US3407615A - Low temperature heat exchanger - Google Patents

Low temperature heat exchanger Download PDF

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Publication number
US3407615A
US3407615A US579244A US57924466A US3407615A US 3407615 A US3407615 A US 3407615A US 579244 A US579244 A US 579244A US 57924466 A US57924466 A US 57924466A US 3407615 A US3407615 A US 3407615A
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United States
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
housing
sintered metal
heat
low temperature
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US579244A
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English (en)
Inventor
Klipping Gustav
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
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Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften eV
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Publication of US3407615A publication Critical patent/US3407615A/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/04—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type
    • F02G1/043—Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of closed-cycle type the engine being operated by expansion and contraction of a mass of working gas which is heated and cooled in one of a plurality of constantly communicating expansible chambers, e.g. Stirling cycle type engines
    • F02G1/053—Component parts or details
    • F02G1/057—Regenerators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25D—REFRIGERATORS; COLD ROOMS; ICE-BOXES; COOLING OR FREEZING APPARATUS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F25D3/00—Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies
    • F25D3/10—Devices using other cold materials; Devices using cold-storage bodies using liquefied gases, e.g. liquid air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/40—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only inside the tubular element
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/06—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by affecting the pattern of flow of the heat-exchange media
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
    • Y10S165/907—Porous

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE A heat exchanger for use in low temperature heat exchange devices using low boiling fluids and, particularly, helium, hydrogen and nitrogen.
  • the heat exchanger has a housing whose walls are shrink-fitted onto a sintered metal insert, and is therefore characterized by an extremely high heat conductivity.
  • the present invention relates generally to the cryogenic field, and, more particularly, to a heat exchanger which uses the low temperature of low boiling refrigerants, and particularly helium, hydrogen, and nitrogen, which are fed in the liquid phase to the interior of the heat exchanger in which a sintered metal insert or charge is disposed for improving heat transfer.
  • the low boiling refrigerant is fed by a vacuum pump into the vaporizing chamber of the cooling head Where it evaporates and brings about the cooling of the cooling head which is provided, for example, with a probe holder, and thus cools the probe which is supported thereon.
  • the heat exchange between the refrigerant and the probe holder must be as complete as possible.
  • Previously known heat exchangers were provided as hollow chambers, and in order to improve the heat transfer battles or fillers, such as sintered metal bodies, were introduced therein. Gther heat exchangers were provided as a spiral pipe or as a solid body having flow chanels and it was sought to provide as ygood a heat transfer as possible by branching off and providing countercurrently directed pipes and channels.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a heat exchanger including a sintered metal which has an extremely good heat conducting connection between sintered metal and the body which supports it.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a heat exchanger in which a housing is shrunk onto a sintered metal insert to provide good heat exchange contact between the insert and the housing.
  • the housing of the heat exchanger may have a pot-like construction.
  • the free opening receives the rce cylindrical sintered metal insert or charge and the supply line for the refrigerant terminates at a closing element of the heat exchanger which closes off the free opening of the pot-like member.
  • FIGURE 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view through a sintered metal heat exchanger for cooling the probe.
  • FIGURE 2 is a schematic view of a sintered metal heat exchanger in a continuous ow cryostat disposed on the refrigerant storage tank.
  • a pot-shaped housing 2 which may be of copper -is shrunk onto a preformed sintered metal insert or charge which may be of copper too to get an extremely good heat conductive connection with the housing 2 over the entire periphery or circumference.
  • a sintered metal eg., copper, brass, silver or the like, is a porous material which is made by the sintering of a powder of spherical or spattered particles of the same size.
  • the porosity can be Widely varied by variations of sintering temperature and sintering time.
  • a sintered metal is machinable as a compact metal and can be soldered or welded like a compact material.
  • the housing will thus be in a. shrinlotted relationship to the insert.
  • the difference between the diameters of both parts in the initial separated state at room temperature, which was described above as having the sintered metal insert slightly bigger depends on the materials of both parts and their expansion coeicients, on the diameter, and on the temperature difference that can be achieved before the parts are fitted into each other.
  • the insert and the housing have approximately the same coeicient of thermal expansion.
  • FIGURE l shows the pot-shaped housing 2 is closed off at its free opening thereof by a closure member or cover 3 and a refrigerant supply line 4 is disposed in cover 3.
  • An exhaust gas line 5 is connected to the upper end of the housing 2.
  • the housing 2 is provided as a probe holder in which the probe 6 is held in place by means of a dip soldered connection 7.
  • a temperature sensor 8 is disposed in the housing 2 in proximity to the probe 6. In the ernbodiment illustrated the temperature sensor 8 is connected as part of a vapor pressure thermometer, but it is equally possible to use instead electrical sensors or both types of sensors.
  • the refrigerant enters from the supply line 4 into the distributing chamber 9 for the refrigerant and fiows from there to the interior of 'the sintered metal insert or charge 1.
  • heat exchange takes place While the refrigerant evaporates, and possibly the cold gas too absorbs some heat.
  • the resultant cold gas flows into the collector chamber 10 and from there into the exhaust gas line 5.
  • the heat which is to be conducted away from the probe 6 is conducted through the housing 2, which must be suitably designed, and is conducted through the sintered metal insert or charge 1 to the refrigerant.
  • a suitably designed housing means that the wall thickness must be sufficient enough so that the maximum heat load can flow through this wall to the sintered metal, i.e., the necessary wall thickness depends on the material of the housing and its coeicients of heat conduction at low temperatures and on the maximum heat load.
  • the wall thickness should be about 1 cm.
  • FIGURE 2 shows a sintered metal heat exchanger 11 disposed in the cooling head 12 of a continuous flow cryostat for probe cooling.
  • the cooling head is disposed in a vacuum housing 13 and cornmunicates with a refrigerant storage tank 15 by means of riser 14. It also communicates via exhaust gas line 16 which is arranged in the form of a radiation shield 16a by being coiled around the cooling head. It is provided with a regulating valve 18 which is thermostatically controlled in dependence upon the evaporator temperature and this is accomplished by means of a temperature sensor 17. It is also connected with a feed pump 19. This could be used with the apparatus disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,166,915.
  • the heat transfer which may be accomplished in a heat exchanger depends among other things upon the size of the exchange surface.
  • the exchange surface Should be as large as possible.
  • Sintered metals have a large specific surface due to their porosity and, since they are made from the metals copper, silver, brass and the like, they also have relatively good heat conduction. Also, even with the smallest pore width or diameter they have sufcient permeability for the low boiling refrigerants due to the low viscosity of the latter. Moreover, particularly good heat transfer can take place between low boiling uids and a metal within a sintered metal body.
  • the quality of the heat exchange between the refrigerant and the probe which is supported at the surface of the heat exchanger depends to a large extent upon the heat transfer between the sintered metal insert or charge and the housing of the heat exchanger which encloses it.
  • the sintered metal body which itself has relatively good heat conduction must therefore be brought into a good conducting connection with the cooling head which is the probe holder. It is particularly advantageous to form the sintered metal body, which may be machined as a solid material, true to size or measure on a part of the surface thereof and to shrink the cooling head onto it, because there results a connection with optimum heat conduction characteristics.
  • the pores at the free surface of the sintered metal body remain intact, i.e., the free surface remains fully permeable for the refrigerant.
  • the heat exchanger provided, as proposed by the present invention has a considerably greater heat load at low temperatures than do the known devices.
  • a heat exchanger for use in low temperature heat exchange devices using low boiling uids and, particularly, helium, hydrogen and nitrogen comprising, in combination, a heat exchanger housing having walls; and a preformed sintered metal insert disposed within said housing and forming therewith an intermetallic compound or a solid solution; said housing being in shrink-fitted relationship to said insert, thereby providing an element having an extremely high heat conductivity.
  • a heat exchanger as dened in claim 1 wherein in the direction of the iiow of refrigerant a distributing chamber is disposed before the sintered metal insert in the housing and a collection chamber is disposed after the sintered metal insert in the housing, the cross-sectional surfaces of said chambers corresponding approximately to the free surface of the sintered metal insert.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Containers, Films, And Cooling For Superconductive Devices (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
US579244A 1965-09-14 1966-09-14 Low temperature heat exchanger Expired - Lifetime US3407615A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEM0066623 1965-09-14

Publications (1)

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US3407615A true US3407615A (en) 1968-10-29

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US579244A Expired - Lifetime US3407615A (en) 1965-09-14 1966-09-14 Low temperature heat exchanger

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US3407615A (de)
CH (1) CH437384A (de)
DE (1) DE1501284B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1154793A (de)
NL (1) NL6612471A (de)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3794110A (en) * 1972-05-15 1974-02-26 Philips Corp Heat exchanger and method of manufacturing the same
US4177646A (en) * 1976-11-19 1979-12-11 S. T. Dupont Liquefied gas apparatus
US4667477A (en) * 1985-03-28 1987-05-26 Hitachi, Ltd. Cryopump and method of operating same
US4821907A (en) * 1988-06-13 1989-04-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Surface tension confined liquid cryogen cooler

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1501291A1 (de) * 1966-12-24 1969-12-04 Max Planck Gesellschaft Vorrichtung zur Nachfuellung eines Heliumbades bei Temperaturen bis unterhalb des ?-Punktes und Betriebsverfahren hierzu
DE102011107158A1 (de) 2011-07-14 2013-01-17 Gea Mechanical Equipment Gmbh Zentrifuge

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2267339A (en) * 1938-09-19 1941-12-23 Henry M Paulsen Method of joining tubes, rods, or the like
US2448315A (en) * 1945-02-14 1948-08-31 Gen Motors Corp Combination restrictor and heat exchanger
US2663626A (en) * 1949-05-14 1953-12-22 Pritchard & Co J F Method of storing gases
US3302415A (en) * 1963-12-12 1967-02-07 Comp Generale Electricite Cryogenic refrigerating apparatus

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1161570B (de) * 1961-03-01 1964-01-23 Max Planck Gesellschaft Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung tiefer Temperaturen durch kontinuierliche Verdampfung tiefst-siedender Fluessigkeiten

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2267339A (en) * 1938-09-19 1941-12-23 Henry M Paulsen Method of joining tubes, rods, or the like
US2448315A (en) * 1945-02-14 1948-08-31 Gen Motors Corp Combination restrictor and heat exchanger
US2663626A (en) * 1949-05-14 1953-12-22 Pritchard & Co J F Method of storing gases
US3302415A (en) * 1963-12-12 1967-02-07 Comp Generale Electricite Cryogenic refrigerating apparatus

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3794110A (en) * 1972-05-15 1974-02-26 Philips Corp Heat exchanger and method of manufacturing the same
US4177646A (en) * 1976-11-19 1979-12-11 S. T. Dupont Liquefied gas apparatus
US4667477A (en) * 1985-03-28 1987-05-26 Hitachi, Ltd. Cryopump and method of operating same
US4821907A (en) * 1988-06-13 1989-04-18 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Surface tension confined liquid cryogen cooler

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1154793A (en) 1969-06-11
DE1501284B1 (de) 1970-01-15
NL6612471A (de) 1967-03-15
CH437384A (de) 1967-06-15

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