US3377126A - Combustion flash bulb lamp - Google Patents

Combustion flash bulb lamp Download PDF

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Publication number
US3377126A
US3377126A US548980A US54898066A US3377126A US 3377126 A US3377126 A US 3377126A US 548980 A US548980 A US 548980A US 54898066 A US54898066 A US 54898066A US 3377126 A US3377126 A US 3377126A
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United States
Prior art keywords
bulb
lamp
lamps
wall
light
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US548980A
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English (en)
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Nijland Louis Marius
Schroder Johann
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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US Philips Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21K—NON-ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES USING LUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE; LIGHT SOURCES USING CHARGES OF COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL; LIGHT SOURCES USING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AS LIGHT-GENERATING ELEMENTS; LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21K5/00—Light sources using charges of combustible material, e.g. illuminating flash devices
    • F21K5/02—Light sources using charges of combustible material, e.g. illuminating flash devices ignited in a non-disrupting container, e.g. photo-flash bulb

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a combustion flash bulb lamp of the type producing actinic light by the reaction of a solid substance with a gas.
  • Such a lamp comprises a closed glass bulb containing a solid substance and a gas, which react with each other after ignition resulting in irradiation of actinic light.
  • the bulb contains furthermore an electric ignition mechanism capable of producing a spark or of heating an incandescent wire.
  • the incandescent wire or the terminals of the current supply wires may be provided with a mass which explodes when heated. This mass may consist of a mixture of a metal powder, an oxidizing agent and a binder. Flash bulb lamps are employed in photographing for obtaining an adequately exposed photographic negative under unfavourable light conditions.
  • the light-time characteristics of the flash bulb lamp must match the ex osure characteristics of the camera shutters and the spectral distribution of the light emanating from the lamp must be adapted to the spectral sensitivity of the film.
  • the quantity of light emitted by the flash bulb lamp must be suificiently great.
  • the flash bulb lamp has to emit a great quantity of lights for a few milliseconds.
  • the colour temperature of the emitted light has to amount for colour photography to at least 4700 K., preferably to 5500 K.
  • Combustion flash bulb lamps which fulfill these requirements to a greater or lesser extent are known. Usually they contain, as a solid substance, zirconium or an alloy of aluminium and about by weight of magnesium in the form of metal wool of a Wire or a foil. Other metals, such as aluminium, magnesium and other alloys of these two metals, tungsten, molybdenum, lanthanum, tantalum, cerium, thorium, titanium have been proposed for this purpose.
  • the gas is usually oxygen.
  • fluorine or fluorides for example oxygen fluoride (OF- and nitrogen fluorides (N1 N F may be employed. There may furthermore be present gaseous compounds which accelerate or decelerate the combustion.
  • the filament of the ignition mechanism usually consists of tungsten or a tungsten-rhenium alloy.
  • the filament may, however, also be made of metals which are burned explosively in the gas contained in the lamp, when heated, for example zirconium, titanium, tantalum.
  • the filament is provided with an explosive mass consisting of zirconium powder, lead dioxide and nitroice cellulose.
  • Other metals in the form of powder, which may be used in the production of said mass are tungsten, magnesium, aluminium, antimony, silicon, iron, calcium.
  • oxygen producing compounds there may be employed chromates, peroxides, nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates.
  • the bulb is usually made of lead glass and is externally coated with one or more lacquer layers in order to avoid scattering of glass fragments upon a break-down.
  • the elfective combustion time of flash bulb lamps of this kind usually lies between 5 and 25 msec.
  • the color temperature of the emitted light during the conventional reaction is about 4000 K. to 4500 K.
  • the color temperature may be raised by coating the bulb with a blue lacquer layer. Then a value lying between 4700" K. and 6000 K. can be attained. However, this rise in color temperature is obtained at the expense of a loss of about 20 to 30% of the total quantity of emitted light.
  • Substances recommended for this purpose are alkali chlorides, potassium borate, boric acid, manganese chloride, barium chloride, sodium tungstenate, phosphoric acid.
  • this proposal has not been carried out in practice. From experiments it has appeared that in the conventional zirconium-oxygen flash bulb lamp these substances provide only a comparatively small increase in light output, whereas in certain cases it is even reduced.
  • the use of sodium chloride results in an increase in light output of at the most 5% and when sodium metaphosphate (NaPO is used, the quantity of emitted light even decreases by 6%.
  • the coating was obtained by flushing the bulbs with a 10% and a 30% solution of said salts in water (percent by weight) and by subsequently drying the bulbs.
  • the invention is based on the following acquired knowledge.
  • the average light absorption of the layers on the bulb wall of a flash bulb lamp having a bulb capacity of about 2 mls. and a zirconium filling of 22 to 25 mgs. and a stoichiometric quantity of oxygen amounts to about 40%, measured after the combustion.
  • the deposit on the bulb wall is White and uniform, whereas in a flash bulb lamp filled with oxygen the deposit is not uniform, gray and exhibits black stains, even with an excess quantity of oxygen.
  • the latter is due to a nonquantitative combustion, so that incompletely burned reaction products of a dark color may condense on the bulb wall.
  • the hot, incompletely burned reaction products have a strongly reducing effect on the material of the bulb wall. If, as usual, the bulb wall is made of lead glass, lead my even be separated out of the glass forming back stains of lead, which could be assessed by chemical analysis. The incomplete combustion can be remedied only little by means of an excess quantity of oxygen. The excess quantity of oxygen does, however, increase the risk of explosion of the lamp.
  • the invention has for its object to prevent the deposition of light absorbing layers on the bulb wall of flash bulb lamps or at least to decelerate this deposition to an extent such that only after a considerable quantity of light has been emitted or even later the combustion products are deposited.
  • a further object of the invention is a quantitative combustion of the solid substance so that the bulb wall cannot be affected or darkened by incompletely burned reducing reaction products.
  • this is achieved in a combustion flash bulb lamp in which the inner wall of the bulb is coated with one or more thin layers of colorless substances which evaporate or release gaseous dissociation products which are colorless at a comparatively low temperature and which substances, like their dissociation products, if any, do not or substantially do not react with the gas atmosphere in the lamp, but which substances or dissociation products react with the solid substance which is then oxidized.
  • the wall coating of flash bulb lamp according to the invention may consist of organic or of inorganic substances or of both.
  • Suitable organic substances are colorless, polymeric, fluorated hydrocarbon compounds, which evaporate or dissociate at a comparatively low temperature, that is to say about 800 C. and which contain little or no hydrogen.
  • examples of such compounds are: polytetrafluoroethylene, polymonochlorotrifiuoroethylene, polydichlorodifluoroethylene.
  • Suitable inorganic substances are: colorless compounds releasing oxygen or a halogen at a comparatively low temperature, that is to say below about 800 (3., which remain colorless even after reduction. These compounds have to be anhydrous and preferably non-hygroscopic, since otherwise the improvement of the light output aimed at is not obtained.
  • inorganic substances may be used under certain conditions, which develop oxygen or halogen only in excess of said temperature to a sufficient extent.
  • a wall coating of a first layer on the inner surface of the bulb consisting of one of said organic polymers and a second layer of one of said inorganic compounds.
  • an improvement in light output of 10% can be attained and an inorganic substance may provide an improvement of about 12%.
  • films of combustible substances for example hydro-carbons, also nitrocellulose, and of ammonium salts and hydrous water containing compounds, produce a marked decrease in the quantity of emitted light both in zirconium-oxygen lamps and in zirconium-fluorine lamps.
  • the wall coating in flash bulb lamps according to the invention does not only provide a higher quantity of light.
  • the thickness and the light absorption of the wall coating of oxides, fluorides and in completely combusted products are highly ditferent in the conventional flash bulb lamps of the same type and of the same series.
  • the use of the wall coating in the flash bulb lamps according to the invention reduces this spread in the quantity of light.
  • An important advantage of the use of the combined wall coating in the flash bulb lamps according to the invention is that scattering of the bulb wall due to nonuniform heating is effectively counteracted. Hence the wall coating delays the condensation of combustion products on the bulb wall to an extent such that during that phase of flashing in which the oxygen has not yet been consumed, no break-down of the bulb wall due to non-uniform heating occurs. When the combined wall coating is used, practically no cracks are found in the bulb, so that the risk of explosion is very slight in lamps of this embodiment of the invention.
  • the quantity of solid substance and the pressure of the gas atmosphere may be increased as compared with those of the conventionm flash bulb lamps, if a wall coating of chlorates, perchlorates, nitrates if desired in conjunction with a film of polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene is used.
  • the pressure of the gas atmosphere and hence the quantity of gas in the bulb is chosen to be lower than is required for a complete conversion with the solid substance.
  • the gain of light output of fiash bulb lamps according to the invention is completely utilized for the use desired.
  • This may be achieved inter alia by coating the lamp at the areas where the light disappears without being used effectively or where it is absorbed, with a light-reflecting layer, for example, on the inner or outer side of the lamp foot and, as the case may be, the ring around the lamp foot.
  • a light-reflecting layer for example, on the inner or outer side of the lamp foot and, as the case may be, the ring around the lamp foot.
  • said ring serves for fixing the current supply wires to the outer side of the lamp foot and to clamp them against the lamp foot.
  • the ring is usually made of cardboard, but it may also be made of light reflecting material.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 are sectional views of flash bulb lamps according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows the sectional view of a possible embodiment of a flash bulb lamp according to the invention on an enlarged scale.
  • a glass bulb 1 contains a metal wool 2, for example, of zirconium shred and an ignition mechanism consisting of an explosive paste 3, applied to the terminals of the current supply wires 5.
  • the current supply Wires are inte'rconnected by an incandescent wire 4 of tungsten. The wires are held together by a glass bead 6.
  • the bulb is externally coated with a lacquer layer 7, for example, of ethylcellulose, which may have a blue color.
  • the bulb is internally coated with a layer 8, which may consist either of a fluorinated polymeric carbon compound or of an inorganic substance, which is capable of giving ofi oxygen or a halogen when heated gently.
  • FIG. 2 shows a similar lamp.
  • the bulb 1 of this embodiment is coated with two layers 8 and 9, the layer 8 consisting of a fluorinated, polymeric carbon compound and the layer 9 of an inorganic substance, which is capable of giving o'fi oxygen or a halogen upon gentle heating.
  • the layers 8 and 9 may be obtained as follows:
  • Polymonochlorotriflouroethylene is dissolved in a suitable, volatile, organic solvent, for example acetone, benzene, ether. Then the bulb 1 is filled with this solution to the desired height, after which the bulb is immediately emptied by suction by means of a capillary tube. The lacquer layer is then dried. Subsequently, the metal wool 2 and the ignition mechanism 3, 4, 5. 6 are introduced into the bulb in known manner, the bulb is filled with the desired gas and sealed.
  • a suitable, volatile, organic solvent for example acetone, benzene, ether.
  • the fine crystalline material may be obtained, for example, by pouring out an aqueous solution of the substances concerned, .saturated at normal temperature in a 5- to IO-times larger volume of acetone, while stirring. The precipitated, fine crystalline material is filtered otf, and dried; it is then ready for use.
  • Table 1 relates to flash bul'b lamps as shown in FIG. 1, in which the layer 8 consists of a fluorinated carbon compound.
  • the internal volume was 1.9 mls.
  • the quantity of ziconium wool was 23 mgs.
  • the lamp contained a st-oichiometric quantity of oxygen.
  • the bulbs provided with a layer 8 were mixed in each experiment with a number of bulbs not treated.
  • the treated lamps and the non-treated lamps were subjected satistically to the manufacturing process on the machine.
  • the quantities of light were averaged and the averages Were compared with each other; the increase in light out-put was expressed in a percentage of the mean quantity of light of the non-treated lamps. This also applies to the experiments indicated in Tables 2, 3 and 4.
  • Table 2 relates to the same type of flash bulb lamps.
  • the layer 8 consisted of a substance giving off oxygen at moderate heating. The process was otherwise completely the same.
  • Table 3 relates to the combined wall coating of FIG. 2 (layers 8 and 9) in the same type of lamps.
  • T he experiment 23 of Table 4 relates to a lamp having a combined wall coating as shown in FIG. 2 (layers 8 and 9), in which the quantity of zirconium of 23 mgs. is raised to 26.5 mgs., the oxygen filling being stiochiometrically chosen.
  • the experiment 24 raltes to a lamp having a bulb of 1.25 mls. instead of 1.9 rnls., having a zirconium filling of 22 mgs. and a stoichiornetric quantity of oxygen.
  • Table 5 relates to the light absorption of the bulb wall of lamps according to the invention; the indicated values are the averages of three measurements, unless otherwise stated.
  • the embodiment of the lamps is like that of Table 1.
  • the bulb wall of a comparable, non-treated flash bulb lamp had a light absorption of 1% prior to flashing and of 41% after flashing.
  • Tables 7 and 8 relate to lamps having a fluorine-containing gas filling.
  • Table 7 relates to lamps as shown in FIG. 2 having an internal volume of 1.9 cc. and a filling of 10 mgs. of zirconium and a stoichiometric NF filling (calculated on the formation of ZrF Table 8 relates to a lamp as shown in FIG. 1 having a bulb capacity of 1.9 cc., a zirconium filling of 22 mgs. and a stoichiometric filling of N F (calculated on the formation of ZrF TABLE 8 Treat- Number Increase in Mol Composition of liquid merit of lamps light output ratio treated in percent Zr/N 1F 33. 5% by weight of poly- A 8 10. 3 0.97
  • a flash lamp producing actinic light by the reaction of a solid substance with a gas atmosphere contained in a sealed bulb comprising at least one thin layer of a colorless substance coating the inner wall of said bulb which gives oif colorless gas dissociation products at a comparatively low temperature, said colorless substance and products substantially not reacting with the gas atmosphere in said bulb both before and after flashing of said lamp but said colorless products reacting with said solid substance.
  • a flash lamp producing actinic light by reaction of a solid substance with a gas atmosphere contained in a sealed bulb comprising at least one thin layer of a colorless substance coating the inner wall of said bulb which gives off colorless gas dissociation products at comparatively low temperature, said colorless products substantially not reacting with the gas atmosphere in said bulb, said inner wall coating being constituted of a polymeric, fluorinated carbon compound.
  • a flash lamp producing actinic light by reaction of a solid substance with a gas atmosphere contained in a sealed bulb comprising at least one thin layer of a colorless substance coating the inner wall of said bulb which gives off colorless gas dissociation products at comparatively low temperature, said colorless products substantially not reacting with the gas atmosphere in said bulb, said inner wall coating being selected from the group consisting of chlorate, perchlorate, nitrate and mixtures of said compounds.
  • a flash lamp producing actinic light by reaction of a solid substance with a gas atmosphere contained in a sealed bulb comprising at least one thin layer of a colorless substance coating the inner wall of said bulb which 9 10 gives off colorless gas dissociation products at compara- References Cited tively low temperature, said colorless products substantially not reacting with the gas atmosphere in said bulb, UNITED STATES PATENTS said inner wall coating being constituted of a first layer 2,325,667 8/1943 De Boer 67-31 of p0lyrnonochlor-trifluoroethylene and a second layer af- 5 2,858,686 11/1958 Roth 6731 fixed on said first layer selected from the group consisting of alkali chlorates, perchlorates and nitrates.
  • JAMES W. WESTHAVER Primary Examiner.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
  • Discharge Lamp (AREA)
  • Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
US548980A 1965-06-15 1966-05-10 Combustion flash bulb lamp Expired - Lifetime US3377126A (en)

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NL656507601A NL145939B (nl) 1965-06-15 1965-06-15 Verbrandingsflitslamp.

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US3377126A true US3377126A (en) 1968-04-09

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US (1) US3377126A (da)
AT (1) AT265862B (da)
BE (1) BE682462A (da)
CH (1) CH450166A (da)
DE (1) DE1286903B (da)
DK (1) DK114044B (da)
ES (1) ES327858A1 (da)
GB (1) GB1152455A (da)
NL (1) NL145939B (da)
NO (1) NO117828B (da)
SE (1) SE317575B (da)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3675004A (en) * 1970-06-15 1972-07-04 Westinghouse Electric Corp Photoflash lamp and multiple flashlamp system
US3765821A (en) * 1971-10-14 1973-10-16 Gte Laboratories Inc Flash lamp
US3807935A (en) * 1971-10-14 1974-04-30 Gte Laboratories Inc Flash lamp
US20070086199A1 (en) * 2003-07-02 2007-04-19 S.C Johnson & Son, Inc. Combination White Light and Colored LED Light Device with Active Ingredient Emission
US20070109782A1 (en) * 2003-07-02 2007-05-17 S.C. Johnson And Son, Inc. Structures for color changing light devices
US7246919B2 (en) 2004-03-03 2007-07-24 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. LED light bulb with active ingredient emission
US7318659B2 (en) 2004-03-03 2008-01-15 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Combination white light and colored LED light device with active ingredient emission
US7476002B2 (en) 2003-07-02 2009-01-13 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Color changing light devices with active ingredient and sound emission for mood enhancement
US7503675B2 (en) 2004-03-03 2009-03-17 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Combination light device with insect control ingredient emission
US7604378B2 (en) 2003-07-02 2009-10-20 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Color changing outdoor lights with active ingredient and sound emission
US20160313684A1 (en) * 2015-04-24 2016-10-27 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Heater, fixing device, and image forming apparatus

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2325667A (en) * 1941-05-15 1943-08-03 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Flash lamp
US2858686A (en) * 1956-09-21 1958-11-04 Gen Electric Flash lamp

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2325667A (en) * 1941-05-15 1943-08-03 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Flash lamp
US2858686A (en) * 1956-09-21 1958-11-04 Gen Electric Flash lamp

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3675004A (en) * 1970-06-15 1972-07-04 Westinghouse Electric Corp Photoflash lamp and multiple flashlamp system
US3765821A (en) * 1971-10-14 1973-10-16 Gte Laboratories Inc Flash lamp
US3807935A (en) * 1971-10-14 1974-04-30 Gte Laboratories Inc Flash lamp
US7484860B2 (en) 2003-07-02 2009-02-03 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Combination white light and colored LED light device with active ingredient emission
US20070109782A1 (en) * 2003-07-02 2007-05-17 S.C. Johnson And Son, Inc. Structures for color changing light devices
US20080232091A1 (en) * 2003-07-02 2008-09-25 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc Combination Compact Flourescent Light with Active Ingredient Emission
US7476002B2 (en) 2003-07-02 2009-01-13 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Color changing light devices with active ingredient and sound emission for mood enhancement
US20070086199A1 (en) * 2003-07-02 2007-04-19 S.C Johnson & Son, Inc. Combination White Light and Colored LED Light Device with Active Ingredient Emission
US7520635B2 (en) 2003-07-02 2009-04-21 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Structures for color changing light devices
US7604378B2 (en) 2003-07-02 2009-10-20 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Color changing outdoor lights with active ingredient and sound emission
US7618151B2 (en) 2003-07-02 2009-11-17 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Combination compact flourescent light with active ingredient emission
US7246919B2 (en) 2004-03-03 2007-07-24 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. LED light bulb with active ingredient emission
US7318659B2 (en) 2004-03-03 2008-01-15 S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Combination white light and colored LED light device with active ingredient emission
US7503675B2 (en) 2004-03-03 2009-03-17 S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. Combination light device with insect control ingredient emission
US20160313684A1 (en) * 2015-04-24 2016-10-27 Ricoh Company, Ltd. Heater, fixing device, and image forming apparatus

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GB1152455A (en) 1969-05-21
ES327858A1 (es) 1967-08-16
DK114044B (da) 1969-05-19
NL6507601A (da) 1966-12-16
NO117828B (da) 1969-09-29
DE1286903B (de) 1969-01-09
SE317575B (da) 1969-11-17
BE682462A (da) 1966-12-13
AT265862B (de) 1968-10-25
NL145939B (nl) 1975-05-15
CH450166A (de) 1968-01-15

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