US3428717A - Method of extruding metallic carbides and in particular uranium monocarbide - Google Patents

Method of extruding metallic carbides and in particular uranium monocarbide Download PDF

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Publication number
US3428717A
US3428717A US470738A US3428717DA US3428717A US 3428717 A US3428717 A US 3428717A US 470738 A US470738 A US 470738A US 3428717D A US3428717D A US 3428717DA US 3428717 A US3428717 A US 3428717A
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United States
Prior art keywords
extrusion
uranium
graphite
die
dicarbide
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Expired - Lifetime
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US470738A
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English (en)
Inventor
Andre Accary
Pierre Magnier
Michel Marchal
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B33/00—Clay-wares
    • C04B33/28—Slip casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2/00—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic
    • B01J2/20—Processes or devices for granulating materials, e.g. fertilisers in general; Rendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic by expressing the material, e.g. through sieves and fragmenting the extruded length
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/002—Extruding materials of special alloys so far as the composition of the alloy requires or permits special extruding methods of sequences
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/01—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion starting from material of particular form or shape, e.g. mechanically pre-treated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
    • B21C23/32—Lubrication of metal being extruded or of dies, or the like, e.g. physical state of lubricant, location where lubricant is applied
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C25/00—Profiling tools for metal extruding
    • B21C25/02—Dies
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C25/00—Profiling tools for metal extruding
    • B21C25/02—Dies
    • B21C25/025—Selection of materials therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/90—Carbides
    • C01B32/914—Carbides of single elements
    • C01B32/928—Carbides of actinides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B33/00—Clay-wares
    • C04B33/30—Drying methods
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
    • G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
    • G21C3/42—Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel
    • G21C3/58—Solid reactor fuel Pellets made of fissile material
    • G21C3/62—Ceramic fuel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

Definitions

  • the present invention -relates to methods of shaping by extrusion, metallic carbides and in particular uranium monocarbide.
  • the invention is also concerned with apparatus for carrying out these methods.
  • the chief object of the present invention is to obviate the ditiiculties of such a shaping and to permit of obtaining products of better quality than those obtained up to the present time.
  • the essential feature of the present invention consists, in order to ensure the extrusion in the hot state of the above mentioned products, in making use of graphite dies.
  • Another feature of the present invention consists in using with the above mentioned graphite dies, a rate of extrusion at least equal to two, preferably ranging from 2.8 to 10, the temperature being itself higher than l600 C., preferably ranging from 2200 to 2400 C. and advantageously from 2250 to 2350 C. and the pressures ranging from 200 to 800 kgs/cm?, and in particular being substantially of 350 kgs/cm?.
  • Still another feature of the present invention consists in performing the extrusion from uranium or other carbides obtained by carbothermy, that is to say by reaction in a vacuum, at high temperature, of a preliminarily compressed mixture of a powder of oxide of uranium or another metal and of graphite.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic sectional view of an extrusion press for carrying out the method according to the present invention
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are sectional views illustrating modications
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are sectional views of two other modications.
  • the object of the invention is to shape an uranium carbide piece by extrusion in the hot state, from either a preliminarily molten product or from a low density carbide prepared by carbothermy in the solid state.
  • uranium carbide has an irnportant capacity of deformation when treated at temperatures above 1600 C. and in particular above 2200 C., so that it seems advisable to shape this carbide by extrusion in the hot state in a die where it is subjected to a high pressure.
  • Graphite has a high mechanical resistance (compression breaking load averaging 3000 kgs/cm.2 at 2500 C. and traction breaking load averaging 1500 kgs/cm.2 at the same temperature), which enables it to resist extrusion efforts.
  • FIG. 1 for the extrusion of uranium carbide fed from a furnace 1 where a vacuum is provided, use is made of a graphite die 2, mounted on supports 3 and 4, advantageously of graphite and bearing upon the hearth of the furnace.
  • the Whole is surrounded by a heating element 10.
  • the die comprises, after a cylindrical portion 11, a core 12 followed by a cylindrical duct 13.
  • Uranium monocarbide will be preferably chosen either of a composition close to the stoichiometric composition (the UC product corresponding to 4.8% by weight of carbon) or of hyperstoichiometric composition (the proportion of carbon being higher than 4.8% and being possibly equal to 6% and even more). .It would also be possible to apply the method according to the invention to the extrusion of uranium dicarbide UC2 (the proportion of carbon being 9.16%
  • Rough pieces of monocarbide of sub-stoichiometric composition therefore containing free uranium, give generally rise to a speed of extrusion lower than that obtained with pieces of over-stoichiometricI composition, in particular due to the tendency, for said first mentioned pieces, to the formation, by reaction with the graphite of the die, of a superficial layer of uranium dicarbide UC2, which causes a seizing tending to slow down the extrusion.
  • it will be hereinafte-r indicated it is possible to remedy this difliculty by a preliminarily lining of dicarbide.
  • the speed of extrusion which is for instance, in a press such as above described, of the order of 2 mm. per minute for an alloy containing 4% 0f carbon, passes to 3 mm. per minute for alloys containing from 4.7 to 4.9 of carbon. It may be as high as 20 mm. per minute for alloys containing 9% of carbon (UCZ).
  • the minimum ratio should be of the order of magnitude of 2, in particular from 2.8 to 3, this ratio being possibly as high as 10.
  • excellent bars of a diameter ranging from 6 to 10 mm. and even more, have been obtained by extrusion, by means of the die of FIG. 3, and with a ratio of extrusion equal to 10.
  • the compa-city is the better as the extrusion rate is higher.
  • extrusion is performed on uranium carbide produced by the reaction in a vacuum of uranium oxide U02 and of graphite, this reaction taking place at temperatures averaging 1800" C. and in substantially stoichiometric proportions.
  • uranium oxide and graphite in the powder state are first mixed together when cool and compressed under loads averaging 3-4 tons per cm?, which permits of obtaining, for instance, small compact cylinders, or pellets.
  • Said cylinders are then heated to 1800 C. for some hours so that the reaction of formation of the carbide is as complete as possible. Their density is then about 50% of the theoretical density.
  • the grain that is obtained is substantially finer than in the case of products that have been preliminarily molten.
  • the press is made in several portions so as to avoid the necessity of replacing the whole of it after deterioration of its active surfaces.
  • Such a press includes, as shown by FIG. 4;
  • a ram 8 also f graphite of high mechanical resistance, subjected to the action of a jack piston 6;
  • a jacket 16 also of graphite, but of a quality which may be lower since this jacket is intended to be replaced whenever necessary, and
  • a die 2 which is also made of high resistance graphite.
  • the hooping tube is intended to support most of the mechanical effort of extrusion, whereas jacket 16, relatively thin, for instance 2 mm. thick, does not participate or participates little, in the resistance of the whole. This is why it must be made of vgraphite of ordinary quality.
  • this jacket is to be able to comply with the Working conditions, generally characterized, chiefly in the case of sub-stoichiometric alloys, by a tendency to the formation of UC2 and to seizing.
  • this jacket gets broken during extrusion :along one or several generatrices. It should be noted that, in this case, this breaking facilitates the mounting of this jacket, which is effected merely by exerting a relatively small force, upon the end of the press. It becomes possible, in this condition, to reutilize the hooping tube and the ram, which are the most expansive pieces of the whole.
  • FIG. 4 shows, with the same reference numerals as FIG. 1, a heating capacity 10 and intermediate supports 3 and 4, advantageously made of graphite.
  • the rough piece is shown at 9 and the bar obtained after extrusion at 17.
  • the method is carried out in such manner that the extrusion work can be effected from the beginning upon a layer of uranium dicarbide.
  • extrusion gives rise, in particular for alloys where the percentage of carbon is lower than 4.8%, therefore with free uranium, to the formation of UC2.
  • the extruded products comprise in this case a superficial layer consisting mostly of dicarbide and separated from the heart of bar 17 by a zone of cracks. The formation of these cracks is due to the differences between the expansion coefficients of the dicarbide and of the monocarbide respectively.
  • This layer is perhaps not dangerous because it can be easily removed when proceeding to a surface machining but such a layer contributes in producing in the press, when it is formed, a seizing which reduces the speed of extrusion.
  • said preformed layer it may be provided either on fthe surfaces of the press or on the piece 9 to be treated.
  • a layer of UC2 is deposited upon the rough pieces, the thickness of this layer depending upon the ratio of extrusion being for instance of l mm. on the radius for a ratio of extrusion of 8 and a rough piece of a diameter ranging from 20 to 40 mm. by covering them with a suspension of UC2 in collodion or another organic liquid, or in any other way. It is thus possible to treat, in particular, rough UC pieces obtained by carbothermy, 4that is to say by heating and sintering of U02 and carbon pellets.
  • this dicarbide layer constitutes on the surface of the extruded products a kind of plating which has for its consequence to limit the gradient of concentration in carbon, from the outside toward the inside of the product, due to which the cracks are produced.
  • the invention further comprises another feature which will now be examined and which also opposes -another case of .formation of cracks when the product is cooled down upon leaving the press.
  • the thermal gradients are reduced by using an inverted extrusion method, by means for instance of a press of the kind of that of FIG. 5.
  • ram 8 is hollow and drives die 2 ahead thereof so that the bar is caused to issue through the inside of said ram 8.
  • the extruded product is thus wholly surrounded by the die and the ram, which constitute a natural heat insulation. Furthermore, in this case, the extruded product is at the same temperature over its whole length, this temperature being that produced by the heating means 10.
  • the invention may apply to the treatment of all dicarbides, such as thorium, plutonium, tungsten, mixed thorium and uranium carbides.
  • a method of extruding a piece of a metal carbide which comprises penforming extrusion of said metal carbide piece in the hot state through a die of high mechanical resistance graphite.
  • a method of extruding a blank of uranium monocarbide which comprises performing extrusion of said uranium monocarbide blank in the hot state through a die of high mechanical resistance graphite.
  • thermoforming the temperature at which extrusion is performed is higher than 11600" C., the extrusion operation being performed in a vacuum.
  • thermoforming the temperature at which extrusion is performed ranges from 2200 to 2400 C., the extrusion operation being performed in a vacuum.
  • a method according to claim 1 wherein the monocarbide that is treated is sub-stoichiometric, containing from 4 to 4.8% of carbon.
  • a method of extruding a piece of uranium dicarbide which comprises performing extrusion in the hot state of a blank through a die of high mechanical resistance graphite.
  • a method which comprises forming a layer of uranium dicarbide on an uranium carbide blank and extruding the blank thus prepared and in the hot state through a die of high mechanical resistance graphite.
  • a method according to claim 14 wherein said layer is formed by coating said blank with a suspension of uranium dicarbide in collodion.
  • a method of extruding a piece of a metal carbide which comprises performing extrusion of said metal carbide die in the hot state through a die of high mechanical resistance carbon the active surface of which is in the form of a hyperboloid of revolution.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
US470738A 1964-07-17 1965-07-09 Method of extruding metallic carbides and in particular uranium monocarbide Expired - Lifetime US3428717A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR982141A FR1409455A (fr) 1964-07-17 1964-07-17 Perfectionnements apportés aux procédés pour la mise en forme, par extrusion, de produits du genre du monocarbure d'uranium

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US3428717A true US3428717A (en) 1969-02-18

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US470738A Expired - Lifetime US3428717A (en) 1964-07-17 1965-07-09 Method of extruding metallic carbides and in particular uranium monocarbide

Country Status (9)

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US (1) US3428717A (xx)
BE (1) BE666415A (xx)
CH (1) CH444100A (xx)
ES (1) ES315284A1 (xx)
FR (2) FR1409455A (xx)
GB (1) GB1115917A (xx)
LU (1) LU49093A1 (xx)
NL (1) NL6509150A (xx)
SE (1) SE301766B (xx)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3723109A (en) * 1971-07-16 1973-03-27 Int Nickel Co Extrusion of canned metal powders using graphite follower block
US3949027A (en) * 1972-03-24 1976-04-06 Belgonucleaire Manufacturing process for improved nuclear fuel tablets
US20040112112A1 (en) * 2001-04-04 2004-06-17 Glukhov Dmitry Evgenievich Method for producing blanks having fine-grain structure
US20040265208A1 (en) * 2003-04-25 2004-12-30 Zongtao Zhang Method for the production of metal carbides
CN104495845A (zh) * 2014-12-12 2015-04-08 西安交通大学 一种纯净 Fe3C 块体的制备工艺

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1829950A (en) * 1924-09-08 1931-11-03 Gewerkschaft Wallram Abteilung Process for the manufacture of difficultly melting heavy metals
US2164750A (en) * 1937-08-21 1939-07-04 Jr Joseph G Nadler Drawing and extrusion die
US2304723A (en) * 1940-01-18 1942-12-08 Hammarbylampan Ab Process for the manufacture of articles of sintered metallic constituents
US2437625A (en) * 1942-10-30 1948-03-09 Carboloy Company Inc Process and die for extruding tubular plastic products
US2899054A (en) * 1959-08-11 Refractory dde for extruding uranium
US3114688A (en) * 1958-05-13 1963-12-17 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Fuel elements for nuclear reactors

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2899054A (en) * 1959-08-11 Refractory dde for extruding uranium
US1829950A (en) * 1924-09-08 1931-11-03 Gewerkschaft Wallram Abteilung Process for the manufacture of difficultly melting heavy metals
US2164750A (en) * 1937-08-21 1939-07-04 Jr Joseph G Nadler Drawing and extrusion die
US2304723A (en) * 1940-01-18 1942-12-08 Hammarbylampan Ab Process for the manufacture of articles of sintered metallic constituents
US2437625A (en) * 1942-10-30 1948-03-09 Carboloy Company Inc Process and die for extruding tubular plastic products
US3114688A (en) * 1958-05-13 1963-12-17 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Fuel elements for nuclear reactors

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3723109A (en) * 1971-07-16 1973-03-27 Int Nickel Co Extrusion of canned metal powders using graphite follower block
US3949027A (en) * 1972-03-24 1976-04-06 Belgonucleaire Manufacturing process for improved nuclear fuel tablets
US20040112112A1 (en) * 2001-04-04 2004-06-17 Glukhov Dmitry Evgenievich Method for producing blanks having fine-grain structure
US20040265208A1 (en) * 2003-04-25 2004-12-30 Zongtao Zhang Method for the production of metal carbides
US7625542B2 (en) 2003-04-25 2009-12-01 Inframat Corporation Method for the production of metal carbides
CN104495845A (zh) * 2014-12-12 2015-04-08 西安交通大学 一种纯净 Fe3C 块体的制备工艺
CN104495845B (zh) * 2014-12-12 2016-08-24 西安交通大学 一种纯净 Fe3C 块体的制备工艺

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CH444100A (fr) 1967-09-30
LU49093A1 (xx) 1965-09-15
GB1115917A (en) 1968-06-06
ES315284A1 (es) 1967-01-16
FR1409455A (fr) 1965-08-27
SE301766B (xx) 1968-06-17
BE666415A (xx) 1965-11-03
FR88610E (fr) 1967-03-03
NL6509150A (xx) 1966-01-18

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