US3387162A - Photocathode comprising channeled matrix with conductive inserts in channels tipped with photoconductive material - Google Patents

Photocathode comprising channeled matrix with conductive inserts in channels tipped with photoconductive material Download PDF

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Publication number
US3387162A
US3387162A US407046A US40704664A US3387162A US 3387162 A US3387162 A US 3387162A US 407046 A US407046 A US 407046A US 40704664 A US40704664 A US 40704664A US 3387162 A US3387162 A US 3387162A
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matrix
photocathode
grid
inserts
layer
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US407046A
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English (en)
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Schagen Pieter
Manley Brian William
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J29/00—Details of cathode-ray tubes or of electron-beam tubes of the types covered by group H01J31/00
    • H01J29/02—Electrodes; Screens; Mounting, supporting, spacing or insulating thereof
    • H01J29/10—Screens on or from which an image or pattern is formed, picked up, converted or stored
    • H01J29/36—Photoelectric screens; Charge-storage screens
    • H01J29/38—Photoelectric screens; Charge-storage screens not using charge storage, e.g. photo-emissive screen, extended cathode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J40/00—Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas
    • H01J40/02—Details
    • H01J40/04—Electrodes
    • H01J40/06—Photo-emissive cathodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
    • H01J9/12—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of photo-emissive cathodes; of secondary-emission electrodes

Definitions

  • a photocathode for an image transducer which employs a plate of insulating, or highly resistive material provided with a plurality of channels each having a conductive insert therein which does not extend beyond a surface of the plate serving as an output face.
  • the other major surface of the plate, which serves as an input face is covered with a photoconductive material which is in contact with the inserts.
  • An external conductive layer provided on the exposed surfaces of the photoconductive material serves as an input electrode which is connected to the inserts by the photoconductive material.
  • a separate photoemissive element is provided on the output end of each insert and a conductive layer provided on the output face having apertures corresponding to the inserts and channels serve as a grid which is spaced from the photoemissive elements.
  • This invention relates to photocathodes for images intensifiers, image converters, camera tubes and the like.
  • photocathodes are usually of the photoemissive type. It is known, that photocathodes of the emissive type have the drawback that their quantum efficiency is low, that is to say, the number of electrons that may be detached from the material per light quantum is small, the efficiency usually being to the order of l"
  • a solution to this problem is provided in the form of a photocathode having a superficial electron emitting layer adapted to be rendered continuously emissive, said layer being mounted closely adjacent to a body whose electrical properties are so modified by light that variations in the intensity of illumination of said body alter the condition of equilibrium of the emission from said emitting layer, whereby variations in the intensity of the illumination of said body alter the condition of equilibrium of the emission from elemental areas of said emitting layer.
  • the electron emitting layer may be a photoelectric mosaic rendered emissive by being constantly illuminated, there being arranged in front of the emitting surface a grid electrode by which electrons tend to be accelerated away from the emission surface, the body Whose properties cause the variation in the emission when light is incident on the body being a sheet of photoconductive or photovoltaic material of relatively small conductivity parallel to its surface, adjacent to which said emitting layer may be formed, and on which an optical image of a picture to be transmitted may be produced whereby the equilibrium condition of said emission is disturbed locally in accordance with the light and shade of the optical image.
  • devices utilizing a photocathode according to the invention may prove useful nited States Patent 0 for fog penetrating devices or for devices for viewing under conditions of low illumination.
  • control grid should be as fine as possible in order to necessitate the application of only a small bias potential between the grid and the conductive sheet for full control, owing to the fact that a large grid bias voltage involves the setting up of a large potential difference across the photoconductive layer and thus there is a risk of a breakdown of the insulation.
  • a further limitation of the prior construction arises from the lack of separation between photoconductor and photoemitter.
  • the preparation of a surface to render it photoemissive is a critical process.
  • photoconductors are frequently heavily dependent upon the material with which they are in contact. Thus it may happen that a photoconductor which is suitable for a particular application is incompatible with the photoemitter which is to be used.
  • optical separation of photoconductor and photoemitter is also desirable. Although in principle it is possible to choose a photoemitter which responds only to wavelengths outside these which excite the photoconductor, in practice, there will usually be some overlap. In conditions of low light level, this would detract from the usefulness of the device. A separating layer which is opaque to the source of flooding radiation which excites the photoemitter, is therefore necessary in most applications, which is relatively difiicult.
  • the invention provides a photocathode structure comprising:
  • a conductive layer provided on the output face of the matrix which layer has apertures correspondingr to the inserts and channels so as to act as a grid which is spaced from said photoemissive elements.
  • the photoconductor and photoemitter are physically separated by the conductive inserts, and the matrix and inserts can be made opaque to the desired flooding radiation.
  • the photoconductor will be described first as a continuous layer, though it may be subdivided (as will be explained).
  • a further major advantage is that the separate fine and delicate grid of the earlier specification is replaced by a layer which is rigidly carried by the matrix.
  • a rigid spac ing can thus be obtained between the photo-emissive elemerits and the grid and there is the further advantage that accurate registration is obtained (and rigidly maintained), between the apertures in the grid and the photoemissive elements.
  • the block or plate may be sectioned or sliced to form a number of matrices and the faces of each slice may then be appropriately machined and polished.
  • the input face will then be smooth and will be ready for the application of the photoconductive layer and, subsequently the transparent electrode.
  • the metal inserts may be etched away to a predetermined depth so as to create the necessary spacing between the photoernissive elements and the grid. After the etch, the photoemissive material is deposited in the recesses so formed and the material is made to adhere to the ends of the inserts.
  • the grid it may be formed by forming a conductive layer on the output face of the insulating matrix after the inserts have been etched back and coated with photoemitter.
  • FIGURE 1 shows a detail of a photocathode already known.
  • FIGURE 2 shows an example of section of a photocathode structure in accordance with the invention.
  • FIGURE 3-6 relate to applications and methods of manufacture.
  • the photocathode comprises a continuous metal layer 1 which is so thin as to be transparent, supported on a sheet 2 of glass or mica or other suitable transparent material.
  • a layer of photoconductive material 3 for example of zinc selenide, zinc sulphide or selenium is applied to the metal layer or formed on the metal layer 1, for example by settling or evaporating or spraying on to that layer.
  • a mosaic 4 of minute photoemissive cells consisting for example of a mosaic of minute oxidised and caesiated silver globules.
  • a grid 5 beyond is a further accelerating electrode system (not shown).
  • this arrangement operates somewhat in the following manner.
  • the photo mosaic 4 is continuously illuminated (by substantially uniform flooding radiation F) and the grid 5 is at a slightly positive potential with respect to the conductive layer 1, as long as no emission penetrates into the photoconductive sheet 3 the emission from each element of the mosaic 4 will continue until the potential of the mosaic is slightly higher than that of the grid 5 in which case an equilibrium condition is established so that only sufficient electrons are emitted from the mosaic to neutralize those which are conducted through the photoconductor as dark current (electrons emitted by the mosaic are forced to return thereto under the action of the retarding field due to the grid).
  • the variation in the emission of the elements of the mosaic 4 will depend on the effect of the light L on the element 3 and will not be determined by response to light F on mosaic 4.
  • the quantum efficiency of the photocathode will be that of the photoconductive layer 3. It is thus to be seen that the sensitivity may be increased with respect to a conventional photoernitter.
  • the glass substrate used in the prior construction of FIGURE 1 is omitted in this case.
  • the input side of the structure is constituted by a thin transparent conductive layer 11 constituting the input electrode.
  • This is formed on a photoconductive layer 13 and this layer in turn is formed on the input face of a glass matrix 16.
  • This matrix has a regular array of channels passing from its input face to its output face, each channel being occupied by a metal insert 17 which is in contact with the photoconductor.
  • the inserts 17 do not quite reach the output face of the matrix and are thus set back a small distance from such face.
  • the exposed end of each insert 17 carries a photoeinissive element 14.
  • the photoemissive elements 14 are separated physically from the photoconductor by the inserts l7 and this contrasts with the adjacent arrangement of elements 3 and 4 in FIGURE 1.
  • the glass of the matrix 16 is preferably made opaque so as to provide optical separation. This prevents certain rays of the flooding radiation F from penetrating into the glass between the elements 14 and parts of the grid layer 15 which could otherwise occur.
  • the flooding radiation F is light which is constantly directed at the entire output face of the structure so as to excite the photoemitter, but the degree of actual emission varies locally and depends on the number of photons striking any given part of the input face of the structure.
  • the term light should be understood as including also invisible light such as ultra-violet and infra-red.
  • This is illustrated schematically in FIGURE 2 by the fact that only one of the flooding rays (ray f1) causes emission of an eflective photoelectron e, this being due to the presence of an image photon L in the same area. This is not true of the areas struck by flooding rays f3 and f5 and therefore the photoelectrons liberated thereby are forced back (as shown) by the field of the grid 15.
  • Other rays (f2 and f4) are inefiective because they are directed at parts of the grid layer.
  • An appropriate forward potential is applied between the input electrode 11 and the grid layer 15, and this is represented schematically by a source B which corresponds effectively to the source B of FIGURE 1.
  • FIGURE 3 shows schematically an application of a photocathode structure such as that of FIGURE 2.
  • the device shown is an image intensifier comprising the photocathode P, and an object O is imaged by an optical system on to said photocathode.
  • a luminescent screen is provided at S at the other end of the envelope, and an electrostatic lens element (having rotational symmetry) is provided at EL.
  • electron optical means B0 are provided to assist the lens in focussin'g the electrons emitted by the photocathode so that they cross over and are imaged on the screen S.
  • the flooding radiation is shown again at F.
  • the electron-optic means EO-EL are electrostatic and may be of conventional design, but magnetic means may be used as an alternative.
  • FIG- URE 4 An example of a camera system in accordance with the invention will now be described with reference to FIG- URE 4.
  • an object O is again imaged by optical means onto the photocathode P, the latter being constructed e.g. as shown in FIGURE 2.
  • Optical scanning of the output face of the photocathode takes the place of the continuous flooding used in the intensifier case and is effected e.g. by a flying-spot scanner comprising a cathode-ray tube T and an associated optical system.
  • Signal electrons b emitted from the photocathode at the instantaneous location of the scanning spot are collected by an electron multiplier EM which provides the output signal.
  • the operation of the intensifier relies upon the fact that for each electron conducted through the photoconductor, a photoelectron leaves the photoemitter and excites the screen. If the resistance of the photoconductor is low even in the dark, the screen appears illuminated. Upon exposing the photoconductor to light, the screen brightness increases. Even objects of 100% contrast thus appear on the screen with reduced contrast. In objects of low contrast, especially at low light levels, the images are difiicult to interpret. For this reason it is preferable to use high-resistance photoconductors, and the higher the dark resistance, the less any background effects are significant. This is important in the image intensifier case, and also for the camera case though less since the background signal can be biased oif.
  • low resistivity can be used.
  • resolution can be maintained or improved by breaking up the photoconductor layer into separate islands. This can easily be done by spraying the material into recesses of the glass matrix and then removing the surplus photoconductor as will be described later (this construction can also be used, if desired, for an image intensifier or converter).
  • the matrix for a photocathode according to the invention for use in an image intensifier or converter (e.g. as shown in FIGURE 3) or a camera system (e.g. as shown in FIGURE 4) can be made of glass or the like by the following method which is suitable for a practical matrix having the following dimensions:
  • the preferred method of manufacturing a matrix for the photocathode includes, the steps of arranging a number of fine insulating tubes parallel to each other in a stack and bonding said tubes together to form a rigid channeled block or plate. If it is a block it can then be sliced or sectioned to obtain one or more plates.
  • the tubes are of .glass or other vitreous material and preferably the tubes are obtained by drawing thicker tubing down to a smaller diameter and cutting it into lengths.
  • the faces of the plate may require to be ground to the desired form and they may be polished to the desired finish.
  • the layers 11-13-15 are applied to the faces of the matrix, egg. by an evaporation technique.
  • the metal for the inserts may, as aforesaid, be. taken up by capillary action after the tubes have been bonded or sealed together though it is preferable for a metal core to be drawn down with the tubing (this is the case in processes A and B below). In either case the exposed output ends of the inserts may be dissolved or etched back.
  • the tubing may be drawn down to the desired final diameter with a single draw; alternatively, a two-stage drawing system may be adopted in which lengths of partly drawn tubing are sealed together in bundles which are then given a further draw as will be described.
  • the lengths of tubing will not tend to collapse during the drawing and sealing operations if, they are filled with a metal core, as is preferable since it also provides the inserts; however, it is also possible to perform said operations with aircored tubes, i.e. tubes containing air or a gas.
  • the sealing operations may be performed simply by heating the bundle or stack of tubes to a sufficient temperature to cause softening; alternatively a lower temperature may be made acceptable by previously applying an external low-melting-point glaze to the tubes, the latter method being particularly desirable when a metal core is not used.
  • a lower temperature may be made acceptable by previously applying an external low-melting-point glaze to the tubes, the latter method being particularly desirable when a metal core is not used.
  • the glass With a metal core the glass can be heated to such a point that a tube will soften and become sealed to a neighbouring tube, and such a high temperature can be used because the metal core will support each tube internally and prevent it from collapsing. Conversely, when there is no solid internal support, the heating of the glass must be limited and hence the low melting point glaze becomes important.
  • such core material is preferably a metal which may be partially removed later by etching or dissolving in some suitable sol-vent.
  • Suitable metals which can be etched back are indium, lead, tin, zinc, aluminum, copper, tungsten, gold.
  • FIG- URES 5 and 6 The stacking and sealing steps are illustrated in FIG- URES 5 and 6 respectively for the preferred case in which the interstices between tubes are filled in.
  • PROCESS A SINGLE DRAW WITH METAL CORE
  • a long thin tube referred to here as a fibre
  • a fibre can be made consisting of a glass coating on a wire.
  • Lengths of fibre are laid together to form a bundle, sealed together and the resulting bundle may be sliced to provide a number of matrix plates.
  • a thin wire of e.g. 10 tungsten may be pulled through a trough of molten tube material, e.g. glass, so that said material adheres to the preformed wire as a coating and the wire sulfers little or no elongation (in this case the tube material does not need to be one that can be drawn).
  • such a preformed Wire may have its leading end embedded in a relatively short thick rod of glass. The rod is then heated to softening point and its free or leading end is pulled together with the leading end of the wire.
  • the Wire advances substantially without elongation while the glass is drawn progressively down to smaller and smaller diameters as a sheath which envelops a gradually increasing length of wire.
  • a fibre prepared by any of the above methods and drawn down to an inner diameter e.g. of 10 is wound into a hank, e.g. on a bobbin.
  • a hank e.g. on a bobbin.
  • the resulting unsealed bundle is cut into lengths of a few centimetres which are packed together in a tubular glass former of lower melting point having a diameter of a few centimetres.
  • the former is then evacuated and heated until its walls collapse inwards so as to compress the fibres together.
  • the former containing the fibres is sliced (e.g. as shown in FIGURE and the slices are ground and polished. Sections will be of required thickness, e.g. in the range 1-10 mm. (1 mm. corresponds to the table given previously).
  • Each slice then consists of a matrix of glass with tiny metal rods running through its thickness.
  • REMOVING THE CORE MATERIAL Core material may be removed from the ends of the inserts (to form the desired recesses) by a suitable chemical method.
  • One chemical method is to etch out copper (from borosilicate glass for instance) by the use of dilute nitric acid in an ultrasonic bath.
  • the process consists of alternate treatments in dilute nitric acid and tap water (the water is used to wash away the saturated acid from the point at which etching is desired).
  • PROCESS C (DRAWING HOLLOW TUBES DOWN WITHOUT METAL CORE) So far we have described methods of drawing fibres which have a metal core. It is also possible to draw hollow tubular fibres and this may be done by one or two draws. A difiiculty arises in packing the hollow tubular fibres together to make a sealed bundle (whether intermediate or final) e.g. as in the methods of paragraphs 1.2 and 2.2 supra. At this stage the tubes may collapse, but this can be prevented by coating the fibres with a lowmelting-point glaze (e.g. an enamel or frit) which will effectively seal them together at a lower temperature. This can be done, for example, by drawing the fibre down from a thick starting tube which is already coated on the outside with such a glaze.
  • a lowmelting-point glaze e.g. an enamel or frit
  • Another possibility is to keep the insides of the tubes full of trapped air while the former in which they are sealed together is collapsed under vacuum.
  • the pressure inside the tubular fibres can be controlled suitably by sealing them off (at each end) at ambient air pressure when the whole is at room temperature so that they are held open while compression is applied to the bundle.
  • the layer of photoconductor and then a transparent electrode now acts as the control grid whilst the gold islands are still in contact with the photoconductor via the conducting copper rods. It is possible to flood the gold with ultraviolet radiation to produce photo-emission without stimulating the photoconductor, the latter being shielded from the flooding radiation by the glass and copper matrix which is opaque to ultraviolet.
  • the photoconductor may he a compound of lead oxide and lead sulphide (if deposited by evapo ration, this can be done in a gaseous atmosphere).
  • a photocathode comprising:
  • a conductive layer provided on the output face of the matrix which layer has apertures corresponding to the inserts and channels so as to act as a grid which is spaced from said photoemissive elements, said photoemissive elements being all set back from said grid.
  • a photocathode as claimed in claim 1 wherein the photoconductive material is subdivided into separate elements each of which connects a conductive insert to the input electrode, and wherein the material of the matrix surrounds said separate elements and extends to the input electrode.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
  • Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
US407046A 1963-08-20 1964-10-28 Photocathode comprising channeled matrix with conductive inserts in channels tipped with photoconductive material Expired - Lifetime US3387162A (en)

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GB32939/63A GB1092094A (en) 1963-08-20 1963-08-20 Improvements in or relating to photo-cathodes

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US (1) US3387162A (de)
JP (1) JPS4110729B1 (de)
AT (1) AT246237B (de)
DE (1) DE1261966B (de)
FR (1) FR1404368A (de)
GB (1) GB1092094A (de)
NL (1) NL6409307A (de)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3466485A (en) * 1967-09-21 1969-09-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Cold cathode emitter having a mosaic of closely spaced needles
US3475411A (en) * 1966-12-27 1969-10-28 Varian Associates Mosaic x-ray pick-up screen for x-ray image intensifier tubes
US3569760A (en) * 1967-10-26 1971-03-09 George F Fargher Color tube with phosphor strips separated by guard bands
US4150315A (en) * 1977-01-14 1979-04-17 General Electric Company Apparatus for X-ray radiography
US4914296A (en) * 1988-04-21 1990-04-03 The Boeing Company Infrared converter
US5038072A (en) * 1989-09-19 1991-08-06 U.S. Philips Corporation Contact device for the photocathode of photoelectric tubes and manufacturing method
US5156936A (en) * 1989-09-19 1992-10-20 U.S. Philips Corporation Contact device for the photocathode of photoelectric tubes and manufacturing method
US20030222579A1 (en) * 2001-11-13 2003-12-04 Burle Technologies, Inc. Photocathode
US10782014B2 (en) 2016-11-11 2020-09-22 Habib Technologies LLC Plasmonic energy conversion device for vapor generation

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1270702B (de) * 1962-08-15 1968-06-20 Telefunken Patent Fotokathode zur Erzeugung freier Elektronen

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US1381474A (en) * 1918-08-24 1921-06-14 Univ Illinois Photo-electric cell, method of and means for making the same
US1935649A (en) * 1928-01-03 1933-11-21 Associated Electric Lab Inc Television
US2120765A (en) * 1934-05-31 1938-06-14 Orvin Lars Jorgen Infrared ray viewing means
US2195486A (en) * 1936-03-04 1940-04-02 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electro-optical system
DE901572C (de) * 1944-06-13 1954-01-14 Walter Heimann Dr Ing Anordnung zur Umwandlung eines Waermebildes in ein sichtbares Bild
US2945973A (en) * 1957-07-18 1960-07-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp Image device
US3020433A (en) * 1956-05-18 1962-02-06 Gen Electric Storage electrode structure

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US2929935A (en) * 1954-07-23 1960-03-22 Westinghouse Electric Corp Image amplifier
US2979632A (en) * 1958-11-06 1961-04-11 American Optical Corp Fiber optical components and method of manufacture

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1381474A (en) * 1918-08-24 1921-06-14 Univ Illinois Photo-electric cell, method of and means for making the same
US1935649A (en) * 1928-01-03 1933-11-21 Associated Electric Lab Inc Television
US2120765A (en) * 1934-05-31 1938-06-14 Orvin Lars Jorgen Infrared ray viewing means
US2195486A (en) * 1936-03-04 1940-04-02 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electro-optical system
DE901572C (de) * 1944-06-13 1954-01-14 Walter Heimann Dr Ing Anordnung zur Umwandlung eines Waermebildes in ein sichtbares Bild
US3020433A (en) * 1956-05-18 1962-02-06 Gen Electric Storage electrode structure
US2945973A (en) * 1957-07-18 1960-07-19 Westinghouse Electric Corp Image device

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3475411A (en) * 1966-12-27 1969-10-28 Varian Associates Mosaic x-ray pick-up screen for x-ray image intensifier tubes
US3466485A (en) * 1967-09-21 1969-09-09 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Cold cathode emitter having a mosaic of closely spaced needles
US3569760A (en) * 1967-10-26 1971-03-09 George F Fargher Color tube with phosphor strips separated by guard bands
US4150315A (en) * 1977-01-14 1979-04-17 General Electric Company Apparatus for X-ray radiography
US4914296A (en) * 1988-04-21 1990-04-03 The Boeing Company Infrared converter
US5038072A (en) * 1989-09-19 1991-08-06 U.S. Philips Corporation Contact device for the photocathode of photoelectric tubes and manufacturing method
US5156936A (en) * 1989-09-19 1992-10-20 U.S. Philips Corporation Contact device for the photocathode of photoelectric tubes and manufacturing method
US20030222579A1 (en) * 2001-11-13 2003-12-04 Burle Technologies, Inc. Photocathode
WO2003043045A3 (en) * 2001-11-13 2004-01-15 Nanosciences Corp Photocathode
US6908355B2 (en) 2001-11-13 2005-06-21 Burle Technologies, Inc. Photocathode
US20050206314A1 (en) * 2001-11-13 2005-09-22 Burle Technologies, Inc. Photocathode
US10782014B2 (en) 2016-11-11 2020-09-22 Habib Technologies LLC Plasmonic energy conversion device for vapor generation

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JPS4110729B1 (de) 1966-06-16
AT246237B (de) 1966-04-12
GB1092094A (en) 1967-11-22
DE1261966B (de) 1968-02-29
NL6409307A (de) 1965-02-22
FR1404368A (fr) 1965-06-25

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