US3333316A - Method of felting keratinous articles - Google Patents

Method of felting keratinous articles Download PDF

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US3333316A
US3333316A US439714A US43971465A US3333316A US 3333316 A US3333316 A US 3333316A US 439714 A US439714 A US 439714A US 43971465 A US43971465 A US 43971465A US 3333316 A US3333316 A US 3333316A
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Prior art keywords
articles
bath
felting
drum
water
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US439714A
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English (en)
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Cosnard Jean Claude
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Produits Chimiques Pechiney Saint Gobain
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Produits Chimiques Pechiney Saint Gobain
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
    • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
    • D04H1/4266—Natural fibres not provided for in group D04H1/425
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
    • D04H1/04—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres having existing or potential cohesive properties, e.g. natural fibres, prestretched or fibrillated artificial fibres
    • D04H1/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres having existing or potential cohesive properties, e.g. natural fibres, prestretched or fibrillated artificial fibres and hardened by felting; Felts or felted products
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B9/00—Solvent-treatment of textile materials
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/52—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/522—Fulling

Definitions

  • Felting is an industrial operation which is customarily used in the manufacture of different keratin-ous articles such as blankets, hats, industrial felts and some articles of clothing. Felting is characterized by substantial shrinking of the articles and by an increase in the weight per unit of the surface of the material treated. In the case of woven or knitted articles the operation is characterized to some extent by the disappearance of the pattern of the cloth.
  • Felting is generally carried out by submitting the material to intense mechanical working in an acid or alkaline aqueous solution, usually in a felting machine, for instace a mallet machine, the treatment frequently requiring 14 to 16 hours. Beyond the time consumed there are other inconveniences, including a substantial loss of weight, and the degradation of the textile fibers. This degradation involves the reduction of the mechanical qualities of the textile fibers, a loss of life, and poor iiexibility and hand.
  • apparatus which includes a chamber, a rotary drum therein, means to ⁇ supply the chamber with a bath comprising water and an inert hydrocarbon, a reservoir for such bath connected to the tank by a iilter and by a return line, means to control the temperature of the bath, means t-o empty the tank of fluid, means to drive the drum at treating and at centrifuging speeds, means to recover bath vapor from the gases in the chamber, and temperature control means for the chamber.
  • keratin-ous materials for instancewool
  • the essential element of which is a hydrocarbon which may be halogenated or not and which may include the alkyl and alkylene, that is to say the saturated and the unsaturated, types.
  • the material to be treated is subjected to repeated immersions in the treating bath. It is generally advantageous to vary the intensity of the mechanical action on the treated articles during the course of the treatment by reducing the volume of the bath, which changes the effect -of plunging the articles into the bath, and reduces the time of immersion. According to another method of the process the material is agitated in ice the bath without being removed, preferably with frequent and vigorous reversal of direction.
  • hydrocarbons which are useful in this felting operation is a heavy petroleum fraction, having a boiling point between 1GO-300 C. and preferably between 15G-210 C.
  • the hydrocarbons may be saturated or unsaturated, halogenated or not.
  • the halogens most employed as substituents on the hydrocarbons are chlorine or fluorine.
  • such hydrocarbons are triiiuorotrichlorethane, trichlorethane, dichloropropane, dichlorodiuoroethane, trichlorethylene, tetrachlorethylene and dichlorethylene.
  • a quantity of water which is between 20-60% of the weight of the dry articles undergoing treatment.
  • This water may be included in the bath ori ginally or added as the treatment proceeds either all at once or in steps.
  • dispersing agents may be ,surface active agents of anionic type, such as the sulfates of fatty alcohols, or cationic type, such as the derivatives of quaternary ammonium compounds, or nonionic such as the derivatives of ethylene oxide.
  • the quantity of dispersing agent introduced depends upon the nature of the organic phase chosen and on the quantity of water included. The water is generally in minor percent and the organic phase in major percent, but they may be present in a proportion up to about 1:1 by weight.
  • the invention is employed at temperatures below the boiling point of the constituents of the bath, the temperature generally being between 30 and 70 C. and preferably around 50 C.
  • the process is readily accomplished in an apparatus which contains as its essential element a chamber including a rotary drum which is partially submerged in the bath.
  • the drum is preferably a forarninous cylinder mounted revolvably on a horizontal axis and capable of being driven at different speeds, of which lower speeds are used to treat the goods and higher speeds are used to spin the goods dry.
  • the satisfactory proportion of diameter to depth is 1:5.
  • This drum can be rotated in one direction or it can be alternated in direction.
  • the interior of the ⁇ drum can be equipped with prongs or pins or other structures designed to catch and lift the articles.
  • the drum is rotated so as to carry the articles to the upper part from which they are released and fall by gravity into the bath.
  • the speed of rotation may be on the Iorder of 35 rpm., this being a satisfactory speed of rotation in most cases.
  • the maintenance of the temperature of the treating bath is of some importance and it is advisable to incorporate an electrical or steam heating coil to maintain a proper, selected ⁇ temperature.
  • a dryer for example a hot air dryer, so that the treated article can be freed of residual treating bath, and with means for recovering any hydrocarbon which escapes from the bath as a gas.
  • the ligure is a diagrammatic view of apparatus accord ing to the invention, in which 10 indicates a treating chamber which is enclosed and which is supplied with water and a hydrocarbon from a storage tank 11 by means of a cond-uit 12.
  • a drum 13 which has a foraminous rim and is mounted on bearings not shown.
  • a motor 14 of variable speed, the speeds of which may be changed from those which are satisfactory for felting to those which are satisfactory for the centrifugal drying of the goods.
  • the perforation in the walls of the drum are indicated at 15. They admit some of the bath during felting and they permit its escape from the goods during drying.
  • the interior'wall of the drum is also provided with steps or paddles 16 which serve to carry the goods and lift them up to the top, from whence they fall down into the treating bath once more.
  • a door 17 in the wall of the chamber gives access to the interior of the chamber and the drum.
  • a conduit 18 connects the chamber with the filter 19' and pump 20 serves to drive the fluid in the conduit into the upper part of the reservoir 11.
  • This reservoir may be supplied with water through line 21 and with hydrocarbon through a line 22.
  • the heating coil 23 is supplied with hot water, steam or electricity depending upon the nature of the coil.
  • the apparatus does not require automatic temperature control because this can usually be controlled manually7 but the chamber 10l may be provided with a thermostat 24 which is connected electrically to a pump 25 in the heating coil line 23. This assumes that the heating coil is supplied with a hot fluid.
  • the construction of such automatic heat control is well known and is not novel in itself.
  • the upper portion Iof the chamber 10 is connected by a line 26 to a solvent trap 27.
  • the air line 28 is connected to a ventilator 29 which is, in turn, connected to the upper portion of the chamber.
  • the material in the drum after the felting bath has been drained off, can be dried by admitting air from line 28 through valve 30 and ventilator 29 to the interior of the chamber where it dries the felted material and is discharged to the solvent trap 27.
  • the air from line 28 will normally be used at elevated temperature so as to evaporate the hydrocarbons retained in the felted material. It is preferably assisted by rotating the drum at a speed which spins residual liquid out of the material.
  • the speeds employed in household and commercial washing machines and spin dryers, and the chambers employed in such apparatus are suitable in the present use.
  • the solvent trap 27 receives the vapors through line 26 and extracts the hydrocarbons therefrom.
  • the escape of gasses stripped of their hydrocarbons can be assisted by flowing air through the line 31, which acts as an aspirator to draw the fumes through the trap.
  • a valve 32 enables one to control the degree of vacuum exerted by the aspirator.
  • the heater can be applied in the felting bath containing the goods beneath the liquid level.
  • the process is carried out by putting the articles to be treated, a number of berets, into the drum of the machine.
  • the apparent volume of the articles may conveniently represent up to 50% of the volume of the drum and it is advantageous to choose the weight of dry materials introduced with respect to the volume of the bath between l/ZS and l/ 1, a preferred ratio lying between l/ 15 and 1/ 3, the weight being measured in kilograms and the volume in liters.
  • the drum is rotated so as to submit the articles to be repeated immersions in the bath, the temperature being maintained upward of about 50 C. but below the point of active vaporization of the particular liquid employed. This treatment is continued until the chosen degree of felting has been reached. This will be a function of the nature of the articles treated and of the conditions employed. It may run anywhere from 30 lminutes to 3 hours.
  • the articles are dried, preferably by draining the tank of liquid and filling it with hot air.
  • the drum may be rotated or not during the drying, as desired.
  • Example I A closed chamber containing a perforated, stainless steel drum 815 mm. in diameter and 335 mm. wide capable of being driven at 35 r.p.m., is connected to a reservoir so located as to supply the chamber by gravity.
  • a circulating pump is located in the pipeline which extends from the bottom of the chamber to the top of the reservoir.
  • the pipeline also contains a filter and an electric heater. The heater may be in the chamber, in the line, or in the reservoir.
  • the articles submitted to felting are knitted wool berets 44 cm. in diameter weighing about 75 g. apiece. These berets contain about 6% by weight of oiling and greasing compound (lubricants) of standard types. About 3 kg.
  • the berets are centrifuged in the drum at high speeds and dried by air at 70 C.
  • the berets, as withdrawn from the chamber, have a diameter of 23 cm. which indicates a dimensional reduction in size of 48%. They weigh 70 g. each which, considering the removal of 6% oils and grease, corresponds to a lossof wool of only .7%.
  • the berets obtained have a hand and life which is substantially superior to that of the same berets when treated by known techniques in aqueous alkaline or acid medium.
  • the prior art technique required about 6 to 8 hours and resulted in a loss of about of the wool.
  • the berets produced by this invention have a resistance to distortion of 7.08 kg./cm.2, whereas like materials when treated by the process of the prior art have a resistance of only 6.02 kg./cm.2, both measurements being by the system AFNOR NF .G00.002.
  • Example 2 Operating as in Example l with this difference, that one simply treats the berets with 70 liters of tetrachlorethylene, 1500 g. of water and 1500 g. of emulsifier for 2 hours at 50 C. This produces berets 30 cm. in diameter, a dimensional reduction of 32%, and a hand and life comparable to the berets of Example 1.
  • Example 3 One operates in the same apparatus as Example 1 with 3 kg, of woven woolen blankets containing 10% polyamide fibers and 4% of wool grease.
  • the treatment is started with a mixture of 70 liters of tetrachlorethylene 600 g. of water and 600 g. of emulsifier, the preliminary heating being for 10 minutes at 42 C. Thereafter there is added 450 g. of water and 450 g. of emulsier, and the treatment is continued at 42 C. for 15 minutes. After spinning and drying, the blankets have a dimensional reduction of 27.4% in length and 4.8% in width. The loss of textile materials is 4.1%.
  • the blankets thus treated have a woolly, soft appearance which approximates those of finished articles. This has the advantage that it makes it possible to materially reduce the surface working which has previously been employed to raise the nap.
  • Example 4 Using the apparatus of Example 1 with 3 kg. of Wool down, containing 4% of wool lubricant, the treatment is begun with a mixture of 70 liters of tetrachlorethylene, 600 g. of water and 600 g. of emuisifier. This treatment continues for 10 minutes at 62 C., there is added to the bath 900 g. of water and 900 g. of emulsilier, and the treatment is continued for minutes. The volume of the bath is reduced to liters without modifying its composition, and the operation is continued while circulating the bath through a filter for 1 hour and 30 minutes. After wringing and drying there is obtained a wool down having a hand and life substantially superior to those of wool down felted in the aqueous acid or alkaline media of the prior art. The dimensional reduction is 35.5% in length and 13.6% in width.
  • Example 5 article has an aspect which is particularly lively and woolly.
  • the shrinkage is in length and 34% in width.
  • the loss of Wool is about 3.7%.
  • the process of this invention has several important advantages.
  • the duration of treatment is considerably reduced when it is desired to attain degrees of felting which were previously either unobtainable or very difficult to obtain.
  • the fibers are not degraded during treatment, a very substantial advantage, and the loss of weight of the keratinous materials is materially reduced.
  • the lubricated articles submitted to felting are degreased by the organic contents of the felting bath, and this is particularly advantageous with respect to known proc ⁇ esses, which require a separate degreasing operation.
  • the articles may be dried in the very apparatus in which the felting takes place.
  • Another advantage resides in the excellent uniformity of result, that is to say in reproduceability of the process.
  • Known felting processes do not permit the production of such uniform products either in one operation or in a series of operation.
  • a method of felting keratinous articles which comprises repeatedly and sequentially immersing the articles in, and withdrawing them from a bath having as its essential felting ingredients a substantial proportion of a liquid hydrocarbon, which may be halogenated, and a substantial proportion of water, while maintaining the bath at substantially constant temperature with a range of about 30 to 70 C., and preferably above 50 C.
  • hydrocarbon is a heavy petroleum fraction boiling between about and about 210 C.
  • hydrocarbon is of a type represented by triuorotrichloroethane, trichloroethane, dichloropropane, dichlorodiiluoroethane, trichlorethylene, tetrachlorethylene, and dichlorethylene.
  • a method according to claim 4 which includes the step of reducing the quantity of the felting bath during the felting treatment.
  • a method according to claim 4 which includes the steps of draining the liquid from the felted articles, centrifuging the :articles to further reduce the content of liquid, drying the articles, and recovering the liquid from each such step.
  • a method of felting keratinous articles which comprises repeatedly and sequentially immersing the articles in and withdrawing them from a felting bath containing as the felting ingredients a liquid hydrocarbon, which may be halogenated, and water, in a substantial proportion of each, maintaining the temperature of the bath within a range of about 30 to 70 C., Vand preferably above 50 C., adding more water and repeating the sequential inimersion and withdrawal of the articles, in and from the bath, for a total period of about 30 minutes to two hours, and drying the articles.
  • a liquid hydrocarbon which may be halogenated

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
US439714A 1964-03-20 1965-03-15 Method of felting keratinous articles Expired - Lifetime US3333316A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR968127A FR1397467A (fr) 1964-03-20 1964-03-20 Procédé et appareillage pour le feutrage d'articles à base de fibres kératiniques et produits en résultant

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BE (1) BE661298A (en))
DE (1) DE1469455A1 (en))
DK (1) DK115248B (en))
FI (1) FI43866B (en))
FR (1) FR1397467A (en))
GB (1) GB1098795A (en))
LU (1) LU48226A1 (en))
NL (1) NL6503490A (en))

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3473175A (en) * 1960-12-23 1969-10-21 American Permac Inc Process and apparatus for the controlled treatment of textiles

Citations (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1478203A (en) * 1921-07-07 1923-12-18 Coghlan Timothy Augustine Treatment of wool to prepare it for manufacture
US1589626A (en) * 1924-04-21 1926-06-22 Us Hat Machinery Corp Method of and apparatus for treating felt articles
US1727375A (en) * 1928-02-07 1929-09-10 John H Martin Method of shrinking and felting animal fibers
US1851015A (en) * 1929-11-18 1932-03-29 George E Olsen Process for cleaning fabrics
US1911289A (en) * 1932-02-04 1933-05-30 Emery Industries Inc Method of cleaning fabrics
US1947522A (en) * 1931-12-10 1934-02-20 Fluss Viktor Process of removing fatty and pitchy matters from animal fibres and for making them more readily feltable
US2356681A (en) * 1943-06-21 1944-08-22 American Hatters And Furriers Method of carroting and composition therefor
US2541780A (en) * 1949-10-25 1951-02-13 Geo W Bollman & Co Inc Method of treating wool to prevent felting during wet processing
US2636248A (en) * 1950-02-01 1953-04-28 Jr Frank H Lee Apparatus for making felt
US2708303A (en) * 1953-03-09 1955-05-17 Bess Swenson Clifford Felting manufacture
US2712171A (en) * 1952-05-26 1955-07-05 Hoffman Manfred Turner Method of manufacturing wool felt
US2810183A (en) * 1955-03-09 1957-10-22 Edward W Smith Felting and/or fulling machines
US2951276A (en) * 1954-12-15 1960-09-06 Gobel Krafft Fulling and felting of textile goods
US3060548A (en) * 1959-09-16 1962-10-30 Western Felt Works Method of making felt
US3152382A (en) * 1957-06-21 1964-10-13 Huchler Georg Method of producing felt articles

Patent Citations (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1478203A (en) * 1921-07-07 1923-12-18 Coghlan Timothy Augustine Treatment of wool to prepare it for manufacture
US1589626A (en) * 1924-04-21 1926-06-22 Us Hat Machinery Corp Method of and apparatus for treating felt articles
US1727375A (en) * 1928-02-07 1929-09-10 John H Martin Method of shrinking and felting animal fibers
US1851015A (en) * 1929-11-18 1932-03-29 George E Olsen Process for cleaning fabrics
US1947522A (en) * 1931-12-10 1934-02-20 Fluss Viktor Process of removing fatty and pitchy matters from animal fibres and for making them more readily feltable
US1911289A (en) * 1932-02-04 1933-05-30 Emery Industries Inc Method of cleaning fabrics
US2356681A (en) * 1943-06-21 1944-08-22 American Hatters And Furriers Method of carroting and composition therefor
US2541780A (en) * 1949-10-25 1951-02-13 Geo W Bollman & Co Inc Method of treating wool to prevent felting during wet processing
US2636248A (en) * 1950-02-01 1953-04-28 Jr Frank H Lee Apparatus for making felt
US2712171A (en) * 1952-05-26 1955-07-05 Hoffman Manfred Turner Method of manufacturing wool felt
US2708303A (en) * 1953-03-09 1955-05-17 Bess Swenson Clifford Felting manufacture
US2951276A (en) * 1954-12-15 1960-09-06 Gobel Krafft Fulling and felting of textile goods
US2810183A (en) * 1955-03-09 1957-10-22 Edward W Smith Felting and/or fulling machines
US3152382A (en) * 1957-06-21 1964-10-13 Huchler Georg Method of producing felt articles
US3060548A (en) * 1959-09-16 1962-10-30 Western Felt Works Method of making felt

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3473175A (en) * 1960-12-23 1969-10-21 American Permac Inc Process and apparatus for the controlled treatment of textiles

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Publication number Publication date
FR1397467A (fr) 1965-04-30
DE1469455A1 (de) 1969-05-29
BE661298A (en)) 1900-01-01
FI43866B (en)) 1971-03-31
GB1098795A (en) 1968-01-10
NL6503490A (en)) 1965-09-21
DK115248B (da) 1969-09-22
LU48226A1 (en)) 1965-09-20

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