US3383993A - Photoelectrophoretic imaging apparatus - Google Patents

Photoelectrophoretic imaging apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3383993A
US3383993A US518041A US51804166A US3383993A US 3383993 A US3383993 A US 3383993A US 518041 A US518041 A US 518041A US 51804166 A US51804166 A US 51804166A US 3383993 A US3383993 A US 3383993A
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United States
Prior art keywords
particles
electrode
particle
image
charge
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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US518041A
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English (en)
Inventor
Yeh Shu-Hsiung
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to LU49058A priority Critical patent/LU49058A1/xx
Priority to DE1965X0000037 priority patent/DE1497243B2/de
Priority to SE957965A priority patent/SE381111B/xx
Priority to AT675965A priority patent/AT287488B/de
Priority to NO15904665A priority patent/NO128733B/no
Priority to AT254770A priority patent/AT305765B/de
Application filed by Xerox Corp filed Critical Xerox Corp
Priority to US518041A priority patent/US3383993A/en
Priority to DE1966X0000062 priority patent/DE1522746C3/de
Priority to CH1874566A priority patent/CH510901A/fr
Priority to ES0335121A priority patent/ES335121A1/es
Priority to BE692048D priority patent/BE692048A/xx
Priority to FR89586A priority patent/FR1507051A/fr
Priority to GB5967A priority patent/GB1158301A/en
Priority to NL676700090A priority patent/NL150926B/xx
Priority to LU52738D priority patent/LU52738A1/xx
Priority to DE19671522750 priority patent/DE1522750A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3383993A publication Critical patent/US3383993A/en
Priority to DE19681772857 priority patent/DE1772857A1/de
Priority to US112367A priority patent/US3681064A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G17/00—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process
    • G03G17/04—Electrographic processes using patterns other than charge patterns, e.g. an electric conductivity pattern; Processes involving a migration, e.g. photoelectrophoresis, photoelectrosolography; Processes involving a selective transfer, e.g. electrophoto-adhesive processes; Apparatus essentially involving a single such process using photoelectrophoresis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/14—Transferring a pattern to a second base
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/01—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for producing multicoloured copies

Definitions

  • a photoelectrophoretic imaging apparatus which includes a pair of electrodes, at least one of which is at least partially transparent. These electrodes are adapted to have a thin layer of a suspension of particles in a liquid carrier placed therebetween. At least one of the electrodes has a blocking surface facing the suspension. Means are included to impose an electric field across the suspension between the electrodes and to expose the suspension to an image with electromagnetic radiation through the transparent electrode. This apparatus is suitable for preparing both monochromatic and polychromatic copies of originals by particle migration through the suspension.
  • This invention relates in general to a novel imaging system and more specifically, to an imaging system based on the phenomenon of photoelectrophoresis.
  • This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 384,680, filed July 23, 1964, and now abandoned.
  • an imaging system in which one or more types of photosensitive radiant energy absorbing particles which are believed to bear a charge when suspended in a nonconductive liquid carrier are suspended in such a liquid, placed in an electroded system employing a blocking electrode and exposed to an image.
  • particle migration takes place in image configuration providing a visible image at one or both of the electrodes.
  • the system employs particles which are photosensitive and which apparently undergo a net change in charge polarity upon exposure to activating radiation, by interaction with one of the electrodes. No other photosensitive elements or materials are required, making for a very simple and inexpensive imaging technique. Mixtures of two or more differently colored particles are used to secure various colors of images and imaging mixes having different spectral responses. Particles in these 3,383,993 Patented May 21, 1968 mixes may have either separate or overlapping spectral response curves and may even be used in subtractive color synthesis.
  • imaging systems based on particle migration techniques have been suggested in the prior art as described, for example, in US. Patent 2,940,847 to Kaprelian, these systems have proven so light insensitive, produce such poor images and are so complex and difficult to manufacture that they have never been accepted commercially.
  • These prior art systems employ complex particles including at least two and frequently more layers of various different materials including, for example, photocon-ductive cores with varying high resistivity light filtering overcoatings and sometimes include glass cores, encapsulated dyes and similar complicating components, which were previously thought to be necessary to provide light filtering action, and to prevent particle interaction and oscillation in the system.
  • any suitable photosensitive particle may be used to produce excellent results under the conditions described hereinafter, whether or not the particles include two or more layers of the type described in the prior art.
  • An additional objective of the invention is to define a novel imaging system capable of direct positive imaging.
  • Still another objective of the invention is to define a novel, imaging system for producing images in one or more colors.
  • a still further objective of the invention is to provide, for a novel apparatus for producing one-step direct positive images.
  • FIGS. 1 and 1a are side views of simple exemplary systems for carrying out the steps of the invention
  • FIGS. 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d are broken side diagrammatic views of consecutive occurrences which take place during the operation of the imaging process.
  • a transparent electrode generally designated -11 which, in this exemplary instance, is made up of a layer of optically transparent glass 12 overcoated with a thin optically transparent layer 13 of tin oxide commercially available under the name NESA glass.
  • This electrode shall hereafter be referred to as the injecting electrode.
  • Coated on the surface of injecting electrode 11 is a thin layer of finely divided photosensitive, particles dispersed in an insulating carrier liquid.
  • photosensitive may be defined as applying to any particle which, once attracted to the injecting electrode will migrate away from it under the influence of an applied electric field when it is exposed to actinic electromagnetic radiation; however, a detailed theoretical explanation of the apparent mechanism of operation of the invention and the photosensitive nature of the particles is given below.
  • the liquid suspension 14 may also contain a binder for the particles which is at least partially soluble in the suspending carrier liquid and/or a sensitizer, as will be explained in greater detail hereinafter.
  • a blocking 3 electrode 16 which is connected to one side of the potential source '17 through a switch 18.
  • the opposite side .of potential source 17 is connected to the injecting electrode 11 so that when switch 18 is closed, an electric field is applied across the liquid suspension '14 from electrodes 11 and 16.
  • An image projector made up of a light source 19, a transparency 2'1, and a lens 22 is provided to expose the dispersion 14 to a light image of the original transparency 21 to be reproduced.
  • injecting electrode 11 need not necessarily be optically transparent but that instead, the blocking electrode 16 may be optically transparent and exposure may be made through it from above as seen in FIGURE 1.
  • FIGURE 1a uses identical numerals to identify identical parts of the device and is the same as the FIGURE 1 embodiment of the invention except for the fact that electrode 16 is made in the form of a roller 23 having a conductive central core 24 connected to the potential source 17.
  • the core is covered with a layer of a blocking electrode material 26, which may be baryta paper or other materials, as explained hereinafter.
  • a blocking electrode material 26 which may be baryta paper or other materials, as explained hereinafter.
  • the particle suspension is exposed to the image to be reproduced while potential is applied across the blocking and injecting electrodes by closing switch 18.
  • roller 23 is caused to roll across the top surface of injecting electrode 11 with switch 18 closed during the period of image exposure.
  • Electrode 16 may then be removed from the surface of the suspension 14 whereupon the relatively volatile carrier liquid evaporated off leaving behind the particle image.
  • This particle image may then be fixed in place, as for example, by placing a lamination over its top surface or by virtue of a dissolved binder material is the carrier liquid such as parafiin Wax or other suitable binders that come out of solution as the carrier liquid evaporates. 3-6% by weight of paraffin binder in the carrier has been found to produce good fixing.
  • the carrier liquid itself may be molten paraffin wax or other suitable binder in a liquid state which is self-fixing upon cooling and return to the solid state.
  • the particle image remaining on the injecting electrode may be transferred to another surface and fixed thereon.
  • FIGURES 2a through 2d show in detail a proposed theoretical operating mechanism for the system with the particle size and carrier liquid thickness greatly exaggerated for purposes of illustration. Since the system has been experimentally shown to be operative, there is, of course, no intention to limit the invention to this theory of operation which is only given in an attempt to explain it. In these figures, like numerals have been used to identify parts of the system which are identical with those in FIGURES 1 and 1a. Referring now to FIGURE 2a, it is seen that the dispersion generally identified as 14 consists of the insulating carrier liquid 27 having charged particles 28a, 28b, 280, etc. suspended therein.
  • the particles 28 bear a net electrostatic charge when suspended in the carrier liquid 27 which is believed to be related to the electrochemical potential relationship of the particles and liquid.
  • the charges are trapped or bound either within the body of the particles or at their surfaces.
  • the net charge on the particles may be either positive or negative; however, in this instance, an encircled negative charge in each particle has been employed to diagrammatically indicate that trapped negative charge carriers give that particular particle a net negative electrostatic charge.
  • these particles are bound at the surface of the injecting electrode 11 until exposure takes place because particles 28 are sufficiently nonconductive in the suspension in their unexposed condition to prevent the injection of positive charge from the surface 13 of the electrode 11 into them. Particles bound on the surface 13 make up the potential imaging particles for the final image to be reproluded thereon.
  • photons of light such as 31 in FIGURE 20 are produced as, for example, by the projector which exposes the system to the image being reproduced, they are absorbed by the photosensitive particle 28:) and create hole-electron pairs of charge carriers within the particle by raising them to a conductive energy band. Since the charge carriers are newly formed by the photons of light 31, as shown in FIGURE 2c, they have not had a chance to become trapped in charge traps within the body of particle 28b as was the encircled negative charge carrier. Accordingly, these newly formed charge carriers may be considered as mobile in nature and have been represented by unencircled plus and minus signs.
  • electrodes 11 and 16 should have certain important properties. These are that electrode 11 will preferably be capable of accepting injected electrons from bound particle 281) when it is exposed to light so as to allow for a net change in the charge polarity on the particle and that electrode 16 will be ablocking electrode which is incapable of injecting electrons into particle 28b at more than a very slow rate when it comes into contact with the surface of the electrode 16.
  • electrode 11 will preferably be capable of accepting injected holes from bound particles upon exposure to light and electrode 16 will be a blocking electrode incapable of injecting holes into the particles at more than a very slow rate when they come into contact with the surface of this electrode.
  • electrode 11 may be composed not only of conventional conductive materials such as tin oxide, copper, copper iodide, gold or the like but may also include many semiconductive materials not ordinarily thought of as conductors, but which are still capable of accepting injected charge carriers of the proper polarity under the influence of the applied field.
  • insulating materials may be placed over the surface of the injecting electrode and still be operative because charge which leaves the particles initially bound on this surface upon exposure to light can merely move out of the particles and remain on the insulating surface thereby allowing the exposed particles to migrate.
  • the use of the more conductive materials is preferred because it allows for cleaner charge separation in that charge leaving the particles upon exposure can move into the underlying surface and away from the particle in which it originated. This also prevents possible charge buildup on the electrode which might tend to diminish the interelectrode field.
  • the blocking electrode 16 is selected so as to prevent or greatly retard the injection of electrons (or holes, depending upon the initial polarity of charge on the particle) into particle 28b when it reaches the surface of this electrode.
  • the surface of this electrode facing carrier liquid 27 may be either an insulator or a semiconductor which will not allow for the passage of sufiicient charge carriers under the influence of the applied field to discharge the particles so that they will remain bound thereon.
  • this blocking electrode will allow for the passage of some charge carriers through it to the particles, it will still be considered to come within the class of blocking materials if it does not allow for the passage of suflicient carriers to recharge the particle to the opposite polarity because even a discharged particle will tend to adhere to this blocking electrode by Van der Waals forces.
  • this blocking electrode constitutes an important feature of the invention which prevents particle oscillation from one electrode to another and allows for the use of almost any type of photosensitive particles in the system which at the same time substantially improves image quality.
  • Baryta paper and other suitable materials may be employed to surface the blocking electrode and may be wet on their back surfaces with tap water or coated on these back surfaces with electrically conductive materials.
  • Baryta paper consists of a paper coated with barium sulfate suspended in a gelatin solution.
  • any suitable material having a resistivity of about 1-0 ohm-cm. or greater may be employed.
  • Typical materials in this resistivity range which have been employed in one or more of the devices described in the drawings include cellulose acetate and polyethylene coated papers, cellophane, nitrocellulose, polystyrene, polytetrafiuoroethylene, polyvinyl fluoride and polyethylene terephthalate.
  • the terms blocking electrode and injecting electrode should be understood and interpreted in this context throughout the specification and claims.
  • the system may be operated with suspensions of particles which initially take on a net positive charge, or a net negative charge, and even with systems where the particles in suspension apparently take on both polarities of charge.
  • any suitable insulating liquid may be used.
  • the particular voltage employed in the system is not critical and good quality images have been produced, for example, with voltages ranging from 300 to 5000 volts in the FIGURE la apparatus.
  • the liquid suspension 14 may contain one, two, three or even more different particles of various colors and having different ranges of spectral response.
  • the particles included in imaging liquid 14 may be virtually any color in which it is desired to produce the final image such as gray, black, blue, red, yellow, etc. and the particular point or range of its spectral response is relatively immaterial as long as it shows response in some region of the visible spectrum which can be matched by a convenient exposure source.
  • the particle may vary in response from one with a very narrow response hand all the way up to one having panchromatic response.
  • the particles may be selected so that particles of different colors respond to different wavelengths in the visible spectrum, thus allowing for color separation.
  • particles which are relatively small in size because smaller particles produce better and more stable dispersions in the liquid carrier and, in addition, are capable of producing images of higher resolution than would be possible with particles of larger sizes.
  • the particles When the particles are suspended in the liquid carrier, they may take on a net electrostatic charge so that they may be attracted towards one of the electrodes in the system depending upon the polarity of this charge with respect to that of the electrodes. It is not necessary that the particles take on only one polarity of charge but instead the particles may be attracted to both electrodes. Some of the particles in the suspension initially move towards the injecting electrode while others move towards the blocking electrode with this type of system; however, this particle migration takes place uniformly over the whole area covered by the two electrodes and the effect of imagewise,
  • photosensitive materials used in this invention may be used in conventional dry imaging modes, it is believed that a different type of photoresponsive mechanism is involved because it has generally been found that spectral response of the materials is much narrower and their sensitivity is much higher when they are used in the liquid carrier structure of this invention.
  • the particle image may be fixed thereon as by spraying a binder on it, laminating an overlay on it or by including a binder in solution in the liquid suspending medium.
  • the image may also be transferred from the electrode and fixed on another surface so that the electrode may be reused.
  • Such a transfer step may be carried out by adhesive pickoff with an adhesive tape such as Scotch brand cellophane tape or preferably, by electrostatic field transfer.
  • Electrostatic transfer may, for example, be carried out by carrying out the imaging procedure described in connection with FIGURE 1a and then passing a second roller over the particle image formed on electrode 11 held at a potential opposite in polarity to that of the first electrode.
  • the second electrode roller is covered with a baryta paper sleeve, this paper sleeve will pick up the complete image as the electrode rolls over it.
  • the particles may include a component that can be made tacky by the application of heat or a properly selected solvent so that either of these can be used to adhere and fix the particle image to the electrode or a transfer surface.
  • the percentage of particles in the insulating liquid carrier is not critical, however, for reference purposes, it is noted that from about 2 to about 10% by weight have been tested and produce good results.
  • photosensitive particle or mixtures of such particles may be used in carrying out the invention, regardless of Whether the particular particle selected is organic, inorganic and is made up of one or more components in solid solution or dispersed one in the other or whether the particles are made up of multiple layers of different materials.
  • Typical photosensitive particles include organics such as 8,13 -dio-xodinaphtho-( l,2,2',3)furan-6-cattb0x-pmethoxyanilide;
  • Locarno Red C.I. No. 15865, 1-(4'- methyl-5'-chloroazobenzene-2-sulfonic acid)-2-hydroxy-3naphthoic acid;
  • Naphthol Red B 1-(2'-methoxy5'nitrophenylazo)-2- hydroxy-3"-nitro-3-napht-hanilide, C.I. No. 12355; Duol Carmine, the calcium lake of 1-(4'-methylazobenzene-2'-sulfonic acid)-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoie acid,
  • Calcium Lithol Red the calcium lake of 1-(2'-azonaphthalene-1'-sulfonic acid)-2-naphthol, C.I. No. 15630; Quinacridone and substituted quinacridones such as 2,9-
  • Phthalocyanines including substituted and unsubstituted metal and metal-free phthalocyanines such as copper phthalocyanine, magnesium phthalocyanine, metal-free phthalocyanine, polychloro substituted phthalocyanine etc;
  • Methyl Violet a phosphotungstomolybdic acid lake of a triphenylmethane dye, CI. 42535;
  • anthranthrone C.I. No. 59300;
  • Algol Yellow G.C. 1,2,5,-6-di(C,C'-diphenyl)-thiazoleanthraquinone, CI. 67300;
  • other organic materials which may be employed in the particles include polyvinylcarbazole 2,4-bis (4,4'-diethyl-aminophenyl) -1,3,4-oxidiazole;
  • organic donor-acceptor Lewis acid-Lewis base
  • charge transfer complexes In addition to the charge transfer complexes it is to be noted that many additional ones of the above materials may be further sensitized by the charge transfer complexing technique and that 'many of these materials may be dye-sensitized to narrow, broaden or heighten their spectral response curves.
  • any suitable particle structure may be employed.
  • Typical particles include those which are made up of only the pure photosensitive material or a sensitized form thereof, solid solutions or dispersions of the photosensitive material in a matrix such as thermoplastic or thermosetting resins, copolymers of photosensitive pigments and organic monomers, multilayers of particles in which the photosensitive material is included in one of the layers and where other layers provide light filtering action in an outer layer or a fusable or solvent softenable core of resin or a core of liquid such as dye or other marking material or a core of one photosensitive material coated with an overlayer of another photosensitive material to achieve broadened spectral response.
  • photosensitive structures include solutions, dispersions, or copolymers of one photosensitive material in another with or without other photosensitively inert materials.
  • Other particle structures which may be used but which are not required include those described in US. Patent 2,940,847 to Kaprelian.
  • spacings of less than 1 mil and extending down even to the point where the electrodes are pressed together as in the case of the roller electrode of FIGURE 1a constitute a particularly preferred form of the invention in that they produce better resolution and superior color separation results than is produced with wider spacings. This improvement is believed to take place because of the high field strength across the suspension during imaging.
  • the exposure is made with a 3200 K. lamp through a 0.30 neutral density step wedge filter to measure the sensitivity of the suspension to white light and then Wratten filters 29, 61 and 47b are individually superimposed over the light source in separate runs to measure the sensitivity of the suspensions to red, green, and blue light respectively for the particles in Examples II, XV and XXIX.
  • the relative sensitivity given for the suspensions is derived from the number of steps of the step wedge filter which are discernible in the images made through this filter. All of the examples are tested with a continuous toner subject and all so tested produced good quality images with both types of subject, with varying sensitivity as indicated.
  • Vulcan Fast Red Toner 0.1. No. 21200.
  • Pyrazolone Red B Toner 0.1. No. 21120
  • Cyan Blue GINF beta-copper Very high.
  • a baryta paper blocking electrode surface is employed and the roller is held at a negative potential of 2500 volts with respective substrate. After the roller passes over the substrate and excellent quality subtractive three-color image is left behind on the glass.
  • This procedure is repeated using cellophane, cellulose acetate and polyethylene coated papers, polyvinyl fluoride, polystyrene, polytetrafiuoroethylene and polyethylene terephthalate as blocking electrode surfaces in place of the baryta paper in Examples XXX-XLI, respectively. All these materials produce good quality images using this same trimix suspension.
  • Example XLIII contains one gram of Araldite epoxy resin to .25 gram of 2,4,7-trinitro fiuorenone and .02 gram of Rhodamine B base dye.
  • Example XLIV particles consist of one gram of CKM phenolic resin, .25 gram of 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone to .02 gram of Rhodamine B base dye.
  • Example XLV particles consist of one gram of phenoxy PKDA 8500 resin from Union Carbide to 0.25 gram of 2,4,7- trinitro fiuorenone and .02 gram of Martius yellow dye.
  • Example XLVI particles consist of one gram of phenoxy PKDA 8500 resin from Union Carbide, .25 gram of 2,4,7- trinitro fiuorenone and .02 gram of Rhodamine B base dye. All particles are suspended in Sohio odorless solvent and imaged according to the procedure of Example I except that 8,000 foot candles are used for Examples XLV and XLVI. All examples produce images, however, Examples XLIII and XLVI are markedly more sensitive than Examples XLV and XLVI.
  • Example XLVII-LII In these examples the particles are imaged according to the procedure of Example I using the following material to make up the particles in each of the examples; in Example XLVII the particles are made up of eight parts by weight of zinc oxide to one part by weight of dimethylpolysiloxane resin. In Example XLVIII, Example XLVII particles are used except they are dye sensitized with .03 part by weight of Rose Bengal dye. In Example XLIX the particles consist of eight parts by weight of cadmium sulfide dispersed in one part by weight of an epoxy resin made by condensing Bisphenol A with epychlorohydrin.
  • Example L the particles consist of six parts by weight of the alpha crystalline form of metal-free phthalocyanine dispersed in one part by weight of an epoxy phenolic resin.
  • Example LI the particles consist of six parts by weight of the phthalocyanine of Example L dispersed by one part by weight of polymethylmethacrylate.
  • Example LII the particles consist of six parts by weight of alpha metal-free phthalocyanine in one part by weight of a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer.
  • EXAMPLE LIII Particles each made up of a core of 10% by weight of carbon black dispersed in an 87/13 copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate are coated with a solid solution of ten parts by weight of unmodified unreactive phenolformaldehyde resin and 4 parts by weight of 2,4,7-trinitro- 9-fluorenone. These particles when suspended at 7% by weight in Sohio and imaged according to the procedure of Example I form a good black and white transparency on the NESA glass.
  • a photoelectrophoretic imaging apparatus comprising a substantially transparent first electrode adapted to support one side of a liquid imaging suspension, a second electrode adapted to contact the side of said suspension opposite said first electrode and spaced up to about 1 mil therefrom, at least one of said electrodes having a blocking surface facing said suspension, means to apply an electric field across the suspension between said electrodes, said electric field having a field strength of at least about 300 volts per mil, means to expose said suspension to an image with actinic electromagnetic radiation through said first electrode, and means to bring said second electrode into and out of contact with said imaging suspension, whereby an image is formed.
  • said second electrode is in the form of a roller and further including means to roll said roller over said imaging suspension during exposure.
  • one of said elec trodes consists of a thin, optically transparent layer of tin oxide on a glass substrate.
  • said blocking surface comprises paper coated with a suspension made up of particulate barium sulphate suspended in gelatin.
  • the apparatus of claim 1 further including means to transfer the formed image to a receiving surface.
  • said blocking surface comprises polyethylene terephthalate.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
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US518041A 1964-07-23 1966-01-03 Photoelectrophoretic imaging apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3383993A (en)

Priority Applications (18)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
LU49058A LU49058A1 (de) 1964-07-23 1965-07-13
DE1965X0000037 DE1497243B2 (de) 1964-07-23 1965-07-20 Photoelektrophoretisches abbildungsverfahren
SE957965A SE381111B (sv) 1964-07-23 1965-07-20 Sett att pa elektroforetisk veg framstella en bild samt apparat for genomforande av settet
AT675965A AT287488B (de) 1964-07-23 1965-07-22 Verfahren zur photoelektrophoretischen Bildaufzeichnung
NO15904665A NO128733B (de) 1964-07-23 1965-07-22
AT254770A AT305765B (de) 1964-07-23 1965-07-22 Vorrichtung für die photoelektrophoretische Bildaufzeichnung
US518041A US3383993A (en) 1964-07-23 1966-01-03 Photoelectrophoretic imaging apparatus
DE1966X0000062 DE1522746C3 (de) 1964-07-23 1966-06-27 Photoelektrophoretisches Abbüdungsverfahren
CH1874566A CH510901A (fr) 1964-07-23 1966-12-29 Procédé pour la formation par électrophorèse d'une image
ES0335121A ES335121A1 (es) 1966-01-03 1966-12-30 Un metodo para formar fotoelectroforeticamente un diseño de imagen.
BE692048D BE692048A (de) 1964-07-23 1966-12-30
FR89586A FR1507051A (fr) 1964-07-23 1966-12-30 Procédé de reproduction d'images par électrophorèse
GB5967A GB1158301A (en) 1964-07-23 1967-01-02 Photelectrophoretic Imaging.
LU52738D LU52738A1 (de) 1964-07-23 1967-01-03
NL676700090A NL150926B (nl) 1964-07-23 1967-01-03 Foto-elektroforetische beeldvormingswerkwijze.
DE19671522750 DE1522750A1 (de) 1964-07-23 1967-01-03 Fotoelektrophoretisches Abbildungsverfahren
DE19681772857 DE1772857A1 (de) 1964-07-23 1968-07-12 Elektrophoretisches Abbildungsverfahren
US112367A US3681064A (en) 1964-07-23 1971-02-03 Photoelectrophoretic imaging process employing multicomponent electrically photosensitive particles

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US38468064A 1964-07-23 1964-07-23
US518041A US3383993A (en) 1964-07-23 1966-01-03 Photoelectrophoretic imaging apparatus

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US3383993A true US3383993A (en) 1968-05-21

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US518041A Expired - Lifetime US3383993A (en) 1964-07-23 1966-01-03 Photoelectrophoretic imaging apparatus

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US (1) US3383993A (de)
AT (1) AT305765B (de)
CH (1) CH510901A (de)
DE (1) DE1522750A1 (de)
FR (1) FR1507051A (de)
LU (1) LU52738A1 (de)
NL (1) NL150926B (de)

Cited By (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3535221A (en) * 1967-10-17 1970-10-20 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging system employing a photoconductor coating for the blocking electrode
US3539255A (en) * 1966-09-23 1970-11-10 Xerox Corp Xerographic recording apparatus
US3546085A (en) * 1967-01-30 1970-12-08 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging process and suspension
US3610748A (en) * 1969-06-25 1971-10-05 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging system
US3612758A (en) * 1969-10-03 1971-10-12 Xerox Corp Color display device
US3619053A (en) * 1969-09-17 1971-11-09 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging system
US3619054A (en) * 1966-08-09 1971-11-09 Xerox Corp Oil film imaging apparatus
US3623122A (en) * 1970-06-04 1971-11-23 Horizons Research Inc Electric recording apparatus employing liquid developer
US3642598A (en) * 1969-09-23 1972-02-15 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging method and apparatus
US3644035A (en) * 1969-11-14 1972-02-22 Xerox Corp Flat plate traveling roller imaging system
US3684365A (en) * 1971-07-08 1972-08-15 Varian Associates Display tube camera system allowing an observer an unobstructed view of the display
US3690754A (en) * 1969-11-14 1972-09-12 Xerox Corp Control system for an optical imaging system
US3792308A (en) * 1970-06-08 1974-02-12 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd Electrophoretic display device of the luminescent type
US3804660A (en) * 1970-08-17 1974-04-16 Commw Of Australia Dielectric recording on insulator surfaces
FR2204825A1 (de) * 1972-10-26 1974-05-24 Ciba Geigy Ag
US3850630A (en) * 1970-12-01 1974-11-26 Xerox Corp Xerographic plate containing photoinjection indigold pigments
US3854943A (en) * 1969-07-30 1974-12-17 Xerox Corp Manifold imaging method and member employing fundamental particles of alpha metal-free phthalocyanine
USRE28360E (en) * 1969-10-03 1975-03-04 Electrophoretic color display device
US3881920A (en) * 1969-10-02 1975-05-06 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging process
US3897143A (en) * 1965-05-28 1975-07-29 Xerox Corp Imaging system
US3917880A (en) * 1973-06-27 1975-11-04 Xerox Corp Electrophoretic imaging system
DE1797619B1 (de) * 1966-06-29 1977-11-24 Xerox Corp Elektrophoretophotographisches abbildungsverfahren
US4175956A (en) * 1978-02-10 1979-11-27 Eastman Kodak Company Electrophotosensitive materials for migration imaging processes
US4301227A (en) * 1973-03-29 1981-11-17 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Electrophotographic liquid developer
US4314013A (en) * 1979-04-04 1982-02-02 Xerox Corporation Particle formation by double encapsulation
US4431721A (en) * 1981-06-29 1984-02-14 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Use of perylene pigments for photoelectrophoretic imaging
US20180254420A1 (en) * 2017-03-03 2018-09-06 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Radiation detector
US10254620B1 (en) 2016-03-08 2019-04-09 E Ink Corporation Encapsulated photoelectrophoretic display
US10467984B2 (en) 2017-03-06 2019-11-05 E Ink Corporation Method for rendering color images
WO2019222587A1 (en) 2018-05-17 2019-11-21 E Ink California, Llc Piezo electrophoretic display
US10573257B2 (en) 2017-05-30 2020-02-25 E Ink Corporation Electro-optic displays
US11404013B2 (en) 2017-05-30 2022-08-02 E Ink Corporation Electro-optic displays with resistors for discharging remnant charges
US11493821B2 (en) 2018-08-14 2022-11-08 E Ink California, Llc Piezo electrophoretic display

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Cited By (43)

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US3897143A (en) * 1965-05-28 1975-07-29 Xerox Corp Imaging system
DE1797619B1 (de) * 1966-06-29 1977-11-24 Xerox Corp Elektrophoretophotographisches abbildungsverfahren
US3619054A (en) * 1966-08-09 1971-11-09 Xerox Corp Oil film imaging apparatus
US3539255A (en) * 1966-09-23 1970-11-10 Xerox Corp Xerographic recording apparatus
US3546085A (en) * 1967-01-30 1970-12-08 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging process and suspension
US3535221A (en) * 1967-10-17 1970-10-20 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging system employing a photoconductor coating for the blocking electrode
US3610748A (en) * 1969-06-25 1971-10-05 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging system
US3854943A (en) * 1969-07-30 1974-12-17 Xerox Corp Manifold imaging method and member employing fundamental particles of alpha metal-free phthalocyanine
US3619053A (en) * 1969-09-17 1971-11-09 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging system
US3642598A (en) * 1969-09-23 1972-02-15 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging method and apparatus
US3881920A (en) * 1969-10-02 1975-05-06 Xerox Corp Photoelectrophoretic imaging process
US3612758A (en) * 1969-10-03 1971-10-12 Xerox Corp Color display device
USRE28360E (en) * 1969-10-03 1975-03-04 Electrophoretic color display device
US3690754A (en) * 1969-11-14 1972-09-12 Xerox Corp Control system for an optical imaging system
US3644035A (en) * 1969-11-14 1972-02-22 Xerox Corp Flat plate traveling roller imaging system
US3623122A (en) * 1970-06-04 1971-11-23 Horizons Research Inc Electric recording apparatus employing liquid developer
US3792308A (en) * 1970-06-08 1974-02-12 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd Electrophoretic display device of the luminescent type
US3804660A (en) * 1970-08-17 1974-04-16 Commw Of Australia Dielectric recording on insulator surfaces
US3850630A (en) * 1970-12-01 1974-11-26 Xerox Corp Xerographic plate containing photoinjection indigold pigments
US3684365A (en) * 1971-07-08 1972-08-15 Varian Associates Display tube camera system allowing an observer an unobstructed view of the display
FR2204825A1 (de) * 1972-10-26 1974-05-24 Ciba Geigy Ag
US4301227A (en) * 1973-03-29 1981-11-17 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited Electrophotographic liquid developer
US3917880A (en) * 1973-06-27 1975-11-04 Xerox Corp Electrophoretic imaging system
US4175956A (en) * 1978-02-10 1979-11-27 Eastman Kodak Company Electrophotosensitive materials for migration imaging processes
US4314013A (en) * 1979-04-04 1982-02-02 Xerox Corporation Particle formation by double encapsulation
US4431721A (en) * 1981-06-29 1984-02-14 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Use of perylene pigments for photoelectrophoretic imaging
US10254620B1 (en) 2016-03-08 2019-04-09 E Ink Corporation Encapsulated photoelectrophoretic display
US10522773B2 (en) * 2017-03-03 2019-12-31 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Radiation detector
US20180254420A1 (en) * 2017-03-03 2018-09-06 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Radiation detector
US11094288B2 (en) 2017-03-06 2021-08-17 E Ink Corporation Method and apparatus for rendering color images
US10467984B2 (en) 2017-03-06 2019-11-05 E Ink Corporation Method for rendering color images
US12100369B2 (en) 2017-03-06 2024-09-24 E Ink Corporation Method for rendering color images
US11527216B2 (en) 2017-03-06 2022-12-13 E Ink Corporation Method for rendering color images
US11404013B2 (en) 2017-05-30 2022-08-02 E Ink Corporation Electro-optic displays with resistors for discharging remnant charges
US11107425B2 (en) 2017-05-30 2021-08-31 E Ink Corporation Electro-optic displays with resistors for discharging remnant charges
US10825405B2 (en) 2017-05-30 2020-11-03 E Ink Corporatior Electro-optic displays
US10573257B2 (en) 2017-05-30 2020-02-25 E Ink Corporation Electro-optic displays
US11181799B2 (en) 2018-05-17 2021-11-23 E Ink California, Llc Piezo electrophoretic display
WO2019222587A1 (en) 2018-05-17 2019-11-21 E Ink California, Llc Piezo electrophoretic display
US11892740B2 (en) 2018-05-17 2024-02-06 E Ink Corporation Piezo electrophoretic display
EP4343420A2 (de) 2018-05-17 2024-03-27 E Ink Corporation Verfahren zur herstellung einer piezoelektrophoretischen anzeige
US12298645B2 (en) 2018-05-17 2025-05-13 E Ink Corporation Piezo electrophoretic display
US11493821B2 (en) 2018-08-14 2022-11-08 E Ink California, Llc Piezo electrophoretic display

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1522750A1 (de) 1969-10-30
AT305765B (de) 1973-03-12
NL150926B (nl) 1976-09-15
LU52738A1 (de) 1967-03-14
NL6700090A (de) 1967-07-04
FR1507051A (fr) 1967-12-22
CH510901A (fr) 1971-07-31

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