US3279003A - Composite pouring tube - Google Patents

Composite pouring tube Download PDF

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Publication number
US3279003A
US3279003A US449116A US44911665A US3279003A US 3279003 A US3279003 A US 3279003A US 449116 A US449116 A US 449116A US 44911665 A US44911665 A US 44911665A US 3279003 A US3279003 A US 3279003A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
tube
steel shell
pouring
pouring tube
steel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US449116A
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English (en)
Inventor
James Weldon Yates
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Amsted Industries Inc
Original Assignee
Amsted Industries Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Amsted Industries Inc filed Critical Amsted Industries Inc
Priority to US449116A priority Critical patent/US3279003A/en
Priority to SE3888/66A priority patent/SE320465B/xx
Priority to GB15280/66A priority patent/GB1110506A/en
Priority to DE19661508753 priority patent/DE1508753B1/de
Priority to FR57303A priority patent/FR1476097A/fr
Priority to LU50873A priority patent/LU50873A1/xx
Priority to BE679469D priority patent/BE679469A/xx
Priority to NL666605070A priority patent/NL139472B/xx
Priority to AT363066A priority patent/AT269388B/de
Priority to NO162612A priority patent/NO116554B/no
Priority to CH562066A priority patent/CH455167A/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3279003A publication Critical patent/US3279003A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D18/00—Pressure casting; Vacuum casting
    • B22D18/04—Low pressure casting, i.e. making use of pressures up to a few bars to fill the mould
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D41/00—Casting melt-holding vessels, e.g. ladles, tundishes, cups or the like
    • B22D41/50—Pouring-nozzles

Definitions

  • the pouring tube of the present invention is particularly adapted to use with casting iron and steel in which the molten metal involved is of extremely high temperatures and is highly deleterious to equipment and materials used in connection therewith.
  • the invention has further particular adaptation to pouring tubes for pressure pouring where the pouring tubes are immersed in the molten metal to be cast.
  • Pouring tubes for use in casting iron and steel are normally composed of, or include as a substantial component thereof, refractory material which is capable of withstanding attacks by the molten metal.
  • Refractory material is relatively brittle and weak, and it has the further disadvantage that it is porous, enabling, at least in certain instances, air and gases to penetrate therethrough and into the molten metal being cast, resulting in bubbles in the casting which, of course, constitute defects.
  • a broad object of the present invention is to provide a pouring tube for use in pressure pouring iron and steel which incoporates a steel shell therein which serves the dual purpose of providing strength to an otherwise weak tube, and forms an impermeable membrane to the passage of air and gases through the wall of the pouring tube.
  • Such a steel shell has certain disadvantages, the most serious of which it its liability to attack by molten iron and steel. It has another disadvantage in that it has a high coefiicient of expansion relative to refractory and other materials normally used in pouring tubes of this general nature.
  • Another and more specific object of the invention therefore is to provide a composite pouring tube which includes refractory and other material capable of withstanding attack by the molten metal, which incorporates a steel shell therein for the purposes stated, and further in which the steel shell is incorporated in such a manner as to protect it from attack by the molten metal, and to compensate for differential in coefficients of expansion of the steel and refractory material.
  • Still another and specific object of the invention is to provide a composite pouring tube of the character just referred to wherein the securement between the steel shell and the refractory materials is located principally adjacent one end of the tube whereby to accommodate relatively greater expansion and contraction between the steel shell and refractory material throughout a greater portion of the length of the tube, as contrasted with providing such securement throughout the length of the tube.
  • FIGURE 1 is a small scale view showing the use of a pouring tube in conjunction with a ladle and mold in a pressure pouring arrangement
  • FIGURE 2 is a large scale longitudinal sectional view of such a tube embodying the features of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 1 A pressure pouring tube is "Ice shown at 10 mounted in conjunction with a ladle 12 in which the lower end of the tube extends into the ladle to a point adjacent the bottom thereof.
  • the ladle is suitably disposed, such as in a pit 14 closed by a cover 16 which surrounds the pouring tube and also serves as a means for mounting and supporting the pouring tube in the desired position.
  • Air or other gas is provided from a suitable source (not shown) and transmitted through a conduit 18 into the interior of the pit.
  • Such pouring tubes are of various sizes according to the installations in which they are used and the bigger sizes present correspondingly greater problems. Because the lower end of the tube must extend substantially to the bottom of the ladle, the problems are intensified because a greater portion of the tube is subjected both inside and out to molten metal in the ladle, for at least portions of the pouring operations.
  • the tube 10 made according to the present invention and shown in detail in FIGURE 2 includes a head assembly 24 which constitutes the means for supporting the tube in position by the cover 16.
  • This head 24 is preferably made up of a plurality of steel parts including an inner ferrule 26 having a radially inwardly extending flange 28.
  • the upper portion 30 of this ferrule is of reduced diameter forming a shoulder 32 on which is disposed a ring 34 secured in place by cap screws 36 inserted in holes therein and threaded into the ferrule 36.
  • An asbestos gasket 37 is interposed between this ring and the shoulder 32, but preferably a vent space 40 is provided between the ring and the outer cylindrical surface of the extension 30.
  • the radially outer portion of the ring 34 constitutes the part that directly engages the cover 16 of the pit for supporting the tube in position.
  • a collar 42 is fitted above the ring 34 and has a radially inwardly directed flange 44 overlying and engaging the upper end of the ferrule 26.
  • a holding ring 44 having a radially outwardly directed flange 46.
  • the ferrule 26 is provided with one or more diagonal holes 48 communicating between its inner surface above the flange 28 and its outer surface opening through the reduced portion 30. Communicating with the holes 48, or the vent space 40, or both, are one or more vent holes 50 formed in the ring 34 and extending generally radially outwardly. These vent holes open into an annular recess 52 in the ring which mates with another annular groove 54 in the holding ring. These two grooves form an an nular channel which communicates with the exterior through a vent space 56 between the ring 34 and the holding ring 44, both above and below the channel, this vent space then communicates with another vent space 58 between the collar 42 and holding ring 44.
  • the foregoing head assembly 24 in general has been known, and does not enter into the present invention per se, except that it provides venting spaces for cooperation with the remainder of the pouring tube, the remainder of the construction of the pouring tube in this respect including at least certain features of the invention.
  • This pouring tube includes an inner refractory element 62 extending the full length of the intended ultimate pouring tube, being preferably flush at its upper end with the upper end surface of the head assembly.
  • This inner tube or liner 62 in itself is of known construction, being preferably of refractory material. It withstands attack by molten iron and steel as much as any other material, but it is fragile and relatively weak. It is also porous and permeable to gas, to an extent, through the wall thereof.
  • the pouring tube structure includes .a tubular steel shell 64 in surrounding relation to the inner tube 62, and spaced therefrom as will be referred to again hereinbelow.
  • This steel shell is mounted to the head assembly 24 preferably by abutting it to the lower end surface of the ferrule 26 and welding it thereto as indicated at 68.
  • the steel shell terminates at its lower end above the lower end of the remainder of the tube, as determined by the lower end of the tube 62, the details of which will be referred to again hereinbelow.
  • a quantity of cement 70 of known kind is placed in the annular space 66 in the upper end of the tube and permitted to harden. It may extend a short distance downwardly terminating above the diagonal holes 48, and below the cement 70 is a quantity of sand 72 filling the space between the cement to a point adjacent the lower end of the steel shell. This sand may be put in place by inverting the tube relative to the position shown, after placement of the cement 70, and then pouring in the sand, the sand being cured by a known process.
  • a fine mesh cloth screen 74 may be placed over the holes 48 to hold the sand in the space intended.
  • a gasket 76 is put in the annular space 66 in contact with the sand.
  • This gasket may be of asbestos and O-ring in shape.
  • another quantity of cement 78 is put in the space filling it nearly to the end of the steel shell, in the position then assumed by the tube at the top.
  • a plurality of rivets 80 are secured to the outer surface of the steel shell as by inserting them in holes in the shell or welding them thereto. These rivets are preferably round headed and are approximately eight in number and distributed at random over the surface of the steel shell. These rivets form the principal means anchoring the outer protective sheath 82 of refractory material to the steel shell, as referred to again hereinbelow.
  • the rivets are located principally at the lower end of the tube, providing anchoring between the steel tube and the outer sheath at the lower portion of the tube enabling the upper portion of the sheath to migrate longitudinally of the tube, as also described hereinbelow.
  • the rivets preferably are located in approximately the lower third of the length of the pouring tube, although the exact area of this distribution is not critical.
  • a wrapping 82 of heat insulation material is placed on the outer surface of the steel shell, which also accommodates changes in the physical dimensions of the various elements resulting from differential expansion of the steel and other elements.
  • This wrapping 82 is of refractory material and in its original form is a wet and highly pliable sheet. It is wrapped around the steel shell in the area desired, and through the course of the construction :placed in a mold for applying the refractory sheath 84.
  • a mold may be a simple cylindrical container receiving the lower end of the tube, the lower end of the inner tube 62 resting on the bottom of the mold.
  • the space in the mold surrounding the tube structure is filled with a refractory material of known type, which is in suitable plastic form.
  • the sheath 84 terminates at its upper end below the head assembly 24, being of suitable, length to extend the full depth of any level of molten metal in the ladle so as to prevent contact by the molten metal with that portion of the tube above the sheath.
  • a sleeve 88 of material similar of the wrapping 82 may be applied directly to the inner tube 62 between the gasket 76 and adjacent to but below the ferrule 26.
  • Bubbles of air and other gases forming in the molten metal have long been recognized as a difiiculty encountered in this type of casting. Air entrapped in the pores of the inner tube 62 as well as other elements incorporated in tubes heretofore, expands upon the molten metal moving upwardly in the pouring tube in engagement with the inner tube 62. This air must, of course, have an escape passage and in the absence of other escape passages would flow through the wall of the inner tube 62 and into the passage thereof and into the molten metal, forming defects in the castings.
  • the pouring tube is the superatmospherlc pressure developed in the pit 14. This pressure is of extremely high value and air heretofore has been forced through the wall of the pouring tube, with detrimental effects mentioned.
  • the steel shell 64 in the present instance provides an impermeable membrane in the pouring tube preventing the passage of air entirely through the wall of the pouring tube.
  • the air in the pores of the sand 72 is permitted to escape through the vent holes '48 and other vent passages outwardly thereof, as described above. Air trapped in the pores of the inner tube 62 may also escape through these vent passages.
  • the coeflicient of expansion of steel is substantially greater than that of the other elements in the construc-.
  • the pouring tube and, particularly, the refractory material of the sheath 84 As the steel shell is heated it elongates at a rate substantially greater than the refractory sheath. However, because of the position of the rivets 80 adjacent the lower end of the tube, the sheath is permitted to migrate, relatively speaking, up and down the steel shell, thus eliminating or greatly minimizing any damage to any of the elements, particularly the sheath which is relatively brittle. complete freedom in the upper portion of the sheath.
  • the inner tube 62 and the sheath 84 both provide a high degree of heat insulation to the steel shell, being 1 particularly effective with respect to that portion of the tube actually immersed in the molten metal.
  • a composite pouring tube for use in casting iron and steel and adapted for insertion of its lower end into the molten metal therefor, comprising a wall including an inner layer and an outer layer of refractory material, a steel shell embedded in the wall between the inner and outer layer and having its lower end completely enveloped in the wall and confined therein against exposure therethrough, said composite pouring tube including a head assembly with said steel shell welded directly thereto, said inner layer of refractory material being porous and the head assembly being provided with vent passages communicating with the pores in the inner layer of refractory material and extending to the exterior of the head assembly.
  • a composite pouring tube for use in casting iron and steel and adapted for insertion of its lower end into the molten metal therefor, comprising a wall including an inner layer and an outer layer of refractory material, a steel shell embedded in the wall between the inner and outer layer and having its lower end completely enveloped in the wall and confined therein against exposure therethrough, the steel shell and inner layer of refractory material being of such relative diameters as to provide an annular space therebetween, said annular space being filled to the greater extent by sand, the tube being provided with vent passages communicating with the pores in the sand and in the inner layer of refractory material and extending to the exterior of the pouring tube.
  • a composite pouring tube for use in casting iron and steel and adapted for insertion of its lower end into the molten metal therefor, comprising a wall including an inner layer and an outer layer of refractory material, a steel shell embedded in the wall between the inner and outer layer and having its lower end completely enveloped in the wall and confined therein against exposure therethrough, the steel shell and inner layer of refractory material forming an annular space therebetween, and a layer of resilient heat insulating material surrounding said inner refractory layer in direct engagement therewith and throughout the greater portion of the length of said steel shell, said space, except as limited by said layer of heat insulating material, being filled at least in major portion with sand.
  • a composite pouring tube for use in casting iron and steel and adapted for insertion of its lower end into the molten metal therefor comprising a wall including an inner layer and an outer layer of refractory material and a steel shell embedded in the wall, and a layer of resilient heat insulating material interposed between the steel wall and outer layer of refractory material.
  • the layer of heat insulating material extends from the lower end of the steel shell where it is turned inwardly over the lower end of the steel shell to the upper end of the steel shell, and the outer layer of refractory material terminates upwardly below the upper end of the steel shell.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Tubular Articles Or Embedded Moulded Articles (AREA)
  • Furnace Housings, Linings, Walls, And Ceilings (AREA)
  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
US449116A 1965-04-19 1965-04-19 Composite pouring tube Expired - Lifetime US3279003A (en)

Priority Applications (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US449116A US3279003A (en) 1965-04-19 1965-04-19 Composite pouring tube
SE3888/66A SE320465B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1965-04-19 1966-03-24
GB15280/66A GB1110506A (en) 1965-04-19 1966-04-06 Composite pouring tube
DE19661508753 DE1508753B1 (de) 1965-04-19 1966-04-09 giessrorh fuer eine niederdruckgiessvorrichtung
LU50873A LU50873A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1965-04-19 1966-04-12
FR57303A FR1476097A (fr) 1965-04-19 1966-04-12 Tube de coulée composé de différentes parties
BE679469D BE679469A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1965-04-19 1966-04-13
NL666605070A NL139472B (nl) 1965-04-19 1966-04-15 Gietbuis.
AT363066A AT269388B (de) 1965-04-19 1966-04-18 Zusammengesetztes Gießrohr
NO162612A NO116554B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1965-04-19 1966-04-18
CH562066A CH455167A (de) 1965-04-19 1966-04-19 Zusammengesetztes Giessrohr

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US449116A US3279003A (en) 1965-04-19 1965-04-19 Composite pouring tube

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3279003A true US3279003A (en) 1966-10-18

Family

ID=23782925

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US449116A Expired - Lifetime US3279003A (en) 1965-04-19 1965-04-19 Composite pouring tube

Country Status (10)

Country Link
US (1) US3279003A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) AT269388B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE679469A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH455167A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1508753B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1110506A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
LU (1) LU50873A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL139472B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NO (1) NO116554B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE320465B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3508615A (en) * 1967-11-09 1970-04-28 Amsted Ind Inc Composite pouring tube
US3529753A (en) * 1965-11-02 1970-09-22 Babcock & Wilcox Co Pressure pouring tube
US3628706A (en) * 1968-10-15 1971-12-21 Southwire Co Long life spout
US3841539A (en) * 1973-03-01 1974-10-15 United States Steel Corp Collector nozzle for slidable gates
US4356994A (en) * 1978-12-27 1982-11-02 Dyson Refractories Limited Holloware for uphill teeming
US4401243A (en) * 1976-10-13 1983-08-30 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Charging a mold for continuous casting
WO1984004477A1 (en) * 1983-05-12 1984-11-22 James Menzies Thornton Composite refractory product
US4640447A (en) * 1983-11-02 1987-02-03 Didier-Werke Ag Molten metal immersion pouring spout
US4795066A (en) * 1982-09-23 1989-01-03 Kaiser Steel Corporation Ladle nozzle insert
US4953762A (en) * 1987-09-24 1990-09-04 Foseco International Limited Pouring tubes
US5097871A (en) * 1989-02-10 1992-03-24 Kurimoto, Ltd. Pipe for pipe jacking
US5558801A (en) * 1993-06-01 1996-09-24 Nichias Corporation Casting stalk
US5919392A (en) * 1997-12-17 1999-07-06 Griffin Wheel Company Pouring tube structure and assembly
WO2004014583A1 (en) * 2002-08-12 2004-02-19 Hayes Lemmerz International, Inc. Quick-change lock assembly for casting machine fill tubes
CN104249142A (zh) * 2014-09-28 2014-12-31 中国科学院金属研究所 纯净化均质化致密化细晶化钢铁大铸坯的压力铸造方法
CN111360231A (zh) * 2018-12-26 2020-07-03 科华控股股份有限公司 真空吸铸升液管压紧结构的改进
US11273487B2 (en) * 2019-11-13 2022-03-15 Selee Advanced Ceramics Mold centering sleeve for pouring tube structure

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2748008A1 (de) * 1977-10-26 1979-05-31 Buescher Kg Rohr zum gasdichten foerdern von fliessfaehigen stoffen
WO1981001674A1 (en) * 1979-12-15 1981-06-25 Steetley Refractories Ltd Tubular assembly for bottom casting
IT1273800B (it) 1994-02-10 1997-07-10 Schnell Srl Metodo e apparecchiatura per realizzare gabbie metalliche per cemento armato e gabbia metallica cosi' ottenuta
IT1274130B (it) * 1994-11-30 1997-07-15 Reynolds Wheels Int Ltd Dispositivo per connettere a tenuta un tubo per il travaso di materiale fuso, disposto per il collegamento di una macchina per colata a bassa pressione con un contenitore di materiale fuso

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH9475A (de) * 1895-02-14 1895-06-15 Elias Flotron Hohler Schaft aus Metall und Cement
US1407569A (en) * 1920-09-20 1922-02-21 Pedersen Waldemar Julius Concrete form
US2843646A (en) * 1953-06-09 1958-07-15 Union Carbide Corp Laminated metal ceramic
US2847739A (en) * 1951-07-12 1958-08-19 Griffin Wheel Co Casting apparatus
US3054155A (en) * 1958-04-07 1962-09-18 Amsted Ind Inc Pouring spout and method of using
US3201837A (en) * 1962-04-06 1965-08-24 Griffin Wheel Co Method and apparatus for casting metal articles

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2379401A (en) * 1942-04-16 1945-06-26 American Steel Foundries Method and apparatus for casting metal
DE1128607B (de) * 1958-08-26 1962-04-26 Schmidt Gmbh Karl Leitungsrohr fuer die Foerderung siliziumhaltiger Aluminiumschmelzen unter Druck
DE1078487B (de) * 1958-08-26 1960-03-24 Stoecker & Kunz G M B H Feuerfestes keramisches Rohr zum Giessen schmelzfluessiger Stoffe
US2977649A (en) * 1959-03-16 1961-04-04 Glen R Morton Molten metal feeding tube for metal casting machines

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CH9475A (de) * 1895-02-14 1895-06-15 Elias Flotron Hohler Schaft aus Metall und Cement
US1407569A (en) * 1920-09-20 1922-02-21 Pedersen Waldemar Julius Concrete form
US2847739A (en) * 1951-07-12 1958-08-19 Griffin Wheel Co Casting apparatus
US2843646A (en) * 1953-06-09 1958-07-15 Union Carbide Corp Laminated metal ceramic
US3054155A (en) * 1958-04-07 1962-09-18 Amsted Ind Inc Pouring spout and method of using
US3201837A (en) * 1962-04-06 1965-08-24 Griffin Wheel Co Method and apparatus for casting metal articles

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3529753A (en) * 1965-11-02 1970-09-22 Babcock & Wilcox Co Pressure pouring tube
US3508615A (en) * 1967-11-09 1970-04-28 Amsted Ind Inc Composite pouring tube
US3628706A (en) * 1968-10-15 1971-12-21 Southwire Co Long life spout
US3841539A (en) * 1973-03-01 1974-10-15 United States Steel Corp Collector nozzle for slidable gates
US4401243A (en) * 1976-10-13 1983-08-30 Mannesmann Aktiengesellschaft Charging a mold for continuous casting
US4356994A (en) * 1978-12-27 1982-11-02 Dyson Refractories Limited Holloware for uphill teeming
US4795066A (en) * 1982-09-23 1989-01-03 Kaiser Steel Corporation Ladle nozzle insert
WO1984004477A1 (en) * 1983-05-12 1984-11-22 James Menzies Thornton Composite refractory product
US4640447A (en) * 1983-11-02 1987-02-03 Didier-Werke Ag Molten metal immersion pouring spout
US4953762A (en) * 1987-09-24 1990-09-04 Foseco International Limited Pouring tubes
US5097871A (en) * 1989-02-10 1992-03-24 Kurimoto, Ltd. Pipe for pipe jacking
US5558801A (en) * 1993-06-01 1996-09-24 Nichias Corporation Casting stalk
US5919392A (en) * 1997-12-17 1999-07-06 Griffin Wheel Company Pouring tube structure and assembly
WO2004014583A1 (en) * 2002-08-12 2004-02-19 Hayes Lemmerz International, Inc. Quick-change lock assembly for casting machine fill tubes
CN104249142A (zh) * 2014-09-28 2014-12-31 中国科学院金属研究所 纯净化均质化致密化细晶化钢铁大铸坯的压力铸造方法
CN111360231A (zh) * 2018-12-26 2020-07-03 科华控股股份有限公司 真空吸铸升液管压紧结构的改进
US11273487B2 (en) * 2019-11-13 2022-03-15 Selee Advanced Ceramics Mold centering sleeve for pouring tube structure
US20220152697A1 (en) * 2019-11-13 2022-05-19 Selee Advanced Ceramics Method for Centering a Pouring Tube in a Pouring Tube Assembly
US11607726B2 (en) * 2019-11-13 2023-03-21 Selee Advanced Ceramics Method for centering a pouring tube in a pouring tube assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT269388B (de) 1969-03-10
CH455167A (de) 1968-04-30
LU50873A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-06-13
SE320465B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-02-09
NL6605070A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-10-20
BE679469A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-09-16
NO116554B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-04-14
NL139472B (nl) 1973-08-15
DE1508753B1 (de) 1969-09-04
GB1110506A (en) 1968-04-18

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