US3332247A - Piles - Google Patents

Description

y 1967 E. A. PROCTOR 3,332,247

FILES Filed Feb. 14, 1964 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 July 25, 1967 E. A. PROCTOR FILES 3 SheetsSheet 2 Filed Feb. 14, 19 64 July 5, 1967 E. A. PROCTOR FILES T5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Feb. 14, 1964 United States Patent 3,332,247 PILES Edward Augustus Proctor, 2888 Meadowbrook Blvd., Cleveland Heights, Ohio 44118 Filed Feb. 14, 1964, Ser. No. 344,850 4 Claims. (Cl. 61-53) A pile is generally defined as a shaft driven into the ground. An essential feature of the definition is the recitation that the shaft is driven into the ground. Without the recitation of driving, a pile ceases to be a pile but becomes merely a pipe, I beam, wooden pole, concrete post or composite member.

My invention concerns a divergent prong pile comprising the central portion and straight prong portions diverging from the central portion. The central portion is in essence a pile in itself and is driven into the ground by a first operation of a pile driving means. The straight divergent prongs of my improved pile are driven into the ground by a second operation of a pile driving means. The central portion of my improved pile can be a solid shaft, a hollow v pipe casing, a combination of solid and hollow segments and a pipe filled with concrete. An essential feature of my improved pile is that the central portion carries a cold forging push through female bending die having a curved matrix comprising a curved deflecting passage and at least one straight passage adjacent to the egress opening of the matrix. The second operation of the pile driving means forces straight members through the curved matrix to fashion the mentioned straight divergent prong or prongs which endwise pierces the ground in a true pile manner because of being a truly straight member.

Many previous inventors have greatly improved foundation piles by adding to them various protuberances, enlarged portions, extensions, arms, bell bottoms and extended bases and even curved divergent prongs.

My invention comprises a divergent prong pile in which the straight divergent prongs each endwise pierce the ground in a true pile manner. This is a distinct departure from the various improvements mentioned in the previous paragraph.

The main objective of my invention is to improve pile foundations by making them more eflicient, economical and reliable while extending the range of their usefulness.

Another object of my invention is to increase the vertical load carry capacity of piles driven into either cohesive and non cohesive soils.

Another object of my invention is to increase the vertical load carrying capacity of bottom bearing piles resting on a firm strata of firm soil or rock.

Another object of my invention is to eliminate the need for batter piles.

Another object of my invention is to overcome the present inherent inability of present day piles to resist horizontal forces applied to their upper ends.

Another object of my invention is to eliminate the necessity of driving expensive and unreliable tied pile clusters for the purpose of resisting horizontal forces.

Another object of my invention is to provide a pile having a much greater resistance to vertical withdrawal than any present-day pile regardless of its construction.

The strength requirements of present day piles is dietated by the requirement of withstanding the driving forces rather than by the requirement of sustaining the applied vertical load, exceptions being the rare case where the pile happens to be a bottom bearing pile. Another way of stating this is to say that the structure of most present day piles are capable of supporting a greater superimposed vertical load than the soil supporting the pile will sustain even though the base be enlarged by some means or the pile have some proturberances. Another object of my invention is to engage sufficient support from the soil, even though it be of a loose non-cohesive character, to develop the full strength of my central pile structure.

A great expense in pile foundations arises from the necessity of driving the piles against skin friction to great depths into the ground in order to find an adequate supporting soil. An object of my invention is to reduce the cost of pile foundations by developing increased resistance to both vertical and horizontal loads within each pile without incurring additional driving depth. Upon achieving this the cost of pile foundations will be decreased because many less piles driven to a correspondingly similar depth will be required than presently.

Since my improved pile will be the first pile to have a substantial ability to resist horizontal forces applied to its upper end, wharf fenders, dolphins, docks and retaining walls will in the future be more economically and reliably constructed. For the same reason in the future arch structures having inherently large horizontal components of the abutment reactions will be economically constructed on sites of poor soil quality where as now arches cannot be considered as a type of construction on such sites because of the inability of present day piles to economically and reliably resist horizontal forces applied to their upper ends.

FIGURE 1 is a cross sectional ground view of the central longitudinal prong portion of my preferred divergent prong pile being driven vertically into the ground by a first application of a pile driving means.

FIGURE 2 is a cross sectional ground view of the central longitudinal prong portion of my preferred divergent prong pile, the longitudinal prong portion has an upper end carrying a cold forging push through female bending die having curved matrixes having ingress and egress openings, longitudinal members having lower ends concentrically aligned with the ingress openings are shown prior to being thrust through the bending die by a second application of the pile driving means.

FIGURE 3 is'a cross sectional ground view showing my preferred divergent prong pile.

FIGURE 4 is a top plan view of the bending die taken along line 44 as shown on FIGURE 2. and looking in the direction of the attached arrows.

FIGURE 5 is a cross sectional view through the bending die taken along line 5-5 as shown on FIGURE 4 and looking in the direction of the attached arrows and showing a curved matrix.

FIGURE 6 is a cross sectional view taken along line 6-6 as shown on FIGURE 3 and looking in the direction of the attached arrows.

FIGURE 7 is a cross sectional view taken along line 77 as shown 011 FIGURE 3 and looking in the direction of the attached arrows.

FIGURE 8 is a cross sectional ground view showing a first application of a pile driving means vertically driving into the ground the central longitudinal prong portion of my first alternate divergent prong pile.

FIGURE 9 is a cross sectional ground view showing the central longitudinal prong portion having a lower end carrying a cold forging push through female bending die having forked matrixes each having several curved matrix portions having one common ingress opening, while each curved matrix portion has its own individual egress opening, longitudinal members having lower ends concentrically aligning with the ingress openings, are shown prior to being thrust through the bending die by a second application of the pile driving means.

FIGURE 10 is a cross sectional ground view showing my first alternate divergent prong pile.

FIGURE 11 is a cross sectional view showing the plan elevation of the bending 'die taken along line 11-41 as shown on FIGURE and looking in the direction of the attached arrows.

FIGURE 12 is a cross sectional view through the bending die taken along line 1212 as shown on FIGURE 11 looking in the direction of the attached arrows and showing a plurality of curved matrixes.

FIGURE 13 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 1313 as shown on FIGURE 10 and looking in the direction of the attached arrows.

FIGURE 14 is a cross sectional view taken along line 14-1 4 as shown on FIGURE 10 and looking in the direction of the attached arrows.

FIGURE 15 is a cross-sectional ground view showing my third alternate divergent prong pile.

FIGURE 16 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 1616 as shown on FIGURE 15 and looking in the direction of the attached arrows.

FIGURE 17 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 17-17 as shown on FIGURE 15 and looking in the direction of the attached arrows.

My preferred divergent prong pile is amply illustrated in FIGURES 1 through 7. My preferred divergent prong pile comprises a central longitudinal prong 31 and a plurality of straight divergent prongs 32. The central longitudinal prong 31 being driven vertically into the ground 33 by a first operation 34 of a pile driving means 35 suspended by a suspension means 36 from some crane boom or similar device. The central longitudinal prong 31 has an upper driven end 37 and a lower piercing end 38. Upon driving the longitudinal prong 31 into the ground 33, a first cold forging push through female bending die 39 is welded or otherwise attached to the upper end 37. The bending die 39 has a plurality of first curved matrixes 40 each having an ingress opening 41 and an egress opening 42. The curved matrix 48 involves straight passages 43 and 44 adjacent respectively to the ingress opening 41 and egress opening 42. A curved deflecting passage 45 interconnects the straight passages 43 and 44.

A plurality of longitudinal vertical first members 46 having upper first ends 47 and lower second ends 48 are shown in FIGURE 2 positioned above the cold forging push through female bending die 39.

The second ends 48 are shown in FIGURE 4 as concentrically aligned with the ingress openings 41.

The longitudinal members 46 have first portions 49 adjacent to the first ends 47 and second portions 50 adj acent to the second ends 48.

A second operation 51 of the pile driving means 35 applied to the first ends 47 thrusts the second portions 50 through the curved matrixes 40 to pierce the ground 33 while radiating from the upper end 37 of the central prong 31 to fashion straight divergent prongs 32. The longitudinal members 46 are being fashioned into a curved configuration when being forced through curved deflecting passage 45 and are subsequently fashioned into a straight configuration when forced through the straight passage 44 because an intimate sliding contract between the longitudinal member 46 and the inside surface of straight passage 44 produced a wresting of the curved configuration of member 44, which wresting action reshapes the curved configuration previously confined within curved deflecting passage 45 into a straight prong 32.

FIGURE 6 illustrates that my central prong 31 can be structural steel shaft 52 having an I cross sectional configuration 53.

FIGURE 7 illustrates that my divergent prongs 32 have the solid configuration 54 of a bar 55.

My first alternate divergent prong pile 56 is amply illustrated in FIGURES 8 through 14, as comprising central shaft 57' and straight divergent prongs 58.

The central longitudinal shaft 57 being driven vertically into the ground 33 by a first operation 34 of a pile driving means 35 suspended by a suspension means 36 from some crane boom or similar device.

The central longitudinal shaft 57 has an upper driven end 122 and a lower end 59 carrying a second cold forging push through female bending die 60. The central longitudinal shaft 57 is a pipe casing 61 also having the ends 122 and 59 previously described. Lower end 59 is attached by welding or other suitable means to the bending die 60 having a plurality of forked matrixes each having curved second matrix portions 62, 63 and 64 shown in FIGURES 9 and 12. The curved matrix portions 62, 63 and 64 each have a common ingress opening 65. The curved matrix portions 62, 63 and 64 each respectively have individual egress openings 66, 67 and 68. The curved matrix portions 62 comprises a curved deflecting passage 69 between straight passages 70 and 71. The curved matrix portion 63 comprises a curved deflecting passage 72 between straight passages 73 and 74. The curved matrix 64 comprises a curved deflecting passage 75 between straight passages 76 and 77 the straight passages 71, 74 and-77 provide a wresting action to the curved tubes after their confinement within the curved passages 69, 72 and 75, which wresting action reshapes the curved tubes into the straight prongs 58. FIGURE 9 shows the wresting action within the straight passage 71 illustrated further on FIGURE 12.

A plurality of longitudinal vertical second members 78 having upper first ends 79 and lower second ends 80 are shown in FIGURE 9 positioned at a cold forging push through female bending die 60.

The second ends 80 are shown in FIGURE 11 as concentrically aligned with the ingress openings 65.

The second members 78 comprises three telescopically arranged pipes 81, 82 and 83 each having upper first ends 79 and lower second ends 80 as mentioned previously. The central pipe 81 has an upper first portion 84 adjacent to the first 79 and a lower second portion 85 adjacent to the second end 80. The intermediate pipe 82 has an upper first portion 86 adjacent to the first end 79 and a lower second portion 87 adjacent to the second end 80. The outer pipe 83 has an upper first portion 88 adjacent to the first end 79 and a lower second portion 89 adjacent to the second end 80.

A second operation 51 of the pile driving means 35 applied to the first ends 79 by means of punch 90 thrusts the second portions 85, 87 and 89 consecutively through the curved matrix portions 62, 63 and 67 respectively of the forked matrix to fashion the plurality of straight divergent prongs 58.

The punch 90 involves a plurality of punch elements 91 each involving removable punch portions 92 and 93. The intermediate pipe 82 has an inside diameter 94 slightly larger than diameter 95 of punch portion 92. The outer pipe 83 has an inside diameter 96 slightly larger than the diameter 97 of punch portion 93.

Upon driving the first portion 85 of pipe 81 through the curved matrix portion 62 the punch portion 92 is removed from punch 90.

Upon driving the first portion 87 of pipe 82 through the curved matrix portion 63 the punch portion 93 is removed from the punch 90.

The straight divergent prongs 58 divergently pierce the ground 33 in a true pile manner because of their straightness while diverging away from the central longitudinal shaft 57. The divergent prongs 58 diverge away from the lower end 59 of my first alternate pile 56 whereas the divergent prongs 32 diverge from the upper end 37 of my preferred pile 30 as is indicated by comparison of FIG- URES 10 and 3.

The arrangement of curved matrix portions 62, 63 and 64 into a forked matrix having a common ingress opening 65 as shown in FIGURE 12 permits telescopically arranged vertical pipes such as 81, 82 and 83 to be pushed through the various curved matrix portions 62, 63, and 64 as described as well as any three solid bars of increasing diametric dimension, the smallest bar being thrust individually through the die 60 first, followed by an intermediate size bar which in turn would be, followed by the largest bar each being thrust individually through the die 60. A blunt punch such as punch 91 without removable punch portions 92and 93 can be used in the case of solid bars being pushed through the die 60.

FIGURE 13 shows the divergent prongs 58 involving portions 85, 87 and 89 of pipes 81, 82 and 83 filled with concrete 98.

FIGURE 14 shows the central longitudinal shaft 57 comprising a pipe casing 61 filled with concrete 98.

The various curved deflecting passage such as curved segment 45 on FIGURE 5 causes the longitudinal members to bend into a curved configuration. The various straight passages such as 44 shown on FIGURE 5 and 71, 74, and 77 shown on FIGURE 12 located adjacently to the egress opening of the bending die restraighten the curved configuration into straight configurations as represented the straight prongs 32 shown on FIGURE 3 and straight prongs 58 shown on FIGURE 10. Should a straight passage be omitted adjacently to the egress opening the divergent prongs would have a curved configuration instead of being straight in order to be able to drive the divergent prongs a substantial distance away from the central prong; the divergent prongs a substantial distance away from the central prong; the divergent prongs must be straight. The instant any pile becomes severely deflected or bent it ceases to be driveable and acts as if it were a spring placed in the ground. A pile driving hammer when applied to a bent pile bounces like a bucking bronco rather than effectively performing its required driving operation. The bent pile oscillates within the ground in the manner similar to the tines of a struck tuning fork. It is of the utmost importance that all piles including the divergent prongs of my improved pile remain straight while endwise piercing the ground. Where past inventors provided curved divergent prong elements to be driven by pile driving means they did not fully understand pile driving operations and their curved divergent prongs could not have been made to be really effective to an extent to justify their use. Past inventors knew that they had to bend the prongs in order to diverge them but they did not realize that they had to restraighten the bent prongs in order to make them driveable into the soil.

Whereas the divergent prongs 32 of my preferred divergent prong pile 30 diverged from the upper end 37 of the central longitudinal prong 31; and whereas the divergent prongs 58 of my first alternate divergent prong pile 56 diverge from the lower end 59 of the central longitudinal shaft 57, the divergent prongs can of course be made to diverge from a center portion of the central prong.

Comparison of FIGURE with FIGURE 2 illustrates why I describe the central portion of my first alternate divergent prong pile 56 as a central longitudinal shaft 57 and whereas I describe the central portion of my preferred divergent prong pile 30 as a central longitudinal prong 31.

My preferred divergent prong pile 30 has a central prong and a plurality of divergent prongs. My first alternate straight divergent prong pile 56 has a central shaft 57 and divergent straight prongs 58. There being very little difference in functions between the central shaft 57 and the central longitudinal prong 31 excepting by definition a prong should have a configuration enabling it to pierce something. The central shaft 57 by itself did pierce the ground in the manner of a prong but upon establishment of the divergent straight prongs 58 the central shaft ceases to resemble 3. prong in conformity to the definition of a prong.

My third alternate divergent prong pile 127 is amply illustrated in FIGURES through 17.

My third alternate divergent prong pile 127 comprises a central longitudinal prong 128 and divergent straight prongs 129 and 130. The central longitudinal prong 128 being driven vertically into the ground by a first operation of a pile driving means. The longitudinal prong 128 having a lower piercing end 131 and an upper driven end 132.

The longitudinal prong 128 comprising a pipe casing 133 involving pipe walls 134 encasing a cavity 135 confining a fourth cold forging push through bending die 136. The pipe walls have perforations 137 and 138. The bending die 136 involved curved matrixes 139 and 140. The curved matrix 139 has an ingress opening 141 and an egress opening 142. The curved matrix has an ingress opening 143 and an egress opening 144. The egress openings 142 and 144 are concentrically aligned with pipe perforations 137 and 138. The curved matrix 139 involves a curved deflecting passage 145 between straight passages 146 and 147. The curved matrix 140 involves a curved deflecting passage 148 between straight passages 149 and 150.

The curved deflecting passage 145 has a greater degree of curvature than the curved deflecting passage 148 which accounts for the divergent straight prong 129 being directed at right angles to the central prong 128 while the divergent straight prong 130 is directed acutely downwardly in relation to central prong 128.

FIGURE 15 illustrates how a wresting action with straight passage 149 reshapes the curved configuration after its confinement within curved deflecting passage 148 and while it travels through the straight passage 149.

' FIGURE 16 illustrates that divergent prong 129 has the cross sectional configuration of an eflicient beam member typified as an L configuration 151.

FIGURE 17 illustrates that divergent prong 130 has the cross sectional configuration of an efficient beam member typified as an inverted T configuration 152. The

divergent prongs as contemplated in this invention are fashioned from steel or other similar materials having an elastic limit defined as the maximum intensity of stress to which a material may be subjected and subsequently return to its original shape upon removal or reduction of the stress. When a member is bent or otherwise deformed to an extent wherein the stresses induced in the material are more intense or higher than the stresses defining the elastic limit, wherein the member acquires a permanent bend or set. In other words the bending of the element in question is so severe that it remains in its bent condition without any inherent ability to spring back toward its original unbent configuration. Whereas a slight bending or deformation of a member stresses the member below the elastic limit, and a removal of the bending force permits the member to return to its original unbent condition. It is obvious that in this invention for theinvention to produce the desired results the bending of the divergent prongs must be so severe that the prongs will be stressed beyond their elastic limit and will remain bent or subsequently straightened without any tendency to spring away from the desired or ultimate configuration.

When steel is the material under consideration the elastic limit stresses will be in the range of between 30 to 40 thousand pounds per square inch. Every structural material has some elastic limit, generally much lower than the elastic limit described above for steel.

Although I have described my invention with a certain degree of particularity, it is understood that the present disclosure has been made only by way of example and that numerous changes in the details of construction and the combination and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.

I claim as my invention: 1. In a pile with divergent prongs, the combination with a vertical pipe casing and curved deflecting passages, I of a cold forging push through female bending die having a plurality of curved mat rixes, each matrix having an ingress and an egress opening, each curved matrix having said curved deflecting passage adjacent to the ingress opening, each curved matrix having a straight guide passage adjacent to the egress opening, vertical longitudinal members having lower ends being positioned above the female bending die, the lower ends being in registry with the ingress openings, the longitudinal members to be driven vertically by pile driving means through the female bending die to fashion straight divergent prongs radiating from the vertical pipe casing, the longitudinal members being fashioned into a curved configuration having an outside first surface when forced through the curved deflecting passage, the curved configuration subsequently being reshaped into a straight configuration when forced through the straight guide passage having an inside second surface, the pipe casing having openings in registry with the egress openings, an intimate sliding contact between the first and second surfaces produces a progressive wresting of the curved configuration which wresting reshapes the curved configuration into a straight configuration, said longitudinal members subjected to stresses having an elastic limit, fashioning of said longitudinal members into said curved configuration and subsequent reshaping of the curved configuration into said straight configuration producing stresses greater in magnitude than said elastic limit.

2. In a pile with divergent prongs, the combination with curved deflecting passages, of a central longitudinal structural I prong and a cold forging push through female bending die having a plurality of curved matrixes, each matrix having an ingress and an egress opening, each curved matrix having said curved deflecting passage adjacent to the ingress opening, each curved matrix having a straight guide passage adjacent to the egress opening, the central longitudinal structural I prong being vertically driven into the ground, the central structural I prong having an upper end attached to the female bending die, vertical longitudinal members having lower ends being positioned above the female bending die, the lower ends being in registry with the ingress openings, the longitudinal members to be driven vertically through the female bending die by pile driving means to fashion straight divergent prongs radiating from the upper end of the central structural I prong, the longitudinal members being fashioned into a curved configuration having an outside first surface when forced through the curved deflecting passage, the curved configuration subsequently being reshaped into a straight configuration when forced through the straight guide passage having an inside second surface, an intimate sliding contact between the first and second surfaces produces a progressive wresting of the curved configuration which wresting reshapes the curved configuration into a straight configuration, said longitudinal members subjected to stresses having an elastic limit, fashioning of said longitudinal members into said curved configuration and subsequent reshaping of the curved configuration into said straight configuration producing stresses greater in magnitude than said elastic limit.

3. In a pile with divergent prongs, the combination with a vertical pipe casing and curved deflecting passages, of tubular prongs filled with concrete and a cold forging push through female bending die having a plurality of curved rnatrixes, each matrix having an ingress and an egress opening, each curved matrix having said curved deflecting passage adjacent to the ingress opening, each curved matrix having a straight guide passage adjacent to the egress opening, vertical tubes having lower ends being positioned above the female bending die, the lower ends being in registry with the ingress openings, the vertical tubes to be driven vertically by pile driving means through the female bending die to fashion straight divergent tubular prongs radiating from the vertical pipe casing, the tubes being fashioned into curved tubes having an outside first surface when forced through the curved deflecting passage, the curved tubes subsequently being reshaped into straight tubes when forced through the straight guide passages having inside second surfaces, the straight tubes fashioning the straight divergent tubular prongs, fluid concrete deposited inside the vertical pipe casing flows through female bending die and fills the tubular prongs, an intimate sliding contact between the first and second surfaces produces a progressive wresting of the curved configuration, which wresting reshapes the curved configuration into a straight configuration, said tubes subjected to stresses having an elastic limit, fashioning of said tubes into curved tubes and subsequent reshaping of the curved tubes into straight tubes producing stresses greater in magnitude than said elastic limit.

4. In a pile with divergent prongs the combination with a vertical pipe casing and curved deflecting passages, of a cold forging push through female bending die having a plurality of forked matrixes, each forked matrix having a single ingress opening and first and second egress openings, each forked matrix having first and second interconnecting curved deflecting passages adjacent to the ingress opening, each forked matrix having first and second straight guide passages adjacent respectively to the first and second egress openings, the first and second straight guide passages being also adjacent respectively to the first and second curved deflecting passages, the first curved deflecting passage and first straight guide passage having a first cross section, the second curved deflecting passages and second straight guide passage having a second cross section, the second cross section being larger than the first cross section,'a first longitudinal tube being arranged inside of a larger second longitudinal tube, the first and second tubes having lower ends, the tubes being positioned vertically inside the pipe casing with the lower ends in registry with the ingress opening, the first tube being driven vertically through the first curved deflecting passage and subsequently through the first straight guide passage having an inside first surface, the second tube being driven vertically through the second curved deflecting passage and subsequently through the second straight guide passage having an inside second surface, the first and second tubes fashioning respectively first and second straight prongs radiating from the vertical pipe casing, the first tube when driven through the first deflection passage is shaped into a first curved tube having a third outside surface, the second tube when driven through the second deflection passage is shaped into a second curved tube having a fourth outside surface, an intimate sliding contact between the first and third surfaces produces a progressive first wresting of the first curved tube, which first wresting reshapes the first curved tube into said first straight prong, an intimate sliding contact between the second and fourth surfaces produces a progressive second wresting of the second curved tube, which second wresting reshapes the second curved tube into said second straight prong, said tubes subjected to stresses having an elastic limit, fashioning of said tubes into curved tubes and subsequent reshaping of the curved tubes into straight tubes producing stresses greater in magnitude than said elastic limit.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 727,335 5/1903 Fisher 52I60 1,370,334 7/1921 'Manderfeld 52-160 FOREIGN PATENTS 874,126 1953 Germany. 910,126 1954 Germany.

DAVID J. WILLIAMOWSKY, Primary Examiner.

JACOB SHAPIRO, Examiner,

Claims (1)

1. IN A PILE WITH DIVERGENT PRONGS, THE COMBINATION WITH A VERTICAL PIPE CASING AND CURVED DEFLECTING PASSAGES, OF A COLD FORGING PUSH THROUGH FEMALE BENDING DIE HAVING A PLURALITY OF CURVED MATRIXES, EACH MATRIX HAVING AN INGRESS AND AN EGRESS OPENING, EACH CURVED MATRIX HAVING SAID CURVED DEFLECTING PASSAGE ADJACENT TO THE INGRESS OPENING, EACH CURVED MATRIX HAVING A STRAIGHT GUIDE PASSAGE ADJACENT TO THE EGRESS OPENING, VERTICAL LONGITUDINAL MEMBERS HAVING LOWER ENDS BEING POSITIONED ABOVE THE FEMALE BENDING DIE, THE LOWER ENDS BEING IN REGISTRY WITH THE INGRESS OPENINGS, THE LONGITUDINAL MEMBERS TO BE DRIVEN VERTICALLY BY PILE DRIVING MEANS THROUGH THE FEMALE BENDING DIE TO FASHION STRAIGHT DIVERGENT PRONGS RADIATING FROM THE VERTICAL PIPE CASING, THE LONGITUDINAL MEMBERS BEING FASHIONED INTO A CURVED CONFIGURATION HAVING AN OUTSIDE FIRST SURFACE WHEN FORCED THROUGH THE CURVED DEFLECTING PASSAGE, THE CURVED CONFIGURATION SUBSEQUENTLY BEING RESHAPED INTO A STRAIGHT CONFIGURATION WHEN FORCED THROUGH THE STRAIGHT GUIDE PASSAGE HAVING AN INSIDE SECOND SURFACE THE PIPE CASING HAVING OPENINGS IN REGISTRY WITH THE EGRESS OPENINGS, AN INTIMATE SLIDING CONTACT BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND SURFACES PRODUCES A PROGRESSIVE WRESTING OF THE CURVED CONFIGURATION WHICH WRESTING RESHAPES THE CURVED CONFIGURATION INTO A STRAIGHT CONFIGURATION, SAID LONGITUDINAL MEMBERS SUBJECTED TO STRESSES HAVING AN ELASTIC LIMIT, FASHIONING OF SAID LONGITUDINAL MEMBERS INTO SAID CURVED CONFIGURATION AND SUBSEQUENT RESHAPING OF THE CURVED CONFIGURATION INTO SAID STRAIGHT CONFIGURATION PRODUCING STRESSES GREATER IN MAGNITUDE THAN SAID ELASTIC LIMIT.

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