US3426541A - Earth supporting structures - Google Patents

Earth supporting structures Download PDF

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Publication number
US3426541A
US3426541A US624929A US3426541DA US3426541A US 3426541 A US3426541 A US 3426541A US 624929 A US624929 A US 624929A US 3426541D A US3426541D A US 3426541DA US 3426541 A US3426541 A US 3426541A
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United States
Prior art keywords
panel
tie rod
earth
reinforcements
base
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Expired - Lifetime
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US624929A
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English (en)
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Carlo Chiaves
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Individual
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0258—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features
    • E02D29/0266—Retaining or protecting walls characterised by constructional features made up of preformed elements

Definitions

  • An earth supporting structure is formed from a plurality of prefabricated re-inforced elements, each element comprising a prefabricated re-inforced concrete panel with a prefabricated re-inforced concrete tie rod for supporting the panel in an erect position, the tie rod being articulated to the panel through exposed common re-inforcing elements so that the structural element as a whole will take up relatively little space in storage and handling and will be easy to erect.
  • a method of erecting the structural element includes supporting the panel in a substantially upright position utilizing the tie rod as a prop. With the element in such propped position final adjustment and the laying of a concrete base over the free end of the tie rod may be carried out and the exposed common re-inforcing elements covered with concrete.
  • the invention relates to earth supporting structures of the type which comprise a vertical wall of prefabricated reinforced concrete panels and a horizontal base which is also of reinforced concrete and which extends transversely of the bottom of the vertical wall and is connected to the panels of the said wall by means of tie rods.
  • This base extends towards the volume of earth to be supported or confined and the space or interior angle between the base and vertical wall is filled with earth on completion of the wall.
  • tie rods for interconnection of the vertical wall and base, such tie rods being formed from round sectioned iron rod encased in a sheath of plastics. This encasement is of course to prevent corrosion.
  • Such girders are at present cast in situ but this causes difliculties.
  • the girders are situated behind the vertical wall, a region which is, almost by definition, inaccessible. This region is also often dangerous owing to the possibility of land-slides.
  • An object of the invention is thus to dispense with the need to cast the tie rods in situ when building a structure which incorporates rigid tie rods of reinforced concrete.
  • a further object of the invention is: to facilitate assembly of the panels so that they are stable when in their substantially vertical position. This will of course avoid the need to use a stay tool for supporting the panel and bringing it to a truly vertical position.
  • a still further object of the invention is to reduce the time period between assembly of the panels and filling of a structure which employs rigid tie rods with earth.
  • a structural element for forming an earth-supporting structure comprising a panel and a tie rod which latter has one end connected to the said panel by means of an articulation and its other end free so that the rod may be hinged apart from the panel about the articulation for erection of a structure before connection of the said free end with a structure base.
  • a method of utilising such elements to construct an earthsupporting structure comprises the steps of arranging the element in a substantially upright position with the tie rod hinged apart from the panel and the free end of the tie rod resting on the ground, forcing a prop between the panel and an earth bank or the like, arranging the panel to stand truly vertically, casting a base on the ground, which base incorporates the free end of the tie rod, filling the space between the articulated end of the tie rod and the panel with a suitable cement, removing the said prop and filling the space formed between the panel, the base and the said earth bank With earth.
  • the position of the tie rod with respect to the panel is maintained by the insertion of a spacer therebetween.
  • the structural element of this invention includes a prefabricated re-inforced concrete panel with an exposed face, back face, and re-info'rcing elements
  • a tie rod in the form of a prefabricated re-inforced concrete girder is articulated from one end of the tie rod to the back face of the panel by re-inforcing elements which are common to the panel and girder and exposed at the point of articulation so that the free end of the tie rod may articulate or pivot about the exposed re-inforcing elements from a position when the tie rod is fiat against the face of the panel to a position for the tie rod is propping the panel at an upright position.
  • a method of forming an earth supporting structure utilizing such structural elements includes arranging an element in upright position with the free end of the tie rod resting on the ground and propping the element, truing the panel vertically by means of a prop, casting a base on the ground and incorporating a free end of the tie rod, filling the articulation space enclosing the exposed re-inforcing elements at the point of articulation, and removing the prop and filling the space between the panel and base With earth.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a structure constructed from elements according to the invention
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are side views of an element comprising a panel and a tie rod therefor in two different positions before erection;
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 are detail sectional views corresponding respectively to FIGS. 2 and 3, the said FIGS. 4 and 5 being drawn on an enlarged scale to show more clearly an articulation between the panel and tie rod;
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 are views similar to those of FIGS. 4 and 5 but show an articulation of another kind.
  • FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 show three different steps in the erection of a structure utilising elements according to the invention in a method according to the invention.
  • the erected earth supporting structure shown in the figures is of the type having a substantially angular profile in cross section and comprises a substantially horizontal base 1 and a substantially vertical wall 2 interconnected by obliquely arranged rigid tie rods 3.
  • the base 1 extends transversely from the bottom of the vertical wall 2 towards the earth to be supported, the space or interior angle between the base 1 and the wall 2 being filled with earth on completion of erection of the structure.
  • the vertical wall 2 bears on a concrete foundation bead 4, one edge of which contacts a longitudinal marginal portion of the base 1.
  • the wall 2 is formed from a plurality of prefabricated reinforced concrete panels 5 each of which is of fixed width and substantially equals in height the depth of earth to be supported.
  • the inner or uphill face of each said panel 5 is formed with a stiffening rib 6 of reinforced concrete which extends from the bottom to the top of the said panel.
  • An end 7 of a tie rod 3, in the form of a reinforced concrete girder, is attached to each said rib 6 at about the midheight of the latter.
  • the tie rods 3 are each in the form of a reinforced girder and each said rod includes reinforcements 9 therein. These reinforcements for the tie rods 3 are internally located and anchored to a respective panel 5 in order to transmit stresses thereto and to prevent tilting and slipping of the said panel as a result of the forces exerted by the earth filling and to absorb the bending moments which may arise as the earth filling settles. It is to be noted that the reinforcements 9 for each the rod 3 may be varied in number and diameter according to the height of the wall 2, the nature of the earth, the slope of the confined earth embankment, the overload on the inclination of the slope and the overload on the embankment, if any.
  • the tie rod 3 are prefabricated together with the panels 5, an articulation 8 being provided between the end 7 of each tie rod 3 and the rib 6 on the associated panel 5.
  • the prefabrication of the panels, the rods and these articulations will now be detailed.
  • the panel 5 is generally built by casting concrete in a mould that the exposed panel face faces downwards, the rib 6 being formed by the provision of suitably shaped walls in the mould.
  • a tooth 11 is formed on the top sur face of the rib 6.
  • ends of the reinforcements 9 which will be later incorporated in an associated tie rod 3 are embedded in the Concrete form ing the rib 6 on the panel 5, the remaining and major lengths of the reinforcements 9 being left exposed, and drawn out of and away from the rib 6 in a direction parallel to the latter, thereby forming a bend 10 at the region of their exit from the said rib (FIG. 4).
  • a layer of insulating material such as a sheet of tarred paper, is placed on the rib 6 to prevent the concrete of the tie rod 3 from setting integrally with the concrete of the rib 6.
  • a ring 14 is secured to the rib 6 close to its articulation 8 of the tie rod 3, a further ring 15 being secured to the said rib 6 towards its upper end and the top of the panel 5.
  • the tie rod 3 of each such element initially remains bent about its articulation 8 towards and against its panel rib 6 (FIG. 4).
  • the tie rod 3 therefor is drawn apart from the rib about the articulation 8 so that its ends 13 is Well spaced from the panel and the whole rod obliquely arranged with respect thereto.
  • This position of the tie rod 3 with respect to the panel 5 is maintained by the insertion of a spacer 16, such as a small board, between the tooth 11 and groove 12.
  • the panel 5 is lifted by engaging one end of a cable 17 in the ring 14 and by passing the other end of the cable through the ring 15 to engage it with the hook 18 of suitable lifting gear (see FIG. 8).
  • the panel 5 may in this way be suspended by the hook 18 in a stable and substantially vertical position and in this state be lowered onto the bead 4 so that the ends 9' of the reinforcements 9 extending from the face end 13 of the tie rod 3 rest on the ground.
  • the panel 5 When lowered into this position the panel 5 is in a condition of stable equilibrium and the cable 17 may be released therefrom.
  • a prop 19 is now forced between the inner face of the panel 5 and the earth bank adjacent it and the said panel is so arranged as to stand truly vertically.
  • the base 1 i now cast and this incorporates the extreme free ends of the reinforcements 9.
  • the space between the end 7 of the tie rod 3 and the opposing surface of the rib 6 is next filled with cement mortar which is mixed with expansible substances so as to tension the reinforcements during setting.
  • the said substances added to the mortar also serve to accelerate setting of the latter and spacer board 16 functions as a base for a mould adapted to contain this filling mortar.
  • these portions should be so curved when the tie rod 3 is bent against the rib 6, that the middle points of the curved portions 10 are aligned along a straight line parallel with the exposed face of the panel 5.
  • a number of reinforcements 90 are partly embedded in the rib 6 of the panel 5 and the remaining portions of these reinforcements 90 embedded in the tie rod 3. Intermediate portions thereof are left exposed .at the junction of the tie rod 3 With the panel 5, this being arranged during prefabrication. Further reinforcements are also utilised for the tie rod 3, these being denoted 9a and bent over to form eyelets 19 which are coaxial one with another and are arranged at the end 7 of the said tie rod. Still further reinforcements 20 .are embedded in the rib 6 of the panel 5 and there form coaxial eyelets 21 which are similar to the eyelets 19.
  • the ribs 6 are thus strengthened also by reinforcements 20 and 90 and the rods 3 by reinforcements 9a and 90.
  • the relative position of the eyelets 19, 21 is such that separation of the tie rod 3 from the panel 5 about the articulation 8 causes the loops of the eyelets 19 to move into coincidence with the loops of the eyelets 21.
  • the tie rod 3 may thus be retained in this separated position it a dowel 22 is inserted through the aligned eyelets 19 and 21 and a spacer 16 wedged between the aforementioned tooth 11 and groove 12 which .are again provided (FIG. 7).
  • the base 1 may be formed gradually as laying of the panel 5 progresses, and in this way the said base can be cast without the need to employ cranes or other lifting gear, conventional transport means being able to move in the spaces still unoccupied by the panels. Furthermore, .all the operations for erection of the structure can be carried out as formation of the base progresses, and this of course avoids any risk from storms, landslides or earth falls, all of which latter hazards can otherwise overturn the panels before they are firmly con nected with the base.
  • a structural element for forming an earth supporting structure comprising:
  • a tie rod in the form of a prefabricated re-inforced concrete girder with re-inforcing elements therein, the tie rod being articulated at one end to the back face of the panel;

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
  • Retaining Walls (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
  • Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
US624929A 1966-03-30 1967-03-21 Earth supporting structures Expired - Lifetime US3426541A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT737166 1966-03-30

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3426541A true US3426541A (en) 1969-02-11

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US624929A Expired - Lifetime US3426541A (en) 1966-03-30 1967-03-21 Earth supporting structures

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US3426541A (de)
CH (1) CH459901A (de)
DE (1) DE1634302C3 (de)
ES (1) ES338531A1 (de)
FR (1) FR1515760A (de)
GB (1) GB1176878A (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3977199A (en) * 1974-07-01 1976-08-31 Carlo Chiaves Shoring structure for embankments
US4000622A (en) * 1974-05-20 1977-01-04 Carlo Chiaves Shoring structure for embankments
FR2474562A1 (fr) * 1980-01-28 1981-07-31 Lack Michel Element de construction, pour la realisation de murets de retenue, de talus, de terrasses ou autres
US20170130417A1 (en) * 2014-08-18 2017-05-11 Hiram (Wa) Pty Ltd Edge protection safety bund system
WO2019218068A1 (en) * 2018-05-15 2019-11-21 Oldcastle Building Products Canada Inc. Modular building system for hardscape structure

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0026797A1 (de) * 1979-10-03 1981-04-15 Ballast-Nedam Groep N.V. Lärm-Abwehr- und/oder -schluckwand
FR2668515B1 (fr) * 1990-10-24 1992-12-18 Ebal Ste Civile Mur de soutenement a rotule, notamment pour terrains mediocres.
DE102011118201A1 (de) * 2011-11-11 2013-05-16 Huning Maschinenbau Gmbh Wandelement für ein Silo

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR592575A (fr) * 1925-02-02 1925-08-05 Perfectionnements relatifs à la construction des murs de quais
AT165930B (de) * 1948-11-17 1950-05-10 Josef Dipl Ing Dr Tech Fritsch Verfahren zum Errichten von Massebetonkörpern und Bauplatte hiefür
US2941371A (en) * 1958-02-11 1960-06-21 Benedict Louis Neal Bulkhead and method of forming

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR592575A (fr) * 1925-02-02 1925-08-05 Perfectionnements relatifs à la construction des murs de quais
AT165930B (de) * 1948-11-17 1950-05-10 Josef Dipl Ing Dr Tech Fritsch Verfahren zum Errichten von Massebetonkörpern und Bauplatte hiefür
US2941371A (en) * 1958-02-11 1960-06-21 Benedict Louis Neal Bulkhead and method of forming

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4000622A (en) * 1974-05-20 1977-01-04 Carlo Chiaves Shoring structure for embankments
US3977199A (en) * 1974-07-01 1976-08-31 Carlo Chiaves Shoring structure for embankments
FR2474562A1 (fr) * 1980-01-28 1981-07-31 Lack Michel Element de construction, pour la realisation de murets de retenue, de talus, de terrasses ou autres
US20170130417A1 (en) * 2014-08-18 2017-05-11 Hiram (Wa) Pty Ltd Edge protection safety bund system
US10344444B2 (en) * 2014-08-18 2019-07-09 Hiram (Wa) Pty Ltd Edge protection safety bund system
AU2015306060B2 (en) * 2014-08-18 2020-02-06 Hiram (Wa) Pty Ltd Edge protection safety bund system
WO2019218068A1 (en) * 2018-05-15 2019-11-21 Oldcastle Building Products Canada Inc. Modular building system for hardscape structure
US20210214942A1 (en) * 2018-05-15 2021-07-15 Oldcastle Building Products Canada Inc. Modular building system for hardscape structure

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1176878A (en) 1970-01-07
DE1634302C3 (de) 1974-04-25
ES338531A1 (es) 1968-05-01
FR1515760A (fr) 1968-03-01
DE1634302B2 (de) 1973-09-27
CH459901A (it) 1968-07-15
DE1634302A1 (de) 1970-07-02

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