US3282746A - Method of hardening wear surfaces and product - Google Patents

Method of hardening wear surfaces and product Download PDF

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Publication number
US3282746A
US3282746A US325838A US32583863A US3282746A US 3282746 A US3282746 A US 3282746A US 325838 A US325838 A US 325838A US 32583863 A US32583863 A US 32583863A US 3282746 A US3282746 A US 3282746A
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article
chromized
layer
chromizing
nitriding
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US325838A
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Thaddeus F Zlotek
Edward J Vargo
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Formsprag Co
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Formsprag Co
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Priority to US325838A priority Critical patent/US3282746A/en
Priority to GB36659/64A priority patent/GB1077219A/en
Priority to DE19641521237 priority patent/DE1521237B1/de
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
    • F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
    • F16D69/027—Compositions based on metals or inorganic oxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C12/00—Solid state diffusion of at least one non-metal element other than silicon and at least one metal element or silicon into metallic material surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2250/00—Manufacturing; Assembly
    • F16D2250/0038—Surface treatment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
    • Y10S428/938—Vapor deposition or gas diffusion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12542—More than one such component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
    • Y10T428/12576—Boride, carbide or nitride component

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an improved method of heat treating and hardening wear surfaces, and to the product of such a method.
  • the product is herein typically shown and referred to as a high carbon steel or steel alloy sprag to be used as a wedging strut between concentric races of an overrunning clutch, and more especially a clutch subject to very high speed overruns.
  • a hardened sprag furnishes a good example of the advantages of the invention in point of method and product, it is to be understood that the invention is not at all limited to this particular type of production.
  • the method Since the result of the method is to provide a chromized type of external surface layer or case which is extremely hard and wear resistant (substantially more so than a conventionally chromized case), the method is well adapted to the production of high speed bearing races or surface plates, rollers and ramps of a roller type overrunning clutch, and other usages involving high pressure and/or relative velocity factors.
  • the invention provides a method in which the sprag or other object to be treated is, in preparation for a subsequent and known type of chromizing or chromallizing, surface hardening treatment, subjected to a nitriding or carbonitriding heat treat operation; and in which the subsequently chromized product (after a usually necessary restoration of its body hardness because of annealing occasioned in chromizing) possesses a surface hardness and wearability characteristic far superior to that found in products conventionally treated by a known chromium diffusion procedure.
  • an object and result of a combined preparatory nitriding in an ammonia-laden atmosphere, or following any other suitable known procedure for producing nitrides, and subsequent chrornizing is the provision of a surface layer or case on the object which has all the advantages of the conventional chromium carbide case over one produced by electrodeposition or other film or coating depositing operation, in regard to its integral bond with the body base metal, its being proof against peeling, spelling or flaking, its resistance to corrosion and abrasion, etc. Yet it differs materially from the result of plain chromizing in that the diffused chromium layer or case itself possesses an intermediate chromium nitride stratum or phase.
  • This intermediate phase (thickness-wise) in the otherwise essentially chromized layer imparts an extreme degree of surface hardness and wearability to the object, especially well suiting the method to the sprag production mentioned above, for certain speed and load operating conditions.
  • chromizing or chromallizing procedure as practiced today are contemplated for that phase of. the present method.
  • One of these is a powder pack chrome diffusion or infusion operation in which iron or steel pieces to be treated are packed in a powder containing a ohromium hydro'halide refractory diluent composition effective upon heating in a furnace to not only produce the chrome diffusion but also to purge the furnace of air and maintain it air-free throughout the chromizing treatment.
  • the furnace is heated to an elevated temperature which will be a function of the time duration of the treatment, and when gaseous diffusion has been continued sufficiently long to produce the desired thickness aterrt of layer or case, theparts are permitted to cool slowly.
  • the resulting annealing effect ordinarily requires a later restorative heat treatment to re-harden the body of the part, but this is without effect on the chromized layer.
  • the patent to Samuel No. 2,536,774 of January 2, 1951 relates to a chromizing treatment of this sort, in which the chromium carbide takes an integral bond with the ferrous or alloyed ferrous base metal.
  • Samuel No. 2- 962,391 of November 2-9, 1960 is another.
  • chromium diffusible composition may also be coated on the object.
  • either of these chromizing procedures may be employed in the second chromizing phase of the present improved method of the invention; and it is also to be understood that other known ehromizing procedures not incompatible with the objectives may be resorted to.
  • a specific objective of the invention is to provide a method in which a steel or alloy steel having a high carbon content of above 0.4%, such as SAE 52100, a chrome alloy, is the material of the sprag or other object to be treated, since a carbon content of less than this concentration has been found to lead to increasing ductility of the case after chromizing, rather than hardness.
  • Such product is, following through cleaning, heat treated to introduce the nitride component, and, following certain incidental operations (such as tumbling to remove burrs, grinding to provide desired formations, and the like) is chromized to produce a surface layer or case of the desired depth, say 0.0003". It is then reh-ardened to restore its body or core to desired hardness for its uprpose.
  • the figure is a microphotograph of a nital etched section of an SAE 52100 alloy steel sprag at a magnification of 2000 X.
  • the stock is cut to the desired sprag lengths, which are thoroughly cleaned to eliminate all surface contamination, and are heated in a furnace at a sufiicient temperature (200 F.-250 F.) to drive off all moisture present.
  • the sprags are placed in baskets in a not excessive depth and are placed in a heat treating furnace, such as an Ipsen type 400 or 800, the furnace having been properly stabilized in temperature before loading. They are then heat treated under a specification calling for the presence of raw ammonia, or any other means of introducing nitrogen into the steel, at a temperature in the general range of 1535 F.1550 F., for a soaking time at temperature depending upon the desired body hardness characteristic of the steel, for example 90 to 100 minutes.
  • a heat treating furnace such as an Ipsen type 400 or 800
  • the nitride generating setting in which the preparatory heat treating is performed may also be a carbon-heavy atmosphere, such as to produce a concentration of carbide nodules adjacent to a chromized surface case or layer of the finished product.
  • This ordinarily might be considered to be a poor heat treating practice, but it may be desirable in some instances in the present comprehensive nitriding-chromizing method, for such carbide inner layer forms a hard crust to support stably the chromized layer modified by the intermediate chromium nitride phase referred to above.
  • the reference numeral generally designates the base, body or core of the typical SAE 52100 steel instanced above.
  • the core 10 With a 1.0% carbon content, and as treated in a furnace atmosphere of high carbon potential of, say, 1.5% C, the core 10 exhibits a relative multiplicity of complex iron chromium carbide particles or nodules 12 in a fairly close concentration adjacent the external, modified chromized layer or case 14, to be described, extending therefrom into the steel core.
  • These have the effect of affording an inner nodular supporting crust for the last named layer which is referred to above.
  • preliminary nitriding is performed in a relatively carbon-neutral potential, the occurrence of such ferrous carbide particles is less pronounced. Such would be the situation were the carbon potential of the heat treating atmosphere reduced below 1%, the carbon content of the steel in question, and with no differential causing carbon to migrate to the steel structure.
  • the modified chromized layer includes a basic iron chromium carbide solid solution 16, traversed along its approximate midpoint by the intermediate chromium nitride complex layer 18, which has a distinctly contracting, darker appearance, in a pink shade, as appears in a color microphotograph of the nitaletched section.
  • the reference numeral simply designates a plastic mount for the section of the figure, employed in the polishing and etching of the surface.
  • its effect on the overall chromized layer case 14 is to substantially increase its hardness and wearability, particularly with the inner core strengthened by the iron-chromium carbide complex 12.
  • furnace temperature should be brought down for /2 hour and stabilized before lOading sprags.
  • Heat treating temperature to be maintained above the lower critical temperature, for instance 1535 F.l550 F.
  • Dew point of atmosphere maintained at 10 :1 point.
  • Atmosphere to consist of endothermic gas (200-225 cubic feet per hour), raw natural gas (40 cubic feet per hour or more) and raw ammonia (9 cubic feet per hour :1 cubic foot).
  • the condition of the furnace at the commencement of nitride heat treating it need not be cleared of a carbon-heavy atmosphere at this time, and it is in fact desirable in certain instances to process immediately after a carburizing operation in the furnace, thereby lessening the required furnace time under certain conditions. If the sprags are processed in a relatively neutral atmospheric condition from a prior heat, more time in the furnace will be required for proper processing. A dew point of +25 or lower will maintain a carbon potential of 1.00% in the furnace atmosphere, and as indicated at (c) above, it is desirable in a commercial production treatment to maintain the dew point at approximately 10. The dew point should be checked before the work is placed in the furnace and before removal. Not in substantial excess of 100 pounds loading of sprags should be had in a single basket.
  • the quench oil should be Within the 90 F. F. temperature range before quenching, and proper control should be maintained during the quench so that F. is not exceeded. Air cooling should commence only after the complete mass reaches a stabilized oil temperature below 150 F., and air cooling should continue down to 75 F.
  • the nitride heat treated sprags should have a Rockwell hardness of 93 to 94 on the 15N scale.
  • Item (d) states the temperature soak time for a hardened steel. However, should it be desired to produce an annealed steel, the soak time may be reduced under the same conditions; and this duration is also acceptable for producing hardened steel sprags, provided the furnace is in carburizing condition from a previous load just prior to treating another.
  • the restorative hardening heat treatment (i) after chromizing this may be done under any suitable specification, but in general a specification involving conditions similar to those of the nitriding or carbonitridmg heat treatment. That is, the sprags are cleaned of foreign surface contamination, are heated to drive off moisture, are heat treated in similarly limited load weights and depths, but in a furnace cleared of all heavy carbon or ammonia atmosphere. Typical conditions of temperature and atmosphere: Dew point35 to 40, endothermic generator-35 :5 points (no ammonia) at 1525 F.1550 F. for a minimum of 60 minutes, similarly quenched in oil, air cooled and drawn at 300 F.320 F.
  • the chromium nitride modified case or layer 14 has, characteristically of a chromium diffusion layer, an integral bond with the base steel such as prevents peeling, chipping or flaking apt to occur in electrodeposited films and the like. It is extremely hard and wear resistant for the purposes of the present invention, but may, if a steel less than 0.4% carbon is treated, have a greater degree of ductility suiting it for other applications. It is resistant to corrosion and abrasion. In regard to maintenance of dimensional stability the method has the same advantage as before, and variation is readily predictable.
  • the nature of the nodular crust concentration at 12 is believed to be an iron chromium carbide complex, which may come from the components of the particular alloy itself, or entirely or in lesser part from the chromized layer 14.
  • the initial heat treatment in a nitrogen including atmosphere, or in a carburizing nitriding atmosphere involves little more than is involved in conventional carburizing heat treatment, so that the cost of the combined nitridingchromizing operation approximates the overall cost of heat treatment of a product lacking the preparatory nitriding phase.
  • the improved method and product possess all of the advantages attributable to a simple chromizing procedure, plus those special and notable advantages in respect to hardness which stem from the intermediate, chromium nitride phase of the modified chromium carbide layer.
  • a method for the surface hardening treatment of ferrous articles comprising subjecting the article to a nitriding heat treatment, quenching the article and then subjecting the article to a chromizing heat treatment to produce a chromized external layer on the article modified by a chromium nitride phase.
  • a method for the surface hardening treatment of ferrous articles comprising subjecting the article to a nitriding heat treatment at a temperature above the lower critical temperature, and then subjecting the article to a chromizing heat treatment to produce a chromized external layer on the article modified by a chromium nitride phase.
  • a method for the surface hardening treatment of ferrous articles comprising subjecting the article to a nitriding heat treatment in an atmosphere including nitrogen and carbon, quenching the article, and then subjecting the article to a chromizing heat treatment to produce a chromized external layer on the article modified by a chromium nitride phase.
  • a method for the surface hardening treatment of ferrous articles comprising subjecting the article to a nitriding heat treatment in an atmosphere including nitrogen and carbon in a percentage content of the latter at least as great as that of the article, and then subjecting the article to a chromizing heat treatment to produce a chromized external layer on the article modified by a chromized nitride phase, with an iron-chromium carbide layer adjacent said layer extending into the core of the article.
  • a method for the surface hardening treatment of ferrous articles comprising subjecting the article to a nitriding heat treatment in an atmosphere including nitrogen and carbon in a percentage content of the latter at least as great as that of the article, quenching the article, and then subjecting the article to a chromizing heat treatment to produce a chromized external layer on the article modified by a chromium nitride hase intermediate the thickness of said layer, with a ferrous carbide-rich layer adjacent said layer extending into the core of the article.
  • a method for the surface hardening treatment of ferrous articles comprising subjecting the article to a nitriding heat treatment in a high carbon potential and nitride producing atmosphere, quenching the article, subjecting the article to a chromizing heat treatment to produce a chromized external layer on the article modified by a chromium nitride phase intermediate the thickness of said layer, and heat treating the article to restore the hardness of said core as annealed by the chromizing treatment.
  • a method for the surface hardening treatment of ferrous articles comprising subjecting the article to a nitriding heat treatment at a temperature above the lower critical temperature in an atmosphere including nitrogen and carbon in a percentage content of the latter at least as great as that of the article, quenching the article, subjecting the article to a chromizing heat treatment to produce a chromized external layer on the article modified by a chromium nitride phase intermediate the thickness of said layer, with an iron-chromium carbide layer adjacent said layer extending into the core of the article, and heat treating the article to restore the hardness of said core as annealed by the chromizing treatment.
  • a wear-resistant article having a ferrous metal body provided with an integrally bonded external chromized case modified by a phase of chromium nitride.
  • a wear-resistant article having a steel body provided with an integrally bonded external diffusion case modified by a phase of chromium nitride intermediate the thickness of said case.
  • a wear-resistant article having an alloy steel body provided with an integrally bonded external diffusion case modified by a phase of chromium nitride.
  • a wear-resistant article having a ferrous metal body provided with an integrally bond-ed external diffusion case modified by a phase of chromium nitride intermediate the thickness of said case, with a ferrous carbide-rich concentration directly inwardly adjacent said case.
  • a wear-resistant article having a steel body provided with an integrally bonded external diffusion case modified by a phase of chromium nitride intermediate the thickness of said case, with an iron-chromium carbiderich concentration directly inwardly adjacent said case.
  • a Weararesistant article having a steel body provided with an integrally bonded external chromized case modified by a phase of chromium nitride intermediate the thickness of said case, with an iron-chromium carbide-rich concentration directly inwardly adjacent said case.
  • a method for the surface hardening treatment of ferrous articles comprising subjecting the article to a nitriding heat treatment, and then subjecting the article to a chromizing heat treatment to produce a chromized external layer on the article modified by a chromium nitride phase.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
US325838A 1963-11-18 1963-11-18 Method of hardening wear surfaces and product Expired - Lifetime US3282746A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US325838A US3282746A (en) 1963-11-18 1963-11-18 Method of hardening wear surfaces and product
GB36659/64A GB1077219A (en) 1963-11-18 1964-09-07 Method of hardening wear surfaces and product
DE19641521237 DE1521237B1 (de) 1963-11-18 1964-11-18 Werkstuecke und Bauteile aus Eisenwerkstoffen mit einer Verschleissschicht und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung

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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3507757A (en) * 1966-04-04 1970-04-21 Jacques Jean Caubet Treatment of metal surfaces
US3622402A (en) * 1969-02-04 1971-11-23 Avco Corp Erosion-corrosion resistant coating
US3738463A (en) * 1970-02-13 1973-06-12 Inst Harterei Teehnik Brake or clutch lining
US3880600A (en) * 1972-04-20 1975-04-29 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Self-lubricating slide element
US4242151A (en) * 1978-10-25 1980-12-30 Creusot-Loire Chromizing of steels by gaseous method
EP0043742A1 (de) * 1980-05-29 1982-01-13 Creusot-Loire Verfahren zum Inchromieren von Stählen über die Gasphase
US4366008A (en) * 1979-02-09 1982-12-28 Kabushiki Kaisha Fujikoshi Method for hardening steel
US4481264A (en) * 1979-04-20 1984-11-06 Societe Anonyme Dite: Aubert & Duval Method for chromizing metallic pieces such as steel pieces and chromized metallic pieces obtained thereby
US4777340A (en) * 1986-09-29 1988-10-11 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Wire electrical discharge machining apparatus
US4878570A (en) * 1988-01-25 1989-11-07 Dana Corporation Surface hardened sprags and rollers
US5123972A (en) * 1990-04-30 1992-06-23 Dana Corporation Hardened insert and brake shoe for backstopping clutch
DE19644045A1 (de) * 1996-10-31 1998-05-14 Schaeffler Waelzlager Ohg Freilauf
WO2002053793A1 (en) * 2000-12-29 2002-07-11 Mladen Stupnisek Duplex process of diffusion forming of hard carbide layers on metallic materials
US20050047694A1 (en) * 2003-08-29 2005-03-03 Masayuki Nozaki Rolling bearing
US20060046890A1 (en) * 2004-08-31 2006-03-02 Tochigi Fuji Sangyo Kabushiki Kaisha Friction engaging device
US20060225973A1 (en) * 2005-03-30 2006-10-12 Dimig Steven J Residual magnetic devices and methods
US7969705B2 (en) 2005-03-30 2011-06-28 Strattec Security Corporation Residual magnetic devices and methods
US8403124B2 (en) 2005-03-30 2013-03-26 Strattec Security Corporation Residual magnetic devices and methods
WO2013173009A1 (en) * 2012-05-17 2013-11-21 United Technologies Corporation Manufacturing process for aerospace bearing rolling elements
CN114585768A (zh) * 2019-11-26 2022-06-03 爱沃特Nv株式会社 金属制品及其制造方法

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2048276A (en) * 1932-04-21 1936-07-21 Bruno S Teschner Plated metal having carbide surface
US3010856A (en) * 1957-05-08 1961-11-28 Chromalloy Corp Method of making an abradant element for spark generating device

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2048276A (en) * 1932-04-21 1936-07-21 Bruno S Teschner Plated metal having carbide surface
US3010856A (en) * 1957-05-08 1961-11-28 Chromalloy Corp Method of making an abradant element for spark generating device

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3507757A (en) * 1966-04-04 1970-04-21 Jacques Jean Caubet Treatment of metal surfaces
US3622402A (en) * 1969-02-04 1971-11-23 Avco Corp Erosion-corrosion resistant coating
US3738463A (en) * 1970-02-13 1973-06-12 Inst Harterei Teehnik Brake or clutch lining
US3880600A (en) * 1972-04-20 1975-04-29 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Self-lubricating slide element
US4242151A (en) * 1978-10-25 1980-12-30 Creusot-Loire Chromizing of steels by gaseous method
US4366008A (en) * 1979-02-09 1982-12-28 Kabushiki Kaisha Fujikoshi Method for hardening steel
US4481264A (en) * 1979-04-20 1984-11-06 Societe Anonyme Dite: Aubert & Duval Method for chromizing metallic pieces such as steel pieces and chromized metallic pieces obtained thereby
EP0043742A1 (de) * 1980-05-29 1982-01-13 Creusot-Loire Verfahren zum Inchromieren von Stählen über die Gasphase
US4357182A (en) * 1980-05-29 1982-11-02 Creusot-Loire Chromization of steels by gas process
US4777340A (en) * 1986-09-29 1988-10-11 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Wire electrical discharge machining apparatus
US4878570A (en) * 1988-01-25 1989-11-07 Dana Corporation Surface hardened sprags and rollers
US5123972A (en) * 1990-04-30 1992-06-23 Dana Corporation Hardened insert and brake shoe for backstopping clutch
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GB1077219A (en) 1967-07-26

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