US3145540A - Prestressed composite pile - Google Patents

Prestressed composite pile Download PDF

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US3145540A
US3145540A US179700A US17970062A US3145540A US 3145540 A US3145540 A US 3145540A US 179700 A US179700 A US 179700A US 17970062 A US17970062 A US 17970062A US 3145540 A US3145540 A US 3145540A
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concrete
pile
composite pile
wooden
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US179700A
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Jack R Baittinger
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D13/00—Accessories for placing or removing piles or bulkheads, e.g. noise attenuating chambers
    • E02D13/10—Follow-blocks of pile-drivers or like devices
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/48—Piles varying in construction along their length, i.e. along the body between head and shoe, e.g. made of different materials along their length
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/52—Piles composed of separable parts, e.g. telescopic tubes ; Piles composed of segments
    • E02D5/523—Piles composed of separable parts, e.g. telescopic tubes ; Piles composed of segments composed of segments
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/58—Prestressed concrete piles

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to the art of piling and more particularly to an improved composite pile, the upper part of which comprises prestressed reenforced concrete and the lower part comprises wood.
  • Piles are used to support or to form foundations for structures such as buildings, tanks, bridges, conduits, piers, wharves, etc. by inserting them into or through the yielding surface strata far enough to obtain a solid support for the principal structure.
  • untreated wooden piles are frequently unsatisfactory when exposed to salt or brakish water, or when exposed to changing tides or changing water In free Water such piles are attacked by marine borers and other insects and are liable to rot. In earth above the lowest level of the water table, they are subject to termites, fungi, mold and rot. Because concrete is not unduly alfected by the above destructive forces, it has been proposed to use-a composite wood-concrete pile structure having a wooden section entirely below the area where the above destructive forces attack and a concrete section connected to the top of the wooden section.
  • Composite piles wherein the upper part is formed of hollowcylindrical concretesectionsconnected by a solid concrete section and fastened together with prestressed steel cables and reenforced by longitudinal and helical wires are desirable as the hollow upper parts of the composite pile provide great point-bearing area and large surface area per-unit weight-of material.
  • the upper part also has a large section modulus, resulting in a high bending resistance. This results in a rigid pile, well able to resist horizontal forces suchas winds, waves, earthquakes and the impact of ships.
  • Such hollow 'upper part of the pile also has a large radius ofgyration in proportion to its weight so that its slenderness ratio is low when column action must be taken into account in the design.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a composite pile that is especially well adapted to withstand both tensional and compressional longitudinal forces as well as lateral stresses.
  • FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a composite pile embodying my invention, only part of the bottom section being shown.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional View taken on the line 2-2 of FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 3 is a top plan view as seen from the line 33 of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 4- is a cross-sectional view taken on the line 44 of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 5 is a similar view taken on the line 5-5 of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 6 is atop perspective view of a reenforcingcage.
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken on the line 77 of FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 1 a composite pile embodying my invention is shown and designated generally by the reference numeral 19.
  • the composite pile as can be seen in FIGS. land '2 comprises two principal parts, a wooden lower section 12 (the lower part of which is not shown) and an upper concrete section-14.
  • the wooden section 12 ordinarily will be generally round in cross-section, such as a section of log, although unlike other known structures the cross-sectional shape of the wooden section is not of particular importance, but its top or butt end 12a must'be round, the only requirement being that the dimension and cross-section of this end portion be such as to provide a tight fit in the bottom of the concrete section 14.
  • the upper section 14.of the composite pile '10 is a precast prestressed .cylindrical concrete body formed of three sections, a top elongated hollow cylindrical body section 20, a bottom hollow cylindrical body section 22 shorter than section 20, and an intermediate solid cylindrical .body section 24, the intermediate section serving as a joint between the top and'bottom sections.
  • the joints between the-ends of the topbody section 20 and the bottom body section 22 and the intermediate body section 24 are sealed by plastic cement such as the cement known in the-market as Epoxy cement. Any other suitable plasticcement may of course be used.
  • the top body section 20 includes the cylindrical side wall 26 formed of concrete reenforced by a wire cage 28 embedded therein and shown in detail in FIG. 6.
  • the cage'in includes a continuous wirelooped around, forming helically arranged convolutions 30.
  • the convolutions are tied to each other by means of a series of prestressed metal rods 32 extending across the'inside'thereof and lengthwise of the cage.
  • the prestressing of the rods 32 was effected by placing the rods on a hydraulic jack.
  • the rods were pulled-or stretched by the jack and while under tensionthe :rods were welded to the insideof the convolutionsofthe cageZS-where the rods crossthe convolutions, the cage having been placed around the rods. After the welding operation, the rods were cut and released from the jack.
  • the rods are Welded to the convolutions.
  • the side wall has smooth outer and inner surfaces.
  • the bottom body section 22 is similarly constructed, including the cylindrical side wall 34- of concrete reenforced by the metal cage 36, which cage consists of the helical convolutions 38 and elongated reenforcing rods 40 therealong.
  • the intermediate body section 24 constituting the joint between the top and bottom body sections is constituted by a solid round block 42 of concrete formed with a central air tube 46 embedded therein and extending therethrough.
  • Pairs of wires 48, 48 are tangentially arranged with respect to the top of the tube.
  • the pairs of wires cross each other and are welded to the tube.
  • the wires are embedded in the concrete.
  • Similar pairs of wires 59, 56 are tangentially arranged with respect to the bottom of the tube and are welded thereto.
  • the pairs of wires St), 50 cross each other and are embedded in the concrete.
  • the wires 48, 48 and 50, 5t) serve as reenforcements.
  • the tube 46 serves as a vent, permitting air to escape from the bottom body section 22 to and through the top body section 20.
  • Block 42 is reenforced by a metal cage 47 embedded therein.
  • a series of spaced passages 52 and 54 are formed in the side walls 26 and 34 of the top body section 20 and the bottom body section 22, respectively, which passages are in line with similar passages 56 formed in the intermediate body section 24 adjacent its periphery.
  • a prestressed cable 58 extends through each set of aligned passages from one end of the body to the other. The cables hold the body sections securely and intimately together and for this purpose the cables are post-tensioned after insertion into the passages.
  • a metal bushing or collar 60 with an annular flange 62 along one end of the bottom body section 22 is positioned in the bottom or free end of the bottom body section 22.
  • the flange 62 is perforated to receive the ends of the cables 58 and is provided with a shearing edge 64. While six cables are shown any desired number may be used.
  • grout or concrete 66 is forced through the passages 52, 54 and 56 and while the cables are still under posttensioned condition the grout or concrete is permitted to harden and set, thus anchoring the cables in position. The protruding ends of the cables are sheared off.
  • the bottom surface of the intermediate concrete block 42 will be flush with the upper flat surface 70 of the butt end 12a of the wooden pile 12.
  • the metal bushing or collar 60 will have slid along the butt end 12a of the wooden pile 12, causing some displacement of the wood to provide an extremely snug fit between the wood and bottom concrete body section 22.
  • the increased snugness provided by the bushing or collar 60 is a material factor in developing both tensional and lateral stress resistance.
  • the wooden section 12 first is driven with a pile driver in the usual way until its butt end 12a is just above the surface of the soil or water as the case may be.
  • the bottom body portion 22 of the assembled upper section 14 is then placed in position on top of the partially driven wooden section 12, and a suitable mandrel (not shown) is lowered until it rests upon the top of the upper body section 20.
  • the pile driver then-is used to drive the bottom body portion 22 of the upper section 14 of the pile down over the butt end 12a of the wooden section 12, shearing off any excess material and thereby fitting the bottom body portion 22 snugly onto the Wood.
  • a composite pile comprising an elongated sectional body constituted by a wooden lower section and an upper concrete section, said upper concrete section having a top portion, a bottom portion and an intermediate portion, said bottom portion being shorter than the top portion, a reinforcing wire'cage embedded in the concrete in each of the top and bottom portions, said intermediate portion consitituting a joint between the top and bottom portions, said intermediate portion composed of a solid round block of concrete having a central air tube embedded in the concrete and extending vertically through the block, pairs of wires tangentially arranged with respect to the tube and being welded to the tube at the top and bottom ends thereof, said wires being embedded in the concrete and serving as reinforcements, said top, bottom and intermediate body portions having aligned passages therethrough adjacent the peripheries thereof, a cable extending through each set of aligned passages, concrete in the passages anchoring the cables in position, a metal bushing embedded in the bottom end of the bottom body portion, and a perforated flange extending about the lower edge

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Placing Or Removing Of Piles Or Sheet Piles, Or Accessories Thereof (AREA)

Description

25, 1954 J. R. BAITTINGER 3,145,540
PRESTRESSED COMPOSITE PILE Filed March 14, 1962 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 INVENTOR. JHCK R, 5F TT/N GER HTT RNEY g- 1964 J. R. BAITTINGER PRESTRESSED COMPOSITE FILE 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed March 14, 1962 INVENTOR. JqcK R, 517/ TTINCiER HTTORNEY tables.
United States Patent 3,145,540 PRESTRESEEED COMPGSTTE PTLE Jack R. Baittinger, 2 Wheatley tCourt, Scotch Plains, N.J., assignor of one-half to John J. Daugherty, Cedar Grove, NJ.
Filed Mar. 14, 1 .962, Ser. No. 179,7(39 ltila-im. {Cl. 61-53} This invention relates generally to the art of piling and more particularly to an improved composite pile, the upper part of which comprises prestressed reenforced concrete and the lower part comprises wood.
Piles are used to support or to form foundations for structures such as buildings, tanks, bridges, conduits, piers, wharves, etc. by inserting them into or through the yielding surface strata far enough to obtain a solid support for the principal structure.
As is well known, untreated wooden piles are frequently unsatisfactory when exposed to salt or brakish water, or when exposed to changing tides or changing water In free Water such piles are attacked by marine borers and other insects and are liable to rot. In earth above the lowest level of the water table, they are subject to termites, fungi, mold and rot. Because concrete is not unduly alfected by the above destructive forces, it has been proposed to use-a composite wood-concrete pile structure having a wooden section entirely below the area where the above destructive forces attack and a concrete section connected to the top of the wooden section.
Composite piles wherein the upper part is formed of hollowcylindrical concretesectionsconnected by a solid concrete section and fastened together with prestressed steel cables and reenforced by longitudinal and helical wires are desirable as the hollow upper parts of the composite pile provide great point-bearing area and large surface area per-unit weight-of material. The upper part also has a large section modulus, resulting in a high bending resistance. This results in a rigid pile, well able to resist horizontal forces suchas winds, waves, earthquakes and the impact of ships. Such hollow 'upper part of the pile also has a large radius ofgyration in proportion to its weight so that its slenderness ratio is low when column action must be taken into account in the design.
It is accordingly a principal object of'the present invention to provide a composite pile based on the use of a prestressed concrete hollow cylindrical upper section and a wooden bottom section.
Another object of the invention is to provide a composite pile that is especially well adapted to withstand both tensional and compressional longitudinal forces as well as lateral stresses.
The above advantages and objects are achieved by providing a composite pile that is economical in use and which does not require expensive or scarce speciallyfabricated parts.
For further comprehension of the invention and of the objects and advantages thereof, reference will be had to the following description and accompanying drawings and to the appended claim in which the various novel features of the invention are most particularly set forth.
In the accompanying drawings forming a material part of this disclosure:
FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a composite pile embodying my invention, only part of the bottom section being shown.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional View taken on the line 2-2 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 3 is a top plan view as seen from the line 33 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4- is a cross-sectional view taken on the line 44 of FIG. 1.
3,145,546 Patented Aug. 25, 1964 FIG. 5 is a similar view taken on the line 5-5 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is atop perspective view of a reenforcingcage.
FIG. 7 is an enlarged cross-sectional view taken on the line 77 of FIG. 2.
Referring in detail to the drawings, vin FIG. 1,.a composite pile embodying my invention is shown and designated generally by the reference numeral 19. The composite pile as can be seen in FIGS. land '2 comprises two principal parts, a wooden lower section 12 (the lower part of which is not shown) and an upper concrete section-14.
The wooden section 12 ordinarily will be generally round in cross-section, such as a section of log, although unlike other known structures the cross-sectional shape of the wooden section is not of particular importance, but its top or butt end 12a must'be round, the only requirement being that the dimension and cross-section of this end portion be such as to provide a tight fit in the bottom of the concrete section 14.
The upper section 14.of the composite pile '10 isa precast prestressed .cylindrical concrete body formed of three sections, a top elongated hollow cylindrical body section 20, a bottom hollow cylindrical body section 22 shorter than section 20, and an intermediate solid cylindrical .body section 24, the intermediate section serving as a joint between the top and'bottom sections. The joints between the-ends of the topbody section 20 and the bottom body section 22 and the intermediate body section 24 are sealed by plastic cement such as the cement known in the-market as Epoxy cement. Any other suitable plasticcement may of course be used.
The top body section 20 includes the cylindrical side wall 26 formed of concrete reenforced by a wire cage 28 embedded therein and shown in detail in FIG. 6. The
cage'includes a continuous wirelooped around, forming helically arranged convolutions 30. The convolutions are tied to each other by means of a series of prestressed metal rods 32 extending across the'inside'thereof and lengthwise of the cage. The prestressing of the rods 32 was effected by placing the rods on a hydraulic jack. The rods were pulled-or stretched by the jack and while under tensionthe :rods were welded to the insideof the convolutionsofthe cageZS-where the rods crossthe convolutions, the cage having been placed around the rods. After the welding operation, the rods were cut and released from the jack. The rods are Welded to the convolutions. The side wall has smooth outer and inner surfaces.
The bottom body section 22 is similarly constructed, including the cylindrical side wall 34- of concrete reenforced by the metal cage 36, which cage consists of the helical convolutions 38 and elongated reenforcing rods 40 therealong.
The intermediate body section 24 constituting the joint between the top and bottom body sections is constituted by a solid round block 42 of concrete formed with a central air tube 46 embedded therein and extending therethrough. Pairs of wires 48, 48 are tangentially arranged with respect to the top of the tube. The pairs of wires cross each other and are welded to the tube. The wires are embedded in the concrete. Similar pairs of wires 59, 56 are tangentially arranged with respect to the bottom of the tube and are welded thereto. The pairs of wires St), 50 cross each other and are embedded in the concrete. The wires 48, 48 and 50, 5t) serve as reenforcements. During the assembly operation, the tube 46 serves as a vent, permitting air to escape from the bottom body section 22 to and through the top body section 20. Block 42 is reenforced by a metal cage 47 embedded therein.
A series of spaced passages 52 and 54 are formed in the side walls 26 and 34 of the top body section 20 and the bottom body section 22, respectively, which passages are in line with similar passages 56 formed in the intermediate body section 24 adjacent its periphery. A prestressed cable 58 extends through each set of aligned passages from one end of the body to the other. The cables hold the body sections securely and intimately together and for this purpose the cables are post-tensioned after insertion into the passages.
A metal bushing or collar 60 with an annular flange 62 along one end of the bottom body section 22 is positioned in the bottom or free end of the bottom body section 22. The flange 62 is perforated to receive the ends of the cables 58 and is provided with a shearing edge 64. While six cables are shown any desired number may be used. After the cables are inserted and post-tensioned, grout or concrete 66 is forced through the passages 52, 54 and 56 and while the cables are still under posttensioned condition the grout or concrete is permitted to harden and set, thus anchoring the cables in position. The protruding ends of the cables are sheared off.
When the composite pile is completely assembled, the bottom surface of the intermediate concrete block 42 will be flush with the upper flat surface 70 of the butt end 12a of the wooden pile 12. The metal bushing or collar 60 will have slid along the butt end 12a of the wooden pile 12, causing some displacement of the wood to provide an extremely snug fit between the wood and bottom concrete body section 22. The increased snugness provided by the bushing or collar 60 is a material factor in developing both tensional and lateral stress resistance.
In assembling and placing the composite pile, the wooden section 12 first is driven with a pile driver in the usual way until its butt end 12a is just above the surface of the soil or water as the case may be. The bottom body portion 22 of the assembled upper section 14 is then placed in position on top of the partially driven wooden section 12, and a suitable mandrel (not shown) is lowered until it rests upon the top of the upper body section 20. The pile driver then-is used to drive the bottom body portion 22 of the upper section 14 of the pile down over the butt end 12a of the wooden section 12, shearing off any excess material and thereby fitting the bottom body portion 22 snugly onto the Wood.
Under most conditions of use, this improved com- 4 posite pile structure will be more than sufficiently re sistant to tensional stresses.
While I have illustrated and described the preferred embodiment of my invention, it will be understood that changes in details of construction might be made without departing from the principle of the invention and I desire therefore to be limited only by the state of the prior art and the appended claim.
I claim:
A composite pile comprising an elongated sectional body constituted by a wooden lower section and an upper concrete section, said upper concrete section having a top portion, a bottom portion and an intermediate portion, said bottom portion being shorter than the top portion, a reinforcing wire'cage embedded in the concrete in each of the top and bottom portions, said intermediate portion consitituting a joint between the top and bottom portions, said intermediate portion composed of a solid round block of concrete having a central air tube embedded in the concrete and extending vertically through the block, pairs of wires tangentially arranged with respect to the tube and being welded to the tube at the top and bottom ends thereof, said wires being embedded in the concrete and serving as reinforcements, said top, bottom and intermediate body portions having aligned passages therethrough adjacent the peripheries thereof, a cable extending through each set of aligned passages, concrete in the passages anchoring the cables in position, a metal bushing embedded in the bottom end of the bottom body portion, and a perforated flange extending about the lower edge of the bottom body portion and about the bushing on the inner surface of the bottom body portion, said perforated flange having a shearing edge on its inner end, the rods in the cage being prestressed.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,103,334 Wilhelmi July 14, 1914 1,929,280 King Oct. 3, 1933 2,065,507 Alexander Dec. 29, 1936 2,474,660 Fitzpatrick June 28, 1949 2,933,898 Upson Apr. 26, 1960 3,047,081 Pitcher July 31, 1962 OTHER REFERENCES Fornerod: Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Piles, published by Raymond International, 140 Cedar St., New York, N. Y., 1959.
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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3316724A (en) * 1963-01-16 1967-05-02 Tsuzuki Yoshiro Concrete pile joint and method of assembly
US4642830A (en) * 1983-12-07 1987-02-17 Bouygues Bridge truss, bridge span including such trusses, and method of constructing the truss
US5960597A (en) * 1996-10-24 1999-10-05 Schwager Davis, Inc. Method for post-tensioning columns
US6409433B1 (en) * 2000-01-27 2002-06-25 David A. Hubbell Foundation piles or similar load carrying elements
US20080313907A1 (en) * 2005-02-22 2008-12-25 Freyssinet Method For Reinforcing a Metal Tubular Structure
CN102337742A (en) * 2011-07-26 2012-02-01 杭州固华复合材料科技有限公司 Prestressed composite superimposed large-diameter tube pile and manufacturing method thereof
US10378173B2 (en) * 2015-02-20 2019-08-13 Soletanche Freyssinet Method of building a foundation comprising a steel monopile and a concrete part and associated foundation for construction work
US20220349203A1 (en) * 2019-11-21 2022-11-03 Huin Co., Ltd. Multi-functional wooden pole having improved erectness due to tendon

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1103334A (en) * 1914-01-02 1914-07-14 Int Siegwartbalken Ges Method of producing well-holes, pole-holes, and the like.
US1929280A (en) * 1932-07-29 1933-10-03 Lochiel M King Composite pile
US2065507A (en) * 1935-05-18 1936-12-29 Massey Concrete Products Corp Concrete pile
US2474660A (en) * 1946-08-19 1949-06-28 Rocla Ltd Manufacture of prestressed concrete pipe and the like
US2933898A (en) * 1955-11-16 1960-04-26 Raymond Int Inc Offshore platform structures
US3047081A (en) * 1959-04-16 1962-07-31 John N Pitcher Soil sampler

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1103334A (en) * 1914-01-02 1914-07-14 Int Siegwartbalken Ges Method of producing well-holes, pole-holes, and the like.
US1929280A (en) * 1932-07-29 1933-10-03 Lochiel M King Composite pile
US2065507A (en) * 1935-05-18 1936-12-29 Massey Concrete Products Corp Concrete pile
US2474660A (en) * 1946-08-19 1949-06-28 Rocla Ltd Manufacture of prestressed concrete pipe and the like
US2933898A (en) * 1955-11-16 1960-04-26 Raymond Int Inc Offshore platform structures
US3047081A (en) * 1959-04-16 1962-07-31 John N Pitcher Soil sampler

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3316724A (en) * 1963-01-16 1967-05-02 Tsuzuki Yoshiro Concrete pile joint and method of assembly
US4642830A (en) * 1983-12-07 1987-02-17 Bouygues Bridge truss, bridge span including such trusses, and method of constructing the truss
US5960597A (en) * 1996-10-24 1999-10-05 Schwager Davis, Inc. Method for post-tensioning columns
US6409433B1 (en) * 2000-01-27 2002-06-25 David A. Hubbell Foundation piles or similar load carrying elements
US20080313907A1 (en) * 2005-02-22 2008-12-25 Freyssinet Method For Reinforcing a Metal Tubular Structure
US8201332B2 (en) * 2005-02-22 2012-06-19 Soletanche Freyssinet Method for reinforcing a metal tubular structure
CN102337742A (en) * 2011-07-26 2012-02-01 杭州固华复合材料科技有限公司 Prestressed composite superimposed large-diameter tube pile and manufacturing method thereof
CN102337742B (en) * 2011-07-26 2014-05-21 杭州固华复合材料科技有限公司 Prestressed composite superimposed large-diameter tube pile and manufacturing method thereof
US10378173B2 (en) * 2015-02-20 2019-08-13 Soletanche Freyssinet Method of building a foundation comprising a steel monopile and a concrete part and associated foundation for construction work
US20220349203A1 (en) * 2019-11-21 2022-11-03 Huin Co., Ltd. Multi-functional wooden pole having improved erectness due to tendon
US11927025B2 (en) * 2019-11-21 2024-03-12 Huin Co., Ltd. Multi-functional wooden pole having improved erectness due to tendon

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