spiral. According to the invention the surface of the plate of incidence is bounded by four sides joining one another, two opposite points of intersection of which are located on a symmetry line of the surface. The remaining two points of intersection determine the largest width of the strip. Furthermore the sides which meet in one point of intersection with the symmetry line are curved concave with respect to the said line, and the sides which meet in the opposite point of intersection are curved convex with respect to the said line. Such a plate of incidence may be made from flexible single crystal plates, bounded by parallel surfaces, but may alternatively consist of flexible carrier material, for example, thin sheet steel which is laminated with substances which reflect X-rays.
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 shows the arrangement for an X-ray spectrometer with logarithmically curved plate of incidence.
FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows the manner of deflection of the plate of incidence.
FIGS. 3 and 4 show embodiments of plates of incidence according to the invention.
FIG. 5 shows a mounting structure for supporting a deflection plate of incidence.
The logarithmic spiral has the characteristic feature that any radius vector from the origin 0 encloses equal angles with the surface of the curve A-B, as a result of which the origin 0 also is the focus of reflected rays of equal wavelengths.
The radius of curvature in any point of the curve A-B diifers from the radii of curvature in adjacent points but these radii have the common property that they are the diameters of circles passing through the origin 0. Therefore, the radii of curvature are determined by R=OB/sin 0 Starting from the radius vector r through point P the radius vector through an adjacent point is r=rd+r d cotan 0 wherein x is the distance between two points of incidence,
r d =x sin 0 The general equation for the radius of curvature of deflection lines of small curvature is:
S=l/Y" (8) wherein Y" is the second diflerential coeflicient of the curve A deflection line of this type is found in a carrier which is loaded between two supporting points located at the ends. In a slightly curved strip-shaped plate of equal thickness, it can be shown that wherein M is the bending moment in any cross-section, J the moment of inertia at that point and E the modulus of elasticity.
For a rectangular cross-section M P 3% for x e e and between the pressure point P and the support point 0 M =P (Bx) for x z 0 12 In order that the curve of bending have the same shape as the logarithmic spiral, it :follows from (9) that and it further follows:
a =A(lx/B) (Li- 2 for x and wherein A is the largest width of the strip.
The shape of a strip-shaped plate shown in FIG. 3 results from these equations.
When such a plate is used, a deflection is possible such that diffraction X-rays the wavelength of which satisfies Braggs formula for a given angle 6, takes place without aberration. This adjustment can be found in a comparatively simple manner. It is assumed that the ends of the plate of incidence are clamped in sliding members of a holder movable at right angles to the surface. This holder also comprises fixed stop members against which the plate of incidence engages at both sides of the symmetry line at the area of the largest width. Radiation which is reflected by the plate of incidence and which has the wavelength for which the angle 0 is associated which has been taken into account in shaping the plate of incidence is received on a fluorescent screen which is provided at the area of the focus. By moving the sliding members, the curvature can be varied and adjustment can be found at which the definition of the focusing is largest.
It would be cumbersome, however, if [for every wavelength a separate plate of incidence had to be used as it follows from the Equations 14 and 15 that a the local width of the crystal, depends upon the reflection angle 6. Except for the angle 0 for which the shape fully satisfies the logarithmic shape, other angles 6 involve some aberration. For an admissible aberration an angular range on either side of 0 within narrow limits may be considered a useful working range. It has been found that the aberration increases more rapidly when the associated reflection angle for rays of other wavelengths is larger than when the said angle is smaller than the angle 0,. For a plate of incidence consisting of mica, it has been found that the shape which satisfies an angle of incidence for the rays of which cos 0 =0.9 is the most favorable for use as a monochromator for rays of which the reflection angle varies bet-ween 0 and 30. The greatest aberrations occur at 1445 and 30 and are equal to one another.
In addition to mica all other known materials suitable for reflection crystals which can be curved for making a plate of incidence according to the invention, may be considered.
If the plate of incidence is used as a carrier for the reflecting layer, substances may be used which are provided in thin layers on the surface and have properties useful for the reflection of rays.
The arrangement of the ends of a strip of material which tapers to points may present difliculties when the plate has a low mechanical strength. Since the ends of the plate of incidence do not contribute substantially to the reflection of rays, the plate of incidence may be extended at the ends as shown in FIG. 4, by laterally projecting wings which afford the required rigidity to the supported parts.
X-rays from a source 1 are deflected by a monochromator 2, which is an elongated strip of a flat crystal plate the central portion of which bears against two upright right angle members 3 of a rectangular frame 4 while the end portions rest on contact members the height of which is adjustable by screws 5 so that by turning knobs 6 the ends of the strip may be raised. The deflected X-rays are received by a counter 7.
While the invention has been described in connection with specific examples and applications thereof, other modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. An X-ray crystal monochromator, the reflecting surface of which is curved in the shape of parts of a logarithmic spiral the smallest radius of curvature of which is adapted to be placed closest to the source of X-rays by bending an elongated strip of a flat crystal plate having a central portion and end portions, the opposite end portions of which are deflected in the same direction with respect to the central portion, which strip is bounded by four sides joining one another in pairs, two opposite points of intersection of said sides being located at the end portions and the remaining two points of intersection being located in the central portion and determining the largest width of the strip, said sides meeting in one point of intersection at the end portion placed closest to the source being curved concave with respect to the central portion and the sides which meet in the opposite point of intersection being curved convex with respect to the central portion of the strip.
2. An X-ray crystal monochromator as claimed in claim 1, in which the sides are curved in one direction from the largest width according to the equation and in the other direction according to the equation wherein A is the largest width, B and 5B the length of the strip on one side an on the other side respectively of the largest width, r is the average focus distance, 0 the diffraction angle and X is measured positive and negative respectively from the largest width in both directions.
3. An X-ray crystal monochromator as claimed in claim 2, in which the monochromator is constituted of mica, and the elongated strip has a shape such that upon deflection the curvature of the strip corresponds to the curvature of the logarithmic spiral for reflection angles of which cos 6 equals 0.9.
3,439,163 5 6 4. An X-ray crystal monochromator as claimed in OTHER REFERENCES claim 2, in which the monochromator is constituted of High Intensity X ray Monochromator by P. Kirk a carrier of metal coated with a thin layer of a subsance Patrick from Review of Scientific Instruments, VOL wh1ch reflects X-rays.
12, November 1941, pp. 552-554.
References Cited WILLIAM F. LINDQUIST, Primary Examiner. UNITED STATES PATENTS U.S. Cl. X.R. 2,853,617 9/1958 Berreman 250-515 250-53
US484907A 1964-09-10 1965-09-03 X-ray crystal monochromator with a reflecting surface that conforms to part of a logarithmic spiral Expired - Lifetime US3439163A (en)

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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4132653A (en) * 1977-06-29 1979-01-02 Samson James A R Polarization analyzer for vacuum ultraviolet and x-ray radiation
EP0129939A1 (en) * 1983-06-27 1985-01-02 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. X-ray analysis apparatus including a monochromator crystal having crystal lattice surfaces
US4599741A (en) * 1983-11-04 1986-07-08 USC--Dept. of Materials Science System for local X-ray excitation by monochromatic X-rays
US4752945A (en) * 1985-11-04 1988-06-21 North American Philips Corp. Double crystal X-ray spectrometer
US4949367A (en) * 1988-04-20 1990-08-14 U.S. Philips Corporation X-ray spectrometer having a doubly curved crystal
US5757883A (en) * 1995-04-26 1998-05-26 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of manufacturing an X-ray optical element for an X-ray analysis apparatus
US5914997A (en) * 1996-12-20 1999-06-22 U.S. Philips Corporation X-ray spectrometer with an analyzer crystal having a partly variable and a partly constant radius of curvature
US6038285A (en) * 1998-02-02 2000-03-14 Zhong; Zhong Method and apparatus for producing monochromatic radiography with a bent laue crystal
US6259763B1 (en) * 1999-05-21 2001-07-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer for extended X-ray sources
US20060072702A1 (en) * 2004-10-04 2006-04-06 Chapman Leroy D Diffraction enhanced imaging method using a line x-ray source
US7076025B2 (en) 2004-05-19 2006-07-11 Illinois Institute Of Technology Method for detecting a mass density image of an object
US20060153332A1 (en) * 2003-03-27 2006-07-13 Hisayuki Kohno X-ray fluorescence analyzer
US20080247511A1 (en) * 2007-04-03 2008-10-09 Wernick Miles N Method for detecting a mass density image of an object
US20100284513A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2010-11-11 Jeol Ltd. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometer
US20100310041A1 (en) * 2009-06-03 2010-12-09 Adams William L X-Ray System and Methods with Detector Interior to Focusing Element
US20140291518A1 (en) * 2011-10-28 2014-10-02 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. X-ray spectrometry detector device

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0024859B1 (en) * 1979-08-28 1985-11-13 Gec Avionics Limited X-ray diffraction apparatus
NL8300421A (en) * 1983-02-04 1984-09-03 Philips Nv ROENTGEN RESEARCH DEVICE WITH DOUBLE FOCUSING CRYSTAL.

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2853617A (en) * 1955-01-27 1958-09-23 California Inst Res Found Focusing crystal for x-rays and method of manufacture

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2853617A (en) * 1955-01-27 1958-09-23 California Inst Res Found Focusing crystal for x-rays and method of manufacture

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4132653A (en) * 1977-06-29 1979-01-02 Samson James A R Polarization analyzer for vacuum ultraviolet and x-ray radiation
EP0129939A1 (en) * 1983-06-27 1985-01-02 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. X-ray analysis apparatus including a monochromator crystal having crystal lattice surfaces
US4649557A (en) * 1983-06-27 1987-03-10 U.S. Philips Corporation X-ray analysis apparatus including a monochromator crystal having crystal lattice surfaces
US4599741A (en) * 1983-11-04 1986-07-08 USC--Dept. of Materials Science System for local X-ray excitation by monochromatic X-rays
US4752945A (en) * 1985-11-04 1988-06-21 North American Philips Corp. Double crystal X-ray spectrometer
US4949367A (en) * 1988-04-20 1990-08-14 U.S. Philips Corporation X-ray spectrometer having a doubly curved crystal
US5757883A (en) * 1995-04-26 1998-05-26 U.S. Philips Corporation Method of manufacturing an X-ray optical element for an X-ray analysis apparatus
US5914997A (en) * 1996-12-20 1999-06-22 U.S. Philips Corporation X-ray spectrometer with an analyzer crystal having a partly variable and a partly constant radius of curvature
US6038285A (en) * 1998-02-02 2000-03-14 Zhong; Zhong Method and apparatus for producing monochromatic radiography with a bent laue crystal
US6259763B1 (en) * 1999-05-21 2001-07-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy X-ray imaging crystal spectrometer for extended X-ray sources
US20060153332A1 (en) * 2003-03-27 2006-07-13 Hisayuki Kohno X-ray fluorescence analyzer
US7076025B2 (en) 2004-05-19 2006-07-11 Illinois Institute Of Technology Method for detecting a mass density image of an object
US20060072702A1 (en) * 2004-10-04 2006-04-06 Chapman Leroy D Diffraction enhanced imaging method using a line x-ray source
US7330530B2 (en) 2004-10-04 2008-02-12 Illinois Institute Of Technology Diffraction enhanced imaging method using a line x-ray source
US20100284513A1 (en) * 2005-09-01 2010-11-11 Jeol Ltd. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometer
US7864922B2 (en) 2005-09-01 2011-01-04 Jeol Ltd. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometer
US20080247511A1 (en) * 2007-04-03 2008-10-09 Wernick Miles N Method for detecting a mass density image of an object
US7469037B2 (en) 2007-04-03 2008-12-23 Illinois Institute Of Technology Method for detecting a mass density image of an object
US20100310041A1 (en) * 2009-06-03 2010-12-09 Adams William L X-Ray System and Methods with Detector Interior to Focusing Element
US20140291518A1 (en) * 2011-10-28 2014-10-02 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. X-ray spectrometry detector device

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NL6410514A (en) 1966-03-11
GB1089714A (en) 1967-11-08
CH441813A (en) 1967-08-15
DE1598850B2 (en) 1974-01-24
AT257212B (en) 1967-09-25
DE1598850A1 (en) 1970-07-30
BE669377A (en) 1966-03-08
DE1598850C3 (en) 1974-08-08

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